全球伤寒与副伤寒流行情况、危险因素和预防策略
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摘要
伤寒与副伤寒继续成为全球性主要发病与死亡原因之一,是发展中国家一个严重公共卫生问题。该病流行趋势、疾病型、病原型、危险因素的阶段性与区域性变化规律尚不清楚;地方病区显著特点是发病率高、防控效果局限、水源性与食源性和密切接触传播病例均多;发达国家等低发病率区域旅游相关病例构成比较大,可持续减少发病也有困难。本文检索分析1950—2015年全球主要伤寒与副伤寒文献,认识伤寒与副伤寒流行与发病、疾病型与病原型、卫生设施与危险因素的变化特征、趋势与规律,依据风险度评价决定因素与相关指标提出差异化防控策略,为进行疫情数据化预警、确定疫情变化时空节点和可持续控制与消除伤寒与副伤寒提供科学依据。
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever, which remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world,is a serious public health problem in developing countries. It's not clear that typhoid and paratyphoid fever's prevalence tendency, disease types, pathogen types, and risk factors during different periods and in various regions. The remarkable characteristics of endemic areas of the diseases are with high morbidity, limitation in prevention and control, high proportions of water-born, food-born, and close-contact transmission cases. Whereas the developed countries are with low morbidity,large proportion of travel-associated cases, and difficulty in reducing the number of cases persistently. We described the trend and rule of typhoid and paratyphoid fever epidemic, including prevalence, morbidity, disease types, pathogen types, relevant public health facilities and risk factors through searching and analyzing literatures published between 1950 and 2015 and then put forward differentiated prevention and control strategies based on risk assessments and relevant indexes. Besides, we provided evidences for early warning system and identification of spatial-temporal variation for the control and elimination of typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever, which remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world,is a serious public health problem in developing countries. It's not clear that typhoid and paratyphoid fever's prevalence tendency, disease types, pathogen types, and risk factors during different periods and in various regions. The remarkable characteristics of endemic areas of the diseases are with high morbidity, limitation in prevention and control, high proportions of water-born, food-born, and close-contact transmission cases. Whereas the developed countries are with low morbidity,large proportion of travel-associated cases, and difficulty in reducing the number of cases persistently. We described the trend and rule of typhoid and paratyphoid fever epidemic, including prevalence, morbidity, disease types, pathogen types, relevant public health facilities and risk factors through searching and analyzing literatures published between 1950 and 2015 and then put forward differentiated prevention and control strategies based on risk assessments and relevant indexes. Besides, we provided evidences for early warning system and identification of spatial-temporal variation for the control and elimination of typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
引文
[1] Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study2010[J]. Lancet, 2012, 380(9859):2197-2223.
[2] Mogasale V, Maskery B, Ochiai RL, et al. Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries:a systematic,literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment[J]. The Lancet Global Health, 2014,2(10):e570-e580.
[3] Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever[J]. Bull World Health Organ, 2004, 82(5):346-353.
[4] Karkey A, Aryjal A, Basnyat B, et al. Kathmandu, Nepal:still an enteric fever capital of the world[J]. J Infect Dev Ctries, 2008,2(6):461-465.
[5] Ty AU, Ang GY, Ang LW, et al. Changing epidemiology of enteric fevers in Singapore[J]. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 2010, 39(12):889-888.
[6] Hassing RJ, Goessens WH, van PW, et al. Salmonella subtypes with increased MICs for azithromycin in travelers returned to The Netherlands[J]. Emerg Infect Dis, 2014, 20(4):705-708.
[7] Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, et al. Typhoid fever[J].Lancet, 2015, 385(9973):1136-1145.
[8] U.S. Center for Disease Control. Epidemic typhoid fever-Dushanbe,Tajikistan, 1997[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1998,47(36):752-756.
[9] Lewis MD, Serichantalergs O, Pitarangsi C, et al. Typhoid fever:a massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2005,40(4):554-561.
