培育新乡村共同体——台湾地区“农村再生”的经验研究
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摘要
乡村社会的基本属性是建立在血缘及地缘之上的熟人社会网络,这也决定了乡村相较于城市而言具有更明显的"自组织"特征。大陆快速的城镇化进程对传统意义上乡村内部的"共同关系"造成了巨大冲击,但当下乡村振兴战略的实施为乡村共同体的重塑提供了契机。台湾地区比大陆的城镇化进程要早,亦经历过乡村社区解体的历程,但在进入到城市化高度发展阶段后,重新审视乡村价值并改变治理方式,通过"社区营造"和"农村再生"等政策计划,使乡村彰显出自下而上的勃勃生机,其在乡村内生力的塑造和乡村社区共同体的培育方面值得大陆学习。本文以乡村共同体作为理论框架阐释台湾地区"农村再生计划"的机制特点,并以台北市郊共荣社区为典型案例,深入解析"在农村再生的过程中,农村居民、政府部门及社会资本等如何协力建构乡村共同体,促进社区发展"。最后对如何培育大陆乡村社区中的共同体提出了若干思考建议。
The basic attribute of rural society is the social network of acquaintances based on consanguinity and geography, which also determines that the countryside has more obvious "self-organization" characteristics compared with the city. The rapid urbanization process in mainland China has caused a huge impact on the "common relationship" within the countryside in the traditional sense, but the implementation of the current strategy of rural revitalization provides an opportunity for the reconstruction of the rural community. Earlier than the mainland of urbanization in Taiwan area, also has experienced the process of disintegration of village community, but after entered the stage of urbanization development, reviewing rural value and change the way of governance, through "community building" and "rural regeneration policy planning", make the country reflect the vitality of from bottom to top, the endogenous force in the country of the mainland to shape and cultivate aspects of rural communities is worth learning. Based on the rural community as a theoretical framework to interpret the mechanism of "rural regeneration project" in Taiwan characteristics, combined with the outskirts of Taipei co-prosperity community for typical cases, in-depth analytic "in the process of regeneration in the rural areas, the rural residents, government departments and social capital, such as how to construct rural community, promote community development". Finally, some Suggestions on how to cultivate community in rural communities in mainland China are put forward.
The basic attribute of rural society is the social network of acquaintances based on consanguinity and geography, which also determines that the countryside has more obvious "self-organization" characteristics compared with the city. The rapid urbanization process in mainland China has caused a huge impact on the "common relationship" within the countryside in the traditional sense, but the implementation of the current strategy of rural revitalization provides an opportunity for the reconstruction of the rural community. Earlier than the mainland of urbanization in Taiwan area, also has experienced the process of disintegration of village community, but after entered the stage of urbanization development, reviewing rural value and change the way of governance, through "community building" and "rural regeneration policy planning", make the country reflect the vitality of from bottom to top, the endogenous force in the country of the mainland to shape and cultivate aspects of rural communities is worth learning. Based on the rural community as a theoretical framework to interpret the mechanism of "rural regeneration project" in Taiwan characteristics, combined with the outskirts of Taipei co-prosperity community for typical cases, in-depth analytic "in the process of regeneration in the rural areas, the rural residents, government departments and social capital, such as how to construct rural community, promote community development". Finally, some Suggestions on how to cultivate community in rural communities in mainland China are put forward.
引文
[1]张立.乡村活化:东亚乡村规划与建设的经验引荐[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(6):1-7.
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[8]蔡宗翰,刘娜,丁奇.台湾地区乡村规划政策的演进研究--基于经济社会变迁视角[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(6):30-34.
[9]陈剩勇,于兰兰.网络化治理:一种新的公共治理模式[J].政治学研究,2012(2):108-119.
[10]“行政院农业委员会”.农村再生2.0创造台湾农村的新价值[EB/OL].(2017-03-06)[2018-06-28].https://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2506098.
[11]周颖.社区营造理念下的乡村建设机制初探[D].重庆:重庆大学,2016.
