基于土壤温度的春玉米适宜播种指标及播种期分析
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摘要
为确定适宜的春玉米播种期,合理安排春播生产,利用内蒙古1961—2016年气象资料和玉米主产区农业气象观测资料,采用数理统计方法,分析了56年里地温和霜冻变化规律,并以10 cm地温稳定通过8℃、9℃、10℃、11℃、12℃初日分别作为玉米播种指标,通过计算不同界限温度下玉米出苗后霜冻概率阈值,确定适宜的玉米播种指标和播种期。结果表明:56年来10 cm地温稳定通过8℃初日,大部分地区提前2～20天,玉米春季霜冻结束日期提前3～20天;适宜采用10 cm地温稳定通过8℃初日作为玉米播种指标的地区有扎兰屯市、突泉县、松山区和准格尔旗;科尔沁区适宜采用9℃初日,土默特左旗和临河区适宜采用11℃初日,凉城县适宜采用12℃初日作为玉米播种指标;内蒙古各地区春玉米适宜播种期在4月6日—5月3日,比目前的实际播种期普遍提前8～22天,可以适当选择生育期略长的玉米品种。
To determine the suitable sowing date of spring maize and arrange spring production reasonably, the agricultural meteorological observation data and the meteorological data of main maize producing areas in Inner Mongolia from 1961 to 2016 are used in this study. The mathematical statistics is applied to analyze the change laws of ground temperature and frost in the 56 years. The beginning dates when the 10 cm soil temperature is stably above 8℃, 9℃, 10℃, 11℃ and 12℃ are taken as spring maize sowing indexes. By calculating the probability threshold of frost after seedling under different critical temperature conditions, the suitable sowing index and sowing dates of maize are determined. The results showed that during the 56 years,the beginning date of 10 cm soil temperature stably above 8℃ was 2-20 days ahead, the ending date of frost was 3-20 days ahead in the most regions of Inner Mongolia. It was suitable to use the beginning date whose 10 cm soil temperature was stably above 8℃ as spring maize sowing indexes in Zhalantun City, Tuquan County,Songshan District and Jungar Banner. The beginning date above 9℃ was suitable for Horqin District, the beginning date above 11℃ was suitable for Tumed Left Banner and Linhe District, and the beginning date above 12℃ was suitable for Liangcheng County. The suitable sowing date was from April 6 thto May 3 rdfor most areas in Inner Mongolia, it was held 8-22 days ahead of the actual sowing date. So the varieties with slightly longer growth stage could be chosen.
To determine the suitable sowing date of spring maize and arrange spring production reasonably, the agricultural meteorological observation data and the meteorological data of main maize producing areas in Inner Mongolia from 1961 to 2016 are used in this study. The mathematical statistics is applied to analyze the change laws of ground temperature and frost in the 56 years. The beginning dates when the 10 cm soil temperature is stably above 8℃, 9℃, 10℃, 11℃ and 12℃ are taken as spring maize sowing indexes. By calculating the probability threshold of frost after seedling under different critical temperature conditions, the suitable sowing index and sowing dates of maize are determined. The results showed that during the 56 years,the beginning date of 10 cm soil temperature stably above 8℃ was 2-20 days ahead, the ending date of frost was 3-20 days ahead in the most regions of Inner Mongolia. It was suitable to use the beginning date whose 10 cm soil temperature was stably above 8℃ as spring maize sowing indexes in Zhalantun City, Tuquan County,Songshan District and Jungar Banner. The beginning date above 9℃ was suitable for Horqin District, the beginning date above 11℃ was suitable for Tumed Left Banner and Linhe District, and the beginning date above 12℃ was suitable for Liangcheng County. The suitable sowing date was from April 6 thto May 3 rdfor most areas in Inner Mongolia, it was held 8-22 days ahead of the actual sowing date. So the varieties with slightly longer growth stage could be chosen.
引文
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[19]岳丽杰,文涛,杨勤,等.不同播种深度对玉米出苗的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(5):88-93.
[20]马树庆,刘铮,刘实,等.QX/T 88—2008,作物霜冻害等级[M].北京:气象出版社,2008.
[2]唐红艳,牛宝亮.兴安盟春玉米生产现状及生态气候应对措施术[J].内蒙古农业科技,2011(4):81-82.
[3]唐红艳,王跃武.玉米品种精细化布局气象服务技术[J].内蒙古气象,2012(4):14-16.
[4]龚绍先.粮食作物与气象[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1988.
[5]李青松,高立起,石爱丽,等.地温与玉米品种出苗关系的研究[J].作物杂志,2011(4):89-92.
[6]靳英华,周道玮,秦丽杰.适应气候变化的吉林省半干旱区玉米播种期[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(10):2795-2802.
[7]陈群,耿婷,侯雯嘉,等.近20年东北气候变暖对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(10):1904-1916.
[8]韩毅强,高亚梅,郑殿峰,等.利用播期研究气候条件对黑龙江春玉米产量性状的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(3):132-138.
[9]吕佳佳,王秋京,闫平,等.基于气温资料的黑龙江省玉米播种期分析[J].中国农业气象,2014,35(1):68-73.
[10]曹庆军,杨粉团,陈喜凤,等.播期对吉林省中部春玉米生长发育、产量及品质的影响[J].玉米科学,2013,21(5):71-75.
[11]李文科,薛庆禹,王靖,等.播期对吉林春玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响[J].玉米科学,2013,21(5):81-86.
[12]周忠文,焦美龄,段金省.不同播种期对玉米生长发育和产量的影响研究[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(24):105-110.
[13]苏长新,宗英飞.朝阳地区玉米适宜播种期研究[J].安徽农学通报,2015,21(5):25-26.
[14]胡树平,青格尔,高聚林,等.播期对不同品种春玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响[J].内蒙古农业科技,2015,43(1):1-5.
[15]李昕,邸宏,王振华,等.黑龙江省第一积温带春季地温变化及玉米播期分析[J].玉米科学,2015,23(6):98-101.
[16]刘丹,李昕,郑红,等.黑龙江省第二积温带播种期地温变化及玉米适宜播期分析[J].玉米科学,2016,24(6):103-106.
[17]马树庆,王琪,吕厚荃,等.水分和温度对春玉米出苗速度和出苗率的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(11):3378-3385.
[18]马树庆,王琪,于海,等.东北地区玉米出苗速度与水热条件的关系及出苗期气象评估[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2049-2055.
[19]岳丽杰,文涛,杨勤,等.不同播种深度对玉米出苗的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(5):88-93.
[20]马树庆,刘铮,刘实,等.QX/T 88—2008,作物霜冻害等级[M].北京:气象出版社,2008.