行为地图在幼儿园户外活动环境与幼儿身体活动关系研究中的应用
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摘要
目的:介绍行为地图这种新的把环境和身体活动关联起来的研究方法,并验证该方法在研究幼儿园户外活动环境与幼儿户外身体活动之间关系的适用性,为建设利于儿童身体活动的幼儿园户外活动环境提供借鉴。方法:在北京市两所幼儿园内,应用简易行为地图方法获取其户外活动行为场景的特征以及幼儿在不同行为场景内的活动强度。结果:幼儿园中的游乐设施区中的活动强度较小,中大强度活动发生的比例较低;开放性区域是幼儿园户外活动发生的主要区域,但其活动强度水平受到场地、活动组织等多方面因素的影响;攀爬墙对于幼儿的吸引力明显不足,但是,大型攀爬设施可吸引较多幼儿长时间停留。结论:行为地图为研究和理解幼儿身体活动和环境设计之间的关系提供了一个可行且可靠的方法;开放性区域是幼儿园发生身体活动的主要环境;游乐设施很难贡献中大强度的身体活动,建议幼儿园合理控制游乐设施的投放数量,加强攀爬区设计的趣味性适应不同技能发展水平的儿童。
Objective: To introduce the new method of behavior mapping that can link environment with physical activity and provide reference for the construction of outdoor activities environment of kindergarten which is conducive to children's physical activity. Method: Using behavior mapping method in two kindergartens in Beijing, to verify this method in the research about the characteristics of outdoor environment and outdoor physical activity. Result: In the kindergarten, the activity intensity of the play equipment is low and the proportion of the large intensity activity is small. The open area is the main area of the outdoor activities of the kindergarten, but the intensity level of the activity is affected by the factors such as the venue, the organization of activities and so on. The climbing wall is obviously less attractive for young children, but large climbing facilities can attract more children to stay for a long time. Conclusion: The behavior mapping provides a viable and reliable way for us to study and understand the relationship between physical activity and environmental design. Open area is the main environment for children's physical activity in kindergarten; play equipment can hardly contribute to moderate and vigorous physical activity, we suggest that the kindergarten should control the number of play equipment; the playability of climbing area should be improved for children in different development level.
Objective: To introduce the new method of behavior mapping that can link environment with physical activity and provide reference for the construction of outdoor activities environment of kindergarten which is conducive to children's physical activity. Method: Using behavior mapping method in two kindergartens in Beijing, to verify this method in the research about the characteristics of outdoor environment and outdoor physical activity. Result: In the kindergarten, the activity intensity of the play equipment is low and the proportion of the large intensity activity is small. The open area is the main area of the outdoor activities of the kindergarten, but the intensity level of the activity is affected by the factors such as the venue, the organization of activities and so on. The climbing wall is obviously less attractive for young children, but large climbing facilities can attract more children to stay for a long time. Conclusion: The behavior mapping provides a viable and reliable way for us to study and understand the relationship between physical activity and environmental design. Open area is the main environment for children's physical activity in kindergarten; play equipment can hardly contribute to moderate and vigorous physical activity, we suggest that the kindergarten should control the number of play equipment; the playability of climbing area should be improved for children in different development level.
引文
[1]阿拉太,韩西丽.传统单位大院户外环境对儿童体力活动机会的影响——以北京市核二院家属院为例[J].西部人居环境学刊,2015,(6):64-67.
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[4]贺刚,黄雅君,王香生,等.香港儿童体力活动与住所周围建成环境:应用GIS的初步研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2015,34(5):431-436.
[5]黄意蓉.幼儿体育活动强度评价量表的设计与应用[D].北京:北京体育大学,2013.
[6]李培红,王梅.中国儿童青少年身体活动现状及相关影响因素[J].中国学校卫生,2016,(6):805-809,813.
[7]王琼,韩西丽,王瑶.城市商住混合型社区中儿童户外体力活动特征——以北京市华清嘉园居住小区为例[J].人文地理,2014,(2):35-40.
[8]赵洪波,朱立新.协同理论视角下少年儿童身体活动影响因素及其作用机制研究[J].南京体育学院学报(社会科学版),2014,(6):90-94.
