新疆伊犁河周丛藻类群落结构及其水质生物学评价
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摘要
周丛藻类是新疆跨境河流土著、特有鱼类重要的基础饵料资源,研究其种群结构及评价水质,以保护该地区渔业资源与生态环境。2013年5、7、9、10月,在新疆跨境河流——伊犁河全流域选择8个样点,对周丛藻类群落结构进行了系统的调查分析。结果表明,伊犁河周丛藻类隶属5门41属145种,其中硅藻门种类数最多,113种(占77.9%),依次是蓝藻门14种(9.7%)、绿藻门13种(9.0%)、裸藻门4种(2.8%)和黄藻门1种(0.7%)。优势种主要为硅藻门的嗜盐舟形藻、偏肿桥弯藻、普通等片藻以及蓝藻门的皮状席藻等。研究期间,伊犁河周丛藻类的密度和生物量的均值分别为1331.7×106ind/m2、1908.5 mg/m2。Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数的平均值分别是0.73、3.24、0.60和3.91。Pearson相关性分析显示,伊犁河周丛藻的密度与流速呈极显著的负相关,与总氮呈极显著的正相关,与水温、盐度、氟化物、总硬度、钙离子呈显著的正相关;周丛藻类的生物量与流速呈极显著的负相关,与水温、硝态氮、氟化物、总氮呈显著的正相关。基于生物多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener、Margalef、Pielou)、指示生物法与硅藻耐受性指数等方法的水质评价结果大体上一致,综合评价结果:昭苏解放大桥、雅玛渡和伊犁河大桥水质相对较差为β-中污型,其余采样点水质均处于较好状态为寡污型。整体上伊犁河流域水质趋于良好。
Periphyton is the primary basal food source of the fish species indigenous to the cross-border rivers of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region( northwest China). The periphyton community is crucial for the fishery resources and characterizing the community structure is important for assessing the regional ecological environment.The periphyton community structure was investigated systematically in May,July,September and October of 2013 in the Yili River,originating in Mount Tianshan( China) and eventually flowing to Lake Balkhash( Kazakhstan).The investigation focused on species composition,dominant species,spatial and temporal distribution and the biodiversity index. Water quality in Yili River was also evaluated,based on the biodiversity index,periphyton community structure and physicochemical factors. Periphyton samples for qualitative and quantitative analysis were collected at eight sampling sites located in the main stem of the Yili River and its three primary tributaries:( 1) Linggongli,( 2) 71 Great Bridge,( 3) Qiao'erma,( 4) Nileke,( 5) Zhaosu Liberation Bridge,( 6) Tekesisanxiang,( 7)Yamadu and( 8) Yili River Bridge. Physicochemical parameters were monitored included water temperature,transparency,depth,flow velocity,salinity,p H,conductivity,dissolved oxygen,total dissolved solids,total hardness,nitrate nitrogen,ammonia nitrogen,fluoride,calcium ion,total nitrogen and total phosphorus. A total of 145 periphyton species from 41 genera and 5 phyla were collected and Bacillariophyta dominated( 113 species,77. 9% of total species),followed by Cyanophyta( 14 species,9. 7%),Chlorophyta( 13 species,9. 0%),Euglenophyta( 4 species,2. 8%) and Cryptophyta( 1 species,0. 7%). The dominant periphyton species were N. halophila,Cymbella naviculiformis and Diatoma vulgare from Bacillariophyta and Phormidium corium from Cyanophyta. Periphyton densities in May,July,September and October were,respectively,1 177. 4 × 106,501. 8 × 106,1 812. 9× 106 and 1 669. 2 × 106 ind / m2,with an average value of 1 331. 7 × 106 ind / m2 and the biomasses were 1 816. 2,971. 7,2 428. 1 and 2 350. 7 mg / m2,with an average value of 1 908. 5 mg /m2. Periphyton distribution also displayed spatial variation,with the highest density( 1 648. 6 × 106 ind / m2) observed at Yili River Bridge( 8) and the highest biomass( 2 613. 0 mg / m2) at Zhaosu Liberation Bridge( 5),with the lowest density( 519. 6 ×106ind / m2) and biomass( 813. 9 mg /m2) both occurring at Linggongli( 1). Temporally,periphyton density and biomass were highest in September and lowest in July. Spatially,periphyton density and biomass in the main stem were higher than in the tributaries and downstream values were higher than upstream. The Simpson diversity index( D),Shannon-Wiener diversity index( H'),evenness index( J) and Margalef abundance index( d) of the Yili River periphyton community were,respectively,0. 73,3. 24,0. 60 and 3. 91. Overall,the biodiversity indices( H',D,J and d) gradually declined from upstream to downstream. Pearson correlation analysis gave a significant negative correlation between periphyton density and flow velocity and a significant positive correlation with total nitrogen,water temperature,salinity,fluoride,total hardness and calcium ion. The water quality assessment was based on biodiversity indices( Shannon-Wiener,Margalef,Pielou),indicator organisms and the pollution tolerance index for diatoms( PTI) and gave consistent results and indicate that water quality in the Yili river basin is generally good. Among the eight sampling sites,water quality at Zhaosu Liberation Bridge( 5),Yamadu( 7) and Yili River Bridge( 8) was mesotrophic,while water quality at the other five sites was oligotrophic.