[10]Peletiri IC, Ibecheozor N. The aetiology of enteric fever in Abuja,North Central Nigeria[J]. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2012,13(3):150-155.
[11] No authors listed. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers from 1950 to1954[J]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1955, 13(4):325-344.
[12] Buckle GC, Walker CLF, Black RE. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever:systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010[J]. J Glob Health, 2012,2(1):010401.
[13] Antillon M,Warren JL,Crawford FW,et al. The burden of typhoid fever in low-and middle-income countries:a meta-regression approach[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2017, 11(2):e0005376.
[14]Kuijpers LMF, Phe T, Veng CH, et al. The clinical and microbiological characteristics of enteric fever in Cambodia,2008-2015[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2017,11(9):e0005964.
[15] Meltzer E, Yossepowitch O, Sadik C, et al. Epidemiology and clinical aspects of enteric fever in Israel[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,2006,74(4):540-545.
[16]木合亚提·胡塞英,夏依旦·吾甫尔,顾本思,等.2004—2013年新疆伤寒、副伤寒流行病学特征分析[J].现代预防医学,2015,42(15):2694-2696.
[17]杨进,董柏青,王鸣柳,等.1994—2002年广西甲型副伤寒和伤寒流行情况分析[J].中国热带医学,2004, 2(4):177-180.
[18] Karkey A, Arjyal A, Anders KL, et al. The burden and characteristics of enteric fever at a healthcare facility in a densely populated area of Kathmandu[J]. PLoS One, 2010, 5(11):e13988.
[19] Punjabi NH, Agtini MD, Ochiai RL, et al. Enteric fever burden in North Jakarta, Indonesia:a prospective, community-based study[J].J Infect Dev Ctries, 2013, 7(11):781-787.
[20]伏晓庆,古文鹏,尹建雯,等.云南省2003—2012年伤寒副伤寒流行特征分析[J].现代预防医学,2014, 41(14):2497-2499,2502.
[21]姚光海,王涛,田克诚,等.贵州省1999—2007年伤寒副伤寒流行特征分析[J].医学动物防制,2009, 25(3):161-163,165.
[22]张红强,王树坤,王艳芳,等.玉溪市红塔区1998—2007年伤寒和甲型副伤寒流行趋势分析[J].中国自然医学杂志,2008, 10(6):401-405.
[23] Kanungo S, Dutta S, Sur D. Epidemiology of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in India[J]. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2008, 2(6):454-460.
[24] Kim JH, Mogasale V, Im J, et al. Updated estimates of typhoid fever burden in sub-Saharan Africa[J]. Lancet Global Health, 2017,5(10):e969.
[25] Dovonou A, Adoukonou T, Sanni A, et al. Major salmonellosis in Benin[J]. Med Trop(Mars), 2011,71(6):634-635.
[26] Seydi M, Soumare M, Sow AI, et al. Current aspects of Salmonella bacteremia cases in the Ibrahima Diop Mar Infectious Diseases Clinic, Farm National Hospital Center(Senegal)[J]. Med Mal Infect, 2005, 35(1):23-27.
[21] Date KA, Newton AE, Medalla F, et al. Changing patterns in enteric fever incidence and increasing antibiotic resistance of enteric fever isolates in the United States, 2008-2012[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2016, 63(3):322-329.
[28] Zhou K, Sauve LJ, Richardson SE, et al. Enteric fever in a multicultural Canadian tertiary care pediatric setting:a 28-yearreview[J]. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 2017, 6(1):98-101.
[29] Ispahani P, Slack RC. Enteric fever and other extraintestinal salmonellosis in University Hospital, Nottingham, UK, between1980 and 1997[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2000, 19(9):679-687.
[30] British Medical Journal Publishing Group. Paratyphoid fever in England and Wales, 1978-82[J]. British Medical Journal, 1983,287(6402):1366.
[31] Freedman J, Lighton L, Jones J. Defining travel-associated cases of enteric fever[J]. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2014, 7(5):377-385.