[9]赵星,赵斯龙,罗冬梅,等.幼儿园不同类型户外体育活动的强度水平及相关影响因素[J].体育科学,2016,36(8):34-41.
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[14]BOWER J K,HALES D P,TATE D F,et al.The childcare environment and children's physical activity[J].Am J Prev Med,2008,34(1):23-29.
[15]BROWNSON R C,HOEHNER C M,DAY K,et al.Measuring the built environment for physical activity:state of the science[J].Am J Prev Med,2009,36(4):S99-S123,e112.
[16]CARDON G,CAUWENBERGHE E V,LABARQUE V,et al.The contribution of preschool playground factors in explaining children's physical activity during recess[J].J Behav Nutr Phys Act,2008,5(11):1-6.
[17]CARVER A,SALMON J,CAMPBELL K,et al.How do perceptions of local neighborhood relate to adolescents'walking and cycling?[J].Am J Health Promot,2005,20(2):139.
[18]COSCO N G,MOORE R C,ISLAM M Z.Behavior mapping:a method for linking preschool physical activity and outdoor design[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2010,42(3):513-519.
[19]DOLLMAN J,NORTON K,NORTON L.Evidence for secular trends in children's physical activity behaviour[J].Br J Sports Med,2005,39(12):892-897.
[20]DOWDA M,FAU BW,MCIVER KL,et al.Policies and characteristics of the preschool environment and physical activity of young children[J].Pediatrics,123(2),e261-266.
[21]FINN K,JOHANNSEN N,SPECKER B.Factors associated with physical activity in preschool children[J].J Pediatr.2002,140(1):81-85.
[22]FJ?RTOFT I.The natural environment as a playground for children the Impact of outdoor play Activities in pre-primary school children[J].Early Child Educ J,2001,29(2):111-117.
[23]GEBEL K,BAUMAN A E,PETTICREW M.The physical environment and physical activity:A critical appraisal of review articles[J].Am J Prev Med,2007,32(5):361-369.
[24]GUBBELS J S,VAN KANN D H H,JANSEN M J.Play equipment,physical activity opportunities,and children's activity levels at childcare[J].J Environ Public Health,2012,(1):1-8.doi:10.1155/2012/326520.
[25]HALLAL P C,VICTORA C G,AZEVEDO M R,et al.Adolescent physical activity and health[J].Sports Med,2006,36(12):1019-1030.
[26]HENDERSON K E,GRODE G M,O'CONNELL M L,et al.Environmental factors associated with physical activity in childcare centers[J].Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act,2015,12(1):1-9.
[27]HESKETH KR,GRIFFIN SJ,VAN SLUIJS EM.UK preschoolaged children's physical activity levels in childcare and at home:a cross-sectional exploration[J].Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act,2015,12(1):1-9.
[28]HESS D B,RUSSELL J K.Influence of built environment and transportation access on body mass index of older adults:Survey results from Erie County,New York[J].Transp Policy,2012;20(1):128-137.
[29]KNUTH A G,HALLAL P C.Temporal trends in physical activity:a systematic review[J].J Phys Act Health,2009,6(5):548-559.
[30]KYTT?M.Affordances of children's environments in the context of cities,small towns,suburbs and rural villages in Finland and Belarus[J].J Environ Psychol,2002,22(1-2):109-123.
[31]LESSARD L,BRECK A.Childhood obesity prevention in childcare xettings:the potential of policy and environmental change interventions[J].Curr Obes Rep,2015,4(2):191-197.
[32]MOTA J,ALMEIDA M,SANTOS P,et al.Perceived neighborhood environments and physical activity in adolescents[J].Prev Med,2005,41(5-6):834-836.
[33]PATE R R,PFEIFFER K A,TROST S G,et al.Physical activity among children attending preschools[J].Pediatrics,2004,114(5):1258-1263.
[34]ROBERTS J D,RAY R,BILES A D,et al.Built environment and active play among Washington DC metropolitan children:A protocol for a cross-sectional study[J].Arch Public Health,2015,73(22):1-11.
[35]SALLIS J F,CERVERO R B,ASCHER W,et al.An ecological approach to creating active living communities[J].Annu Rev Public Health,2006,27:297-322.