[12]施卫良.乡村规划在社会动员当中的作用[J].小城镇建设,2013,31(12):34.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-8439.2013.12.006.
[13]余侃华,刘洁,蔡辉,等.基于人本导向的乡村复兴技术路径探究--以“台湾农村再生计划”为例[J].城市发展研究,2016,23(5):43-48.
[14]刘健哲.台湾村民参与农村再生问题之探讨[J].台湾农业探索,2015(4):1-5.
[15]许远旺,卢璐.中国乡村共同体的历史变迁与现实走向[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2015,15(2):127-134.
[16]申明锐,张京祥.新型城镇化背景下的中国乡村转型与复兴[J].城市规划,2015,39(1):30-34,63.
[17]刘明德,胡珂.乡村共同体的变迁与发展[J].成都大学学报(社会科学版),2014(3):20-28.
[18]张晨.台湾“农村再生计划”对我国乡村建设的启示[C]//中国城市规划学会.多元与包容--2012中国城市规划年会论文集(11.小城镇与村庄规划).北京:中国城市规划学会,2012.
[19]刘健哲.农村再生与农村永续发展[J].台湾农业探索,2010(1):1-7.
[20]周志龙.台湾农村再生计划推动制度之建构[J].江苏城市规划,2009(8):9-12,8.
[2]徐浪.生命经验的交换--关于乡建的独白[J].城市中国,2017(7):54-63.
[3]方冠群,张红霞,张学东.村落共同体的变迁与农村社会治理创新[J].农业经济,2014(8):27-29.
[4]毛丹.村落共同体的当代命运:四个观察维度[J].社会学研究,2010,25(1):1-33,243.
[5]SUMMERS,G.F.Rural Community Development[J].Annual Review of Sociology.1986(12):347-371.
[6]J.Boissevain,J.Friedl,eds.Beyond the Community:Social Process in Europe[M].Netherlands:Department of Educational Science of the Netherlands,1975.
[7]刘钊启,刘科伟.乡村规划的理念、实践与启示--台湾地区“农村再生”经验研究[J].现代城市研究,2016(6):54-59.
[8]蔡宗翰,刘娜,丁奇.台湾地区乡村规划政策的演进研究--基于经济社会变迁视角[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(6):30-34.
[9]陈剩勇,于兰兰.网络化治理:一种新的公共治理模式[J].政治学研究,2012(2):108-119.
[10]“行政院农业委员会”.农村再生2.0创造台湾农村的新价值[EB/OL].(2017-03-06)[2018-06-28].https://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2506098.
[11]周颖.社区营造理念下的乡村建设机制初探[D].重庆:重庆大学,2016.
[12]施卫良.乡村规划在社会动员当中的作用[J].小城镇建设,2013,31(12):34.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-8439.2013.12.006.
[13]余侃华,刘洁,蔡辉,等.基于人本导向的乡村复兴技术路径探究--以“台湾农村再生计划”为例[J].城市发展研究,2016,23(5):43-48.
[14]刘健哲.台湾村民参与农村再生问题之探讨[J].台湾农业探索,2015(4):1-5.
[15]许远旺,卢璐.中国乡村共同体的历史变迁与现实走向[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2015,15(2):127-134.
[16]申明锐,张京祥.新型城镇化背景下的中国乡村转型与复兴[J].城市规划,2015,39(1):30-34,63.
[17]刘明德,胡珂.乡村共同体的变迁与发展[J].成都大学学报(社会科学版),2014(3):20-28.
[18]张晨.台湾“农村再生计划”对我国乡村建设的启示[C]//中国城市规划学会.多元与包容--2012中国城市规划年会论文集(11.小城镇与村庄规划).北京:中国城市规划学会,2012.
[19]刘健哲.农村再生与农村永续发展[J].台湾农业探索,2010(1):1-7.
[20]周志龙.台湾农村再生计划推动制度之建构[J].江苏城市规划,2009(8):9-12,8.