[32] Sharp JC,Heymann CS.Enteric fever in Scotland,1967-1974[J].J Hyg(Lond),1976, 76(1):83-89.
[33]Commons RJ, McBryde E, Valcanis M, et al. Twenty-six years of enteric fever in Australia:an epidemiological analysis of antibiotic resistance[J]. Med J Aust, 2012,196(5):332-336.
[34]秦淑文,陈恩富,谢淑云,等.浙江省1997—2006年伤寒副伤寒流行特征分析[J].浙江预防医学,2008,20(5):1-2, 5.
[35] Kumar SA, Nagaraj SI, Venisha FZ, et al. Antibiogram of Salmonella isolates from blood with an emphasis on nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol susceptibility in a tertiary care hospital in Coastal Karnataka:a prospective study[J]. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 2012,4(2):74-77.
[36]刘凤凤,赵善露,陈琦,等.2015年全国伤寒、副伤寒流行病学特征和空间聚类分析[J].中华流行病学杂志,2017, 6(38):754-758.
[37]李永红,林玫,廖和壮.2004—2010年广西伤寒与甲型副伤寒流行特征对比分析[J].中华疾病控制杂志,2012, 16(2):149-151.
[38] Teh CS, Chua KH, Thong KL. Paratyphoid fever:splicing the global analyses[J]. Int J Med Sci,2014, 11(7):732-741.
[39]倪世友,王树坤.全球伤寒和副伤寒的流行强度区域及其预防策略[J].中国微生态学杂志,2016,28(11):1357-1361.
[40]王树坤,姚颖波.伤寒和副伤寒的流行、诊断、治疗和预防[J].中国微生态学杂志,2009,21(1):85-89.
[41] Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever[J].Lancet, 2005,366(9487):749-762.
[42]伏晓庆,徐闻,姜黎黎,等.云南省重点地区460例伤寒、副伤寒病例诊断准确性调查结果分析[J].现代预防医学,2017,44(17):3254-3257.
[43] Hornick RB, Greisman SE, Woodward TE, et al. Typhoid fever:pathogenesis and immunologic control[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1970,283(13):686-691.
[44] Olsen SJ, Bleasdale SC, Magnano AR, et al. Outbreaks of typhoid fever in the United States, 1960-99[J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2003,130(1):13-21.
[45]Tran HH, Bjune G, Nguyen BM, et al. Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in Son La province, northern Vietnam[J].Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2005,99(11):819-826.
[46] Vollaard AM, Ali S, van Asten HA, et al. Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia[J]. JAMA, 2004,291(21):2607-2615.
[47] Hosoglu S, Celen MK, Geyik MF, et al. Risk factors for typhoid fever among adult patients in Diyarbakir, Turkey[J]. Epidemiology and Infection, 2006, 134(3):612-616.
[48]高金霞.玉溪市红塔区伤寒、副伤寒高发危险因素研究[D].中国疾病预防控制中心,2009.
[49] Zaki SA, Karande S. Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever:a review[J].Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2011, 5(5):324-337.
[50] Olarte J, Galindo E. Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol,ampicillin, and other antimicrobial agents:strains isolated during an extensive typhoid fever epidemic in Mexico[J]. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1973,4(6):597-601.
[51]倪世友,王榆淞,王树坤,等.1999—2015年红塔区伤寒与副伤寒流行特征和气象变量的研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2017,29(5):598-603.
[2] Mogasale V, Maskery B, Ochiai RL, et al. Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries:a systematic,literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment[J]. The Lancet Global Health, 2014,2(10):e570-e580.
[3] Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever[J]. Bull World Health Organ, 2004, 82(5):346-353.
[4] Karkey A, Aryjal A, Basnyat B, et al. Kathmandu, Nepal:still an enteric fever capital of the world[J]. J Infect Dev Ctries, 2008,2(6):461-465.
[5] Ty AU, Ang GY, Ang LW, et al. Changing epidemiology of enteric fevers in Singapore[J]. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 2010, 39(12):889-888.