Periphyton is the primary basal food source of the fish species indigenous to the cross-border rivers of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region( northwest China). The periphyton community is crucial for the fishery resources and characterizing the community structure is important for assessing the regional ecological environment.The periphyton community structure was investigated systematically in May,July,September and October of 2013 in the Yili River,originating in Mount Tianshan( China) and eventually flowing to Lake Balkhash( Kazakhstan).The investigation focused on species composition,dominant species,spatial and temporal distribution and the biodiversity index. Water quality in Yili River was also evaluated,based on the biodiversity index,periphyton community structure and physicochemical factors. Periphyton samples for qualitative and quantitative analysis were collected at eight sampling sites located in the main stem of the Yili River and its three primary tributaries:( 1) Linggongli,( 2) 71 Great Bridge,( 3) Qiao'erma,( 4) Nileke,( 5) Zhaosu Liberation Bridge,( 6) Tekesisanxiang,( 7)Yamadu and( 8) Yili River Bridge. Physicochemical parameters were monitored included water temperature,transparency,depth,flow velocity,salinity,p H,conductivity,dissolved oxygen,total dissolved solids,total hardness,nitrate nitrogen,ammonia nitrogen,fluoride,calcium ion,total nitrogen and total phosphorus. A total of 145 periphyton species from 41 genera and 5 phyla were collected and Bacillariophyta dominated( 113 species,77. 9% of total species),followed by Cyanophyta( 14 species,9. 7%),Chlorophyta( 13 species,9. 0%),Euglenophyta( 4 species,2. 8%) and Cryptophyta( 1 species,0. 7%). The dominant periphyton species were N. halophila,Cymbella naviculiformis and Diatoma vulgare from Bacillariophyta and Phormidium corium from Cyanophyta. Periphyton densities in May,July,September and October were,respectively,1 177. 4 × 106,501. 8 × 106,1 812. 9× 106 and 1 669. 2 × 106 ind / m2,with an average value of 1 331. 7 × 106 ind / m2 and the biomasses were 1 816. 2,971. 7,2 428. 1 and 2 350. 7 mg / m2,with an average value of 1 908. 5 mg /m2. Periphyton distribution also displayed spatial variation,with the highest density( 1 648. 6 × 106 ind / m2) observed at Yili River Bridge( 8) and the highest biomass( 2 613. 0 mg / m2) at Zhaosu Liberation Bridge( 5),with the lowest density( 519. 6 ×106ind / m2) and biomass( 813. 9 mg /m2) both occurring at Linggongli( 1). Temporally,periphyton density and biomass were highest in September and lowest in July. Spatially,periphyton density and biomass in the main stem were higher than in the tributaries and downstream values were higher than upstream. The Simpson diversity index( D),Shannon-Wiener diversity index( H'),evenness index( J) and Margalef abundance index( d) of the Yili River periphyton community were,respectively,0. 73,3. 24,0. 60 and 3. 91. Overall,the biodiversity indices( H',D,J and d) gradually declined from upstream to downstream. Pearson correlation analysis gave a significant negative correlation between periphyton density and flow velocity and a significant positive correlation with total nitrogen,water temperature,salinity,fluoride,total hardness and calcium ion. The water quality assessment was based on biodiversity indices( Shannon-Wiener,Margalef,Pielou),indicator organisms and the pollution tolerance index for diatoms( PTI) and gave consistent results and indicate that water quality in the Yili river basin is generally good. Among the eight sampling sites,water quality at Zhaosu Liberation Bridge( 5),Yamadu( 7) and Yili River Bridge( 8) was mesotrophic,while water quality at the other five sites was oligotrophic.