[36]SALLIS J F,NADER P R,BROYLES S L,et al.Correlates of phy-sical activity at home in Mexican American and AngloAmerican preschool children[J].Health Psychol,1993,12(5):390-398.
[37]SALLIS J F,PROCHASKA J J,TAYLOR W C.A review of correla-tes of physical activity of children and adolescents[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2000,32(5):963-975.
[38]TIMPERIO A,REID J,VEITCH J.Playability:Built and social environment features that promote physical activity within children[J].Curr Obes Rep,2015,4(4):460-476.
[39]TOM B,THOMPSON W O,DURANT R H,et al.Observations on physical activity in physical locations:age,gender,ethnicity,and month effects[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,1993,64(2):127-133.
[40]TROST S G,WARD D S,SENSO M.Effects of child care policy and environment on physical activity[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2010,42(3):520-525.
[41]WARD S,BELANGER M,DONOVAN D,et al.Systematic review of the relationship between childcare educators'practices and preschoolers'physical activity and eating behaviours[J].Obes Rev,2015,16(12):1055-1070.
[42]WHO.Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health[M].Geneva,2010:10-11.
[2]郭强,汪晓赞.儿童青少年身体活动研究的国际发展趋势与热点解析——基于流行病学的视角[J].体育科学,2015,35(7):58-73.
[3]何晓龙.影响儿童青少年中到大强度体力活动的建成环境因素研究[D].上海:上海体育学院,2015.
[4]贺刚,黄雅君,王香生,等.香港儿童体力活动与住所周围建成环境:应用GIS的初步研究[J].中国运动医学杂志,2015,34(5):431-436.
[5]黄意蓉.幼儿体育活动强度评价量表的设计与应用[D].北京:北京体育大学,2013.
[6]李培红,王梅.中国儿童青少年身体活动现状及相关影响因素[J].中国学校卫生,2016,(6):805-809,813.
[7]王琼,韩西丽,王瑶.城市商住混合型社区中儿童户外体力活动特征——以北京市华清嘉园居住小区为例[J].人文地理,2014,(2):35-40.
[8]赵洪波,朱立新.协同理论视角下少年儿童身体活动影响因素及其作用机制研究[J].南京体育学院学报(社会科学版),2014,(6):90-94.
[9]赵星,赵斯龙,罗冬梅,等.幼儿园不同类型户外体育活动的强度水平及相关影响因素[J].体育科学,2016,36(8):34-41.
[10]BARKER R.Environmental Psychology:People and Their Physical Settings[M].NY:Holt,Rinehart and Winston,1976:12-26.
[11]BELL A C,FINCH M,WOLFENDEN L,et al.Child physical activity levels and associations with modifiable characteristics in centre-based childcare[J].Aust N Z J Public Health,2015,39(3):232-236.
[12]BIDDLE S J H,PEARSON N,ROSS G M,et al.Tracking of sedentary behaviors of young people:a systematic review[J].Prev Med,2010,51(5):345-351.
[13]BOLDEMANN C,BLENNOW M,DAL H,et al.Impact of preschool environment upon children's physical activity and sun exposure[J].Prev Med,2006,42(4):301-308.
[14]BOWER J K,HALES D P,TATE D F,et al.The childcare environment and children's physical activity[J].Am J Prev Med,2008,34(1):23-29.
[15]BROWNSON R C,HOEHNER C M,DAY K,et al.Measuring the built environment for physical activity:state of the science[J].Am J Prev Med,2009,36(4):S99-S123,e112.
[16]CARDON G,CAUWENBERGHE E V,LABARQUE V,et al.The contribution of preschool playground factors in explaining children's physical activity during recess[J].J Behav Nutr Phys Act,2008,5(11):1-6.
[17]CARVER A,SALMON J,CAMPBELL K,et al.How do perceptions of local neighborhood relate to adolescents'walking and cycling?[J].Am J Health Promot,2005,20(2):139.
[18]COSCO N G,MOORE R C,ISLAM M Z.Behavior mapping:a method for linking preschool physical activity and outdoor design[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2010,42(3):513-519.