[6] Hassing RJ, Goessens WH, van PW, et al. Salmonella subtypes with increased MICs for azithromycin in travelers returned to The Netherlands[J]. Emerg Infect Dis, 2014, 20(4):705-708.
[7] Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, et al. Typhoid fever[J].Lancet, 2015, 385(9973):1136-1145.
[8] U.S. Center for Disease Control. Epidemic typhoid fever-Dushanbe,Tajikistan, 1997[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1998,47(36):752-756.
[9] Lewis MD, Serichantalergs O, Pitarangsi C, et al. Typhoid fever:a massive, single-point source, multidrug-resistant outbreak in Nepal[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2005,40(4):554-561.
[10]Peletiri IC, Ibecheozor N. The aetiology of enteric fever in Abuja,North Central Nigeria[J]. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2012,13(3):150-155.
[11] No authors listed. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers from 1950 to1954[J]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1955, 13(4):325-344.
[12] Buckle GC, Walker CLF, Black RE. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever:systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010[J]. J Glob Health, 2012,2(1):010401.
[13] Antillon M,Warren JL,Crawford FW,et al. The burden of typhoid fever in low-and middle-income countries:a meta-regression approach[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2017, 11(2):e0005376.
[14]Kuijpers LMF, Phe T, Veng CH, et al. The clinical and microbiological characteristics of enteric fever in Cambodia,2008-2015[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2017,11(9):e0005964.
[15] Meltzer E, Yossepowitch O, Sadik C, et al. Epidemiology and clinical aspects of enteric fever in Israel[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,2006,74(4):540-545.
[16]木合亚提·胡塞英,夏依旦·吾甫尔,顾本思,等.2004—2013年新疆伤寒、副伤寒流行病学特征分析[J].现代预防医学,2015,42(15):2694-2696.
[17]杨进,董柏青,王鸣柳,等.1994—2002年广西甲型副伤寒和伤寒流行情况分析[J].中国热带医学,2004, 2(4):177-180.
[18] Karkey A, Arjyal A, Anders KL, et al. The burden and characteristics of enteric fever at a healthcare facility in a densely populated area of Kathmandu[J]. PLoS One, 2010, 5(11):e13988.
[19] Punjabi NH, Agtini MD, Ochiai RL, et al. Enteric fever burden in North Jakarta, Indonesia:a prospective, community-based study[J].J Infect Dev Ctries, 2013, 7(11):781-787.
[20]伏晓庆,古文鹏,尹建雯,等.云南省2003—2012年伤寒副伤寒流行特征分析[J].现代预防医学,2014, 41(14):2497-2499,2502.
[21]姚光海,王涛,田克诚,等.贵州省1999—2007年伤寒副伤寒流行特征分析[J].医学动物防制,2009, 25(3):161-163,165.
[22]张红强,王树坤,王艳芳,等.玉溪市红塔区1998—2007年伤寒和甲型副伤寒流行趋势分析[J].中国自然医学杂志,2008, 10(6):401-405.
[23] Kanungo S, Dutta S, Sur D. Epidemiology of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in India[J]. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2008, 2(6):454-460.
[24] Kim JH, Mogasale V, Im J, et al. Updated estimates of typhoid fever burden in sub-Saharan Africa[J]. Lancet Global Health, 2017,5(10):e969.
[25] Dovonou A, Adoukonou T, Sanni A, et al. Major salmonellosis in Benin[J]. Med Trop(Mars), 2011,71(6):634-635.
[26] Seydi M, Soumare M, Sow AI, et al. Current aspects of Salmonella bacteremia cases in the Ibrahima Diop Mar Infectious Diseases Clinic, Farm National Hospital Center(Senegal)[J]. Med Mal Infect, 2005, 35(1):23-27.
[21] Date KA, Newton AE, Medalla F, et al. Changing patterns in enteric fever incidence and increasing antibiotic resistance of enteric fever isolates in the United States, 2008-2012[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2016, 63(3):322-329.
