网络空间隐私权的保护研究——基于公共场所隐私权理论
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摘要
公共场所隐私权的发展是一个缓慢曲折的过程,隐私权的保护由"场所"向"人"转变,许多国家已经承认对公共场所隐私权的保护。随着互联网和移动新媒体的发展,在某些情景下,网络空间被认定为公共场所,公民在其中的行为应受到隐私权的保护。本研究对公共场所隐私权的发展进行梳理,总结网络空间这一新型"公共场所"的生态特征,探讨公共场所隐私权在网络空间下的新变化并从网络空间中的不同场景的视角对其隐私权的保护提出建议。首先对传统的物理公共场所进行界定,认为其具有开放性、公共性、多元性和不确定性。然后从公共场所无隐私和公共场所隐私权的确立对传统公共场所隐私权的发展和变迁进行总结梳理。其中支持公共场所无隐私的原因是基于"场所理论"、风险自担理论和公共场所的行为记录下来与在公共场所观看是一样的。公共场所无隐私是一个单一且执行力强的标准,但是由于它受制于时代的局限而被批判和质疑。随着"合理隐私期待"理论的提出,公共场所隐私权得到确立。信息技术迅猛发展,互联网深刻改变了人们的生活,对网络空间是否属于公共场所的讨论此起彼伏。网络空间具有一定的公共场所的属性,文章提出对网络空间是否属于公共场所的界定应结合特定场景的属性和使用网络空间主体的期待来综合衡量,并总结网络空间作为新型公共场所的生态特征,包括虚拟化、去中心化、用户行为无尺度、场景多样化、公私界限模糊化以及舆论传播的裂变和爆发性。本研究利用公共场所隐私权理论作为工具探讨网络隐私权的保护,公共场所隐私权在网络空间发生了新的变化,包括以物理空间的场所来判断隐私权的标准已经失效,隐私保护更加困难复杂;匿名表达权和被遗忘权为公民网络空间隐私权的保护提供可能以及网络服务提供商承担相应责任保证公民的网络空间隐私权不被侵犯。最后,将网络空间存在的几类不同场景总结为私人聊天场景、公共聊天场景、主动分享场景、公共评论场景和电商平台的购物评论区,并对每类场景如何进行网络空间的隐私权保护提出具体的建议。
The development of privacy rights in public places is a slow and tortuous process. The protection of privacy rights has changed from "places" to "people". Many countries have already recognized the protection of privacy rights in public places. With the development of the Internet and mobile new media,in some scenarios, cyberspace is recognized as a public place, and citizens' behavior in it should be protected as privacy. This study sorts out the development of privacy in public places, summarizes the ecological characteristics of the new "public place" of cyberspace, and explores the new changes in the privacy in public places in cyberspace and from the perspective of different scenes in cyberspace. Advice on the protection of privacy is put forward. The author first defines the traditional physical public places and considers them open,public, pluralistic and uncertain. Then, from the establishment of public places without privacy and the establishment of privacy rights in public places, the development and changes of the privacy rights of traditional public places are summarized. The reason for supporting privacy in public places is based on the"place theory", risk-based theory, and behavior in public places recorded in the same way as in public places.The absence of privacy in public places is a single and enforceable standard, but it is criticized and questioned because it is subject to the limitations of the times. With the introduction of the "reasonable privacy expectation" theory, the privacy in public places has been established. Information technology has developed rapidly, and the Internet has profoundly changed people's lives. The discussion about whether cyberspace belongs to public places has been one after another. The cyberspace has certain attributes of public places.The author proposes that the definition of cyberspace belonging to public places should combine with the attributes of specific scenes and the expectation of using cyberspace subjects, and summarize the ecological characteristics of cyberspace as a new public place, including virtualization, decentralization, users' behavior without scale, scene diversification, blurring of public and private boundaries, and fission and explosiveness of public opinion. This study uses public space privacy theory as a tool to explore the protection of network privacy rights. Privacy rights in public space have undergone new changes in cyberspace, including the criteria for judging privacy rights in physical space places, and privacy protection is more difficult and complicated.Anonymous expression rights and forgotten rights provide the possibility to protect the privacy of citizens' cyberspace space and the network service provider assumes corresponding responsibility to ensure that citizens' cyberspace privacy rights are not violated. At the end of the article, the author summarizes several different types of scenes in the cyberspace as private chat scene, public chat scene, active sharing scene,public comment scene and shopping comment area of e-commerce platforms. Specific recommendations are put forward for how to carry out cyberspace privacy protection for each scene above.