引文
陈重军,韩志英,朱荫湄,等.2009.周丛藻类及其在水质净化中的应用[J].应用生态学报,20(11):2820-2826.
邓义祥,张爱军.1999.试论藻类在水体污染监测中的应用[J].环境与开发,14(1):43-45.
冯佳,谢树莲.2007.汾河源头周丛藻类植物群落结构特征[J].生态科学,26(5):408-414.
高连峰.2012.基于浮游藻类的观澜河水质评价[D].长春东北师范大学.
国家环保局《水生生物监测手册》编委会.1993.水生生物监测手册[M].南京:东南大学出版社:19-23.
韩博平,石秋池,陈文祥.2006.中国水库生态学与水质管理研究[M].北京:科学出版社.
胡鸿钧,魏印心.2006.中国淡水藻类-系统、分类及生态[M].北京:科学出版社:27-915.
黄程,钟成华,邓春光,等.2006.三峡水库蓄水初期大宁河回水区流速与藻类生长关系的初步研究[J].农业环境科学学报,25(2):453-457.
贾娜尔·阿汗,巴雅尔塔.2010.伊犁河流域水质量评价及防治对策研究[J].伊犁师范学院学报:自然科学版,(3):40-43.
李开枝,尹健强,黄良民,等.2005.珠江口浮游动物的群落动态及数量变化[J].热带海洋学报,24(5):60-68.
林卫青,卢士强,陈义中.2010.应用生态动力学模型评价上海淀山湖富营养化控制方案[J].上海环境科学,29(1):1-10.
刘东艳,孙军,陈洪涛,等.2003.2001年夏季胶州湾浮游植物群落结构的特征[J].青岛海洋大学学报,(3):366-374.
刘冬启.2001.道观河水库周丛生物群落结构和渔产潜力的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
刘建康.1999.高级水生生物学[M].北京:科学出版社:1-11,128-150,260-276.
齐雨藻,洪英,吕颂辉,等.1994.南海大鹏湾海洋褐胞藻赤潮及其成因[J].海洋与湖沼,25:132-137.
任慕莲,郭焱,张清礼,等.1998.伊犁河鱼类资源及渔业[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社.
任慕莲.1998.伊犁河鱼类[J].水产学杂志,11(1):7-17.
孙志强,施心路,徐琳琳,等.2013.景观湿地夏季原生动物群落结构与水质关系[J].水生生物学报,37(2):290-299.
田永强,俞超超,王磊,等.2012.福建九龙江北溪浮游植物群落分布特征及其影响因子[J].应用生态学报,23(9),2559-2565.
王新华,纪炳纯,李明德,等.2004.引滦工程上游浮游植物及其水质评价[J].环境科学研究,17(4):18-24.
王云龙,袁骐,沈新强.2005.长江口及邻近水域春季浮游植物的生态特征[J].中国水产科学,12(3):300-306.
吴述园.2013.基于着生藻类生物完整性指数的古夫河河流生态系统健康评价[D].武汉:中国地质大学.