[19]DOLLMAN J,NORTON K,NORTON L.Evidence for secular trends in children's physical activity behaviour[J].Br J Sports Med,2005,39(12):892-897.
[20]DOWDA M,FAU BW,MCIVER KL,et al.Policies and characteristics of the preschool environment and physical activity of young children[J].Pediatrics,123(2),e261-266.
[21]FINN K,JOHANNSEN N,SPECKER B.Factors associated with physical activity in preschool children[J].J Pediatr.2002,140(1):81-85.
[22]FJ?RTOFT I.The natural environment as a playground for children the Impact of outdoor play Activities in pre-primary school children[J].Early Child Educ J,2001,29(2):111-117.
[23]GEBEL K,BAUMAN A E,PETTICREW M.The physical environment and physical activity:A critical appraisal of review articles[J].Am J Prev Med,2007,32(5):361-369.
[24]GUBBELS J S,VAN KANN D H H,JANSEN M J.Play equipment,physical activity opportunities,and children's activity levels at childcare[J].J Environ Public Health,2012,(1):1-8.doi:10.1155/2012/326520.
[25]HALLAL P C,VICTORA C G,AZEVEDO M R,et al.Adolescent physical activity and health[J].Sports Med,2006,36(12):1019-1030.
[26]HENDERSON K E,GRODE G M,O'CONNELL M L,et al.Environmental factors associated with physical activity in childcare centers[J].Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act,2015,12(1):1-9.
[27]HESKETH KR,GRIFFIN SJ,VAN SLUIJS EM.UK preschoolaged children's physical activity levels in childcare and at home:a cross-sectional exploration[J].Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act,2015,12(1):1-9.
[28]HESS D B,RUSSELL J K.Influence of built environment and transportation access on body mass index of older adults:Survey results from Erie County,New York[J].Transp Policy,2012;20(1):128-137.
[29]KNUTH A G,HALLAL P C.Temporal trends in physical activity:a systematic review[J].J Phys Act Health,2009,6(5):548-559.
[30]KYTT?M.Affordances of children's environments in the context of cities,small towns,suburbs and rural villages in Finland and Belarus[J].J Environ Psychol,2002,22(1-2):109-123.
[31]LESSARD L,BRECK A.Childhood obesity prevention in childcare xettings:the potential of policy and environmental change interventions[J].Curr Obes Rep,2015,4(2):191-197.
[32]MOTA J,ALMEIDA M,SANTOS P,et al.Perceived neighborhood environments and physical activity in adolescents[J].Prev Med,2005,41(5-6):834-836.
[33]PATE R R,PFEIFFER K A,TROST S G,et al.Physical activity among children attending preschools[J].Pediatrics,2004,114(5):1258-1263.
[34]ROBERTS J D,RAY R,BILES A D,et al.Built environment and active play among Washington DC metropolitan children:A protocol for a cross-sectional study[J].Arch Public Health,2015,73(22):1-11.
[35]SALLIS J F,CERVERO R B,ASCHER W,et al.An ecological approach to creating active living communities[J].Annu Rev Public Health,2006,27:297-322.
[36]SALLIS J F,NADER P R,BROYLES S L,et al.Correlates of phy-sical activity at home in Mexican American and AngloAmerican preschool children[J].Health Psychol,1993,12(5):390-398.
[37]SALLIS J F,PROCHASKA J J,TAYLOR W C.A review of correla-tes of physical activity of children and adolescents[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2000,32(5):963-975.
[38]TIMPERIO A,REID J,VEITCH J.Playability:Built and social environment features that promote physical activity within children[J].Curr Obes Rep,2015,4(4):460-476.
[39]TOM B,THOMPSON W O,DURANT R H,et al.Observations on physical activity in physical locations:age,gender,ethnicity,and month effects[J].Res Q Exerc Sport,1993,64(2):127-133.
[40]TROST S G,WARD D S,SENSO M.Effects of child care policy and environment on physical activity[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2010,42(3):520-525.
[41]WARD S,BELANGER M,DONOVAN D,et al.Systematic review of the relationship between childcare educators'practices and preschoolers'physical activity and eating behaviours[J].Obes Rev,2015,16(12):1055-1070.
[42]WHO.Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health[M].Geneva,2010:10-11.