[28] Zhou K, Sauve LJ, Richardson SE, et al. Enteric fever in a multicultural Canadian tertiary care pediatric setting:a 28-yearreview[J]. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 2017, 6(1):98-101.
[29] Ispahani P, Slack RC. Enteric fever and other extraintestinal salmonellosis in University Hospital, Nottingham, UK, between1980 and 1997[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2000, 19(9):679-687.
[30] British Medical Journal Publishing Group. Paratyphoid fever in England and Wales, 1978-82[J]. British Medical Journal, 1983,287(6402):1366.
[31] Freedman J, Lighton L, Jones J. Defining travel-associated cases of enteric fever[J]. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2014, 7(5):377-385.
[32] Sharp JC,Heymann CS.Enteric fever in Scotland,1967-1974[J].J Hyg(Lond),1976, 76(1):83-89.
[33]Commons RJ, McBryde E, Valcanis M, et al. Twenty-six years of enteric fever in Australia:an epidemiological analysis of antibiotic resistance[J]. Med J Aust, 2012,196(5):332-336.
[34]秦淑文,陈恩富,谢淑云,等.浙江省1997—2006年伤寒副伤寒流行特征分析[J].浙江预防医学,2008,20(5):1-2, 5.
[35] Kumar SA, Nagaraj SI, Venisha FZ, et al. Antibiogram of Salmonella isolates from blood with an emphasis on nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol susceptibility in a tertiary care hospital in Coastal Karnataka:a prospective study[J]. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 2012,4(2):74-77.
[36]刘凤凤,赵善露,陈琦,等.2015年全国伤寒、副伤寒流行病学特征和空间聚类分析[J].中华流行病学杂志,2017, 6(38):754-758.
[37]李永红,林玫,廖和壮.2004—2010年广西伤寒与甲型副伤寒流行特征对比分析[J].中华疾病控制杂志,2012, 16(2):149-151.
[38] Teh CS, Chua KH, Thong KL. Paratyphoid fever:splicing the global analyses[J]. Int J Med Sci,2014, 11(7):732-741.
[39]倪世友,王树坤.全球伤寒和副伤寒的流行强度区域及其预防策略[J].中国微生态学杂志,2016,28(11):1357-1361.
[40]王树坤,姚颖波.伤寒和副伤寒的流行、诊断、治疗和预防[J].中国微生态学杂志,2009,21(1):85-89.
[41] Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever[J].Lancet, 2005,366(9487):749-762.
[42]伏晓庆,徐闻,姜黎黎,等.云南省重点地区460例伤寒、副伤寒病例诊断准确性调查结果分析[J].现代预防医学,2017,44(17):3254-3257.
[43] Hornick RB, Greisman SE, Woodward TE, et al. Typhoid fever:pathogenesis and immunologic control[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1970,283(13):686-691.
[44] Olsen SJ, Bleasdale SC, Magnano AR, et al. Outbreaks of typhoid fever in the United States, 1960-99[J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2003,130(1):13-21.
[45]Tran HH, Bjune G, Nguyen BM, et al. Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in Son La province, northern Vietnam[J].Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2005,99(11):819-826.
[46] Vollaard AM, Ali S, van Asten HA, et al. Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia[J]. JAMA, 2004,291(21):2607-2615.
[47] Hosoglu S, Celen MK, Geyik MF, et al. Risk factors for typhoid fever among adult patients in Diyarbakir, Turkey[J]. Epidemiology and Infection, 2006, 134(3):612-616.
[48]高金霞.玉溪市红塔区伤寒、副伤寒高发危险因素研究[D].中国疾病预防控制中心,2009.
[49] Zaki SA, Karande S. Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever:a review[J].Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2011, 5(5):324-337.
[50] Olarte J, Galindo E. Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol,ampicillin, and other antimicrobial agents:strains isolated during an extensive typhoid fever epidemic in Mexico[J]. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1973,4(6):597-601.
[51]倪世友,王榆淞,王树坤,等.1999—2015年红塔区伤寒与副伤寒流行特征和气象变量的研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2017,29(5):598-603.