杨超.2014.长江上游江津段德感坝河岸带周丛藻类群落结构特征及水质评价[D].重庆:西南大学.
杨虹.2010.淀山湖浮游植物群落时空分布及与环境因子关系的研究[D].上海:华东师范大学.
伊犁哈萨克自治州统计局.2004.伊犁哈萨克自治州统计年鉴[M].
鱼京善,崔国庆.2004.北京动物园水体水华发生的生态学机理[J].环境工程,22(4):62-65.
张宏锋,陈亚宁,陈亚鹏,等.2004.塔里木河下游植物群落的物种数量变化与生态系统动态研究[J].生态学杂志,23(4):21-24.
章宗涉,黄翔飞.1991.淡水浮游生物研究方法[M].北京:科学出版社:340-344.
郑辉,许文超.2011.陡河水库浮游植物群落特征及水质评价[J].水生态学杂志,32(2):47-51.
钟成华.2004.三峡水库对重庆段水环境影响及其对策[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社:17-19.
钟海秀.2004.漳泽水库的藻类植物及其营养型评价[D].太原:山西大学.
Biggs B J F.1989.Biomonitoring of organic pollution using periphyton,South Branch,Canterbury;New Zealand[J].Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,23:263-274.
Kwandrans J,Eloranta P,Kawecka B,et al.1998.Use of benthic diatom communities to evaluate water quality in rivers of southern Poland[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,10:193-201.
Lowe R L.1996.Periphyton Patterns in Lakes[M]//Stevenson R J,Bothwell M L,Lowe R L.Algal Ecology:Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems.New York:Academic Press:57-76.
Margal EF R.1958.Information theory in ecology[J].International Journal of General Systems,3:36-71.
Muscio C.2002.The Diatom Pollution Tolerance Index:Assigning Tolerance Values[J].Watershed Protection&Development Review:1-17.
Pielou E C.1975.Ecological Diversity[M].New York:Wiley:1-165.
Shannon C E,Weaver W.1949.The Mathematical Theory o Communication[M].Berkeley:University of California Press:1-144.
V I Kolmakov,O V Anishchenko,E A Ivanova,et al.2008.Estimation of periphytic microalgae gross primary production with DCMU-fluorescence method in Yenisei River(Siberia,Russia)[J].Journal of applied phycology,20(3):289-297.
Wu N C,Tang T,Zhou S C,et al.2007.Influence of cascaded exploitation of small hydropower on phytoplankton in Xiangxi River[J].The journal of applied ecology,18(5):1091-1096.
邓义祥,张爱军.1999.试论藻类在水体污染监测中的应用[J].环境与开发,14(1):43-45.
冯佳,谢树莲.2007.汾河源头周丛藻类植物群落结构特征[J].生态科学,26(5):408-414.
高连峰.2012.基于浮游藻类的观澜河水质评价[D].长春东北师范大学.
国家环保局《水生生物监测手册》编委会.1993.水生生物监测手册[M].南京:东南大学出版社:19-23.
韩博平,石秋池,陈文祥.2006.中国水库生态学与水质管理研究[M].北京:科学出版社.
胡鸿钧,魏印心.2006.中国淡水藻类-系统、分类及生态[M].北京:科学出版社:27-915.
黄程,钟成华,邓春光,等.2006.三峡水库蓄水初期大宁河回水区流速与藻类生长关系的初步研究[J].农业环境科学学报,25(2):453-457.
贾娜尔·阿汗,巴雅尔塔.2010.伊犁河流域水质量评价及防治对策研究[J].伊犁师范学院学报:自然科学版,(3):40-43.
李开枝,尹健强,黄良民,等.2005.珠江口浮游动物的群落动态及数量变化[J].热带海洋学报,24(5):60-68.
林卫青,卢士强,陈义中.2010.应用生态动力学模型评价上海淀山湖富营养化控制方案[J].上海环境科学,29(1):1-10.