The development of privacy rights in public places is a slow and tortuous process. The protection of privacy rights has changed from "places" to "people". Many countries have already recognized the protection of privacy rights in public places. With the development of the Internet and mobile new media,in some scenarios, cyberspace is recognized as a public place, and citizens' behavior in it should be protected as privacy. This study sorts out the development of privacy in public places, summarizes the ecological characteristics of the new "public place" of cyberspace, and explores the new changes in the privacy in public places in cyberspace and from the perspective of different scenes in cyberspace. Advice on the protection of privacy is put forward. The author first defines the traditional physical public places and considers them open,public, pluralistic and uncertain. Then, from the establishment of public places without privacy and the establishment of privacy rights in public places, the development and changes of the privacy rights of traditional public places are summarized. The reason for supporting privacy in public places is based on the"place theory", risk-based theory, and behavior in public places recorded in the same way as in public places.The absence of privacy in public places is a single and enforceable standard, but it is criticized and questioned because it is subject to the limitations of the times. With the introduction of the "reasonable privacy expectation" theory, the privacy in public places has been established. Information technology has developed rapidly, and the Internet has profoundly changed people's lives. The discussion about whether cyberspace belongs to public places has been one after another. The cyberspace has certain attributes of public places.The author proposes that the definition of cyberspace belonging to public places should combine with the attributes of specific scenes and the expectation of using cyberspace subjects, and summarize the ecological characteristics of cyberspace as a new public place, including virtualization, decentralization, users' behavior without scale, scene diversification, blurring of public and private boundaries, and fission and explosiveness of public opinion. This study uses public space privacy theory as a tool to explore the protection of network privacy rights. Privacy rights in public space have undergone new changes in cyberspace, including the criteria for judging privacy rights in physical space places, and privacy protection is more difficult and complicated.Anonymous expression rights and forgotten rights provide the possibility to protect the privacy of citizens' cyberspace space and the network service provider assumes corresponding responsibility to ensure that citizens' cyberspace privacy rights are not violated. At the end of the article, the author summarizes several different types of scenes in the cyberspace as private chat scene, public chat scene, active sharing scene,public comment scene and shopping comment area of e-commerce platforms. Specific recommendations are put forward for how to carry out cyberspace privacy protection for each scene above.
引文
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[2]宋占生,等.中国公安大百科全书(全四卷)[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2000.
[3]李晓明.刑法:“虚拟世界”与“现实社会”的博弈与抉择——从两高“网络诽谤”司法解释说开去[J].法律学科(西北政法大学学报),2015(2):119-131.
[4]汉娜·阿伦特.人的境况[M].王寅丽,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2017.
[5]塞缪尔·D.沃伦,路易斯·D.布兰代斯.隐私权[M].宦盛奎,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2014.
[6]张民安.公共场所隐私权理论研究[M]//张民安.公共场所隐私权研究.广州:中山大学出版社,2016.
[7]海伦·尼森鲍姆.信息时代的公共场所隐私权[M]//凌玲,译.张民安.公共场所隐私权研究.广州:中山大学出版社,2016.
[8]宋志斌,丁双玥.公共场所隐私权的变迁——对United States v.Jones一案的评析[M]//张民安.公共场所隐私权研究.广州:中山大学出版社,2016.
[9]克里斯廷·M.比斯利.确立公共场所隐私权的必要性——论科技发展对公共场所隐私权的影响[M]//凌玲,译.张民安.公共场所隐私权研究.广州:中山大学出版社,2016.
[10]转引Katz,389 U.S.,at 351-352[M]//张民安.公共场所隐私权研究.广州:中山大学出版社,2016.
[11] Daniel J. Solove.Access and Aggregation:Public Records, Privacy and the Constitution[J].Minnesota Law Review,Vol.86,2002.
[12] N.A.莫寒.关于公共场所隐私权研究[M]//敬罗晖,译.张民安.公共场所隐私权研究.广州:中山大学出版社,2016.
[13]专家解析两高司法解释网络空间具有公共场所属性[EB/OL].(2013-09-13)[2018-08-30].http://www.law-lib.com/fzdt/newshtml/fzjd/20130913103353.htm.
[14]齐爱民.论网络空间的特征及其对法律的影响[J].贵州大学学报(社会科学版),2004(3):16-22.
[15]《关于办理利用信息网络实施诽谤等刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的理解与适用[EB/OL].(2013-12-12)[2018-08-30].http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-xiangqing-5913.html.
[16]李晓明.刑法:“虚拟世界”与“现实社会”的博弈与抉择——从两高“网络诽谤”司法解释说开去[J].法律学科(西北政法大学学报),2015(2):119-131.
[17]虚拟化[EB/OL].(2018-11-11)[2018-08-30].维基百科.https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki.
[18]去中心化[EB/OL].(2018-08-12)[2018-08-30].百度百科.https://baike.baidu.com/item.
[19]王四新.网络个体隐私权保护亟待加强[J].社会治理,2017(5):42-48.