刘东艳,孙军,陈洪涛,等.2003.2001年夏季胶州湾浮游植物群落结构的特征[J].青岛海洋大学学报,(3):366-374.
刘冬启.2001.道观河水库周丛生物群落结构和渔产潜力的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学.
刘建康.1999.高级水生生物学[M].北京:科学出版社:1-11,128-150,260-276.
齐雨藻,洪英,吕颂辉,等.1994.南海大鹏湾海洋褐胞藻赤潮及其成因[J].海洋与湖沼,25:132-137.
任慕莲,郭焱,张清礼,等.1998.伊犁河鱼类资源及渔业[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社.
任慕莲.1998.伊犁河鱼类[J].水产学杂志,11(1):7-17.
孙志强,施心路,徐琳琳,等.2013.景观湿地夏季原生动物群落结构与水质关系[J].水生生物学报,37(2):290-299.
田永强,俞超超,王磊,等.2012.福建九龙江北溪浮游植物群落分布特征及其影响因子[J].应用生态学报,23(9),2559-2565.
王新华,纪炳纯,李明德,等.2004.引滦工程上游浮游植物及其水质评价[J].环境科学研究,17(4):18-24.
王云龙,袁骐,沈新强.2005.长江口及邻近水域春季浮游植物的生态特征[J].中国水产科学,12(3):300-306.
吴述园.2013.基于着生藻类生物完整性指数的古夫河河流生态系统健康评价[D].武汉:中国地质大学.
杨超.2014.长江上游江津段德感坝河岸带周丛藻类群落结构特征及水质评价[D].重庆:西南大学.
杨虹.2010.淀山湖浮游植物群落时空分布及与环境因子关系的研究[D].上海:华东师范大学.
伊犁哈萨克自治州统计局.2004.伊犁哈萨克自治州统计年鉴[M].
鱼京善,崔国庆.2004.北京动物园水体水华发生的生态学机理[J].环境工程,22(4):62-65.
张宏锋,陈亚宁,陈亚鹏,等.2004.塔里木河下游植物群落的物种数量变化与生态系统动态研究[J].生态学杂志,23(4):21-24.
章宗涉,黄翔飞.1991.淡水浮游生物研究方法[M].北京:科学出版社:340-344.
郑辉,许文超.2011.陡河水库浮游植物群落特征及水质评价[J].水生态学杂志,32(2):47-51.
钟成华.2004.三峡水库对重庆段水环境影响及其对策[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社:17-19.
钟海秀.2004.漳泽水库的藻类植物及其营养型评价[D].太原:山西大学.
Biggs B J F.1989.Biomonitoring of organic pollution using periphyton,South Branch,Canterbury;New Zealand[J].Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,23:263-274.
Kwandrans J,Eloranta P,Kawecka B,et al.1998.Use of benthic diatom communities to evaluate water quality in rivers of southern Poland[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,10:193-201.
Lowe R L.1996.Periphyton Patterns in Lakes[M]//Stevenson R J,Bothwell M L,Lowe R L.Algal Ecology:Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems.New York:Academic Press:57-76.
Margal EF R.1958.Information theory in ecology[J].International Journal of General Systems,3:36-71.
Muscio C.2002.The Diatom Pollution Tolerance Index:Assigning Tolerance Values[J].Watershed Protection&Development Review:1-17.
Pielou E C.1975.Ecological Diversity[M].New York:Wiley:1-165.
Shannon C E,Weaver W.1949.The Mathematical Theory o Communication[M].Berkeley:University of California Press:1-144.
V I Kolmakov,O V Anishchenko,E A Ivanova,et al.2008.Estimation of periphytic microalgae gross primary production with DCMU-fluorescence method in Yenisei River(Siberia,Russia)[J].Journal of applied phycology,20(3):289-297.
Wu N C,Tang T,Zhou S C,et al.2007.Influence of cascaded exploitation of small hydropower on phytoplankton in Xiangxi River[J].The journal of applied ecology,18(5):1091-1096.