黄土高原东部潇河流域农田土壤有机质时空变异及影响因素
|
摘要
为揭示土壤有机质时空变化规律及其影响因素,通过收集黄土高原东部潇河流域1982年第二次土壤普查数据和2017年不同时期耕层土壤有机质含量的实测资料,应用地统计学方法对其进行分析。结果表明:从1982年至2017年,耕层土壤有机质均值由11.06 g·kg~(-1)升高至15.69 g·kg~(-1),增幅为41.86%;近35年潇河流域农田耕层土壤有机质含量均呈增加趋势,空间分布呈现由中部向四周逐渐升高的趋势。从第二次土壤普查时期到2017年,耕层土壤有机质含量表现为从低级向高级逐渐累积的规律。其中,土壤有机质含量>20 g·kg~(-1)和15～20 g·kg~(-1)的土地面积从无增加到分别占流域总面积的0.74%和43.72%,10～15 g·kg~(-1)土地面积减少幅度最大,为29.93%,6～10 g·kg~(-1)土地面积从13.82%减少到1.57%,<6 g·kg~(-1)土地从有到无。成土母质、地形变化、种植结构、施肥是影响土壤有机质时空分异的主要因素,人类对土壤养分干预作用表现出增强的趋势,应注意土壤培肥,实行分区管理,以保证整个农业流域的可持续发展。
The objective of this study was to explore the spatial-temporal variability of soil organic matter(SOM)and its influencing factors. Based on the data of 168 sample points collected in 1982 from the Second Soil Survey and 213 soil sample points collected in 2017 of the Xiaohe River basin in the eastern Loess Plateau, the spatial and temporal variation of soil organic matter in the drainage basin in the last 35 years and the influencing factors were analyzed by statistical and geostatistics methods. The results showed that from 1982 to 2017,the mean value of soil organic matter in cultivated soil increased from 11.06 g·kg~(-1) to 15.69 g·kg~(-1), and the amplification reached 41.86%.In the recent 35 years, the organic matter in the farmland of the Xiaohe River basin had an increasing trend, and the spatial distribution increased gradually from the central part to the surrounding area. From the year of the second soil census to 2017, the organic matter content of the soil in the ploughed layer showed the rule of gradually accumulated from lower level to higher level. Among them, the land area of soil organic matter content >20 g·kg~(-1) and 15～20 g·kg~(-1) increased from zero to 0.74% and 43.72% of the total area of the river basin respectively, the land area of 10～15 g·kg~(-1) decreased the most, and it reached 29.93%, 6～10 g·kg~(-1) decreased from 13.82% to 1.57%,and <6 g·kg~(-1) decreased from something to nothing. Soil parent material, topography change, planting structure and fertilization are the main factors that affect the temporal and spatial differentiation of soil organic matter. Human beings show an increasing trend of soil nutrient intervention, and we should be paid attention to the regional management of soil fertilizer to ensure the sustainable development of the whole agricultural watershed.
The objective of this study was to explore the spatial-temporal variability of soil organic matter(SOM)and its influencing factors. Based on the data of 168 sample points collected in 1982 from the Second Soil Survey and 213 soil sample points collected in 2017 of the Xiaohe River basin in the eastern Loess Plateau, the spatial and temporal variation of soil organic matter in the drainage basin in the last 35 years and the influencing factors were analyzed by statistical and geostatistics methods. The results showed that from 1982 to 2017,the mean value of soil organic matter in cultivated soil increased from 11.06 g·kg~(-1) to 15.69 g·kg~(-1), and the amplification reached 41.86%.In the recent 35 years, the organic matter in the farmland of the Xiaohe River basin had an increasing trend, and the spatial distribution increased gradually from the central part to the surrounding area. From the year of the second soil census to 2017, the organic matter content of the soil in the ploughed layer showed the rule of gradually accumulated from lower level to higher level. Among them, the land area of soil organic matter content >20 g·kg~(-1) and 15～20 g·kg~(-1) increased from zero to 0.74% and 43.72% of the total area of the river basin respectively, the land area of 10～15 g·kg~(-1) decreased the most, and it reached 29.93%, 6～10 g·kg~(-1) decreased from 13.82% to 1.57%,and <6 g·kg~(-1) decreased from something to nothing. Soil parent material, topography change, planting structure and fertilization are the main factors that affect the temporal and spatial differentiation of soil organic matter. Human beings show an increasing trend of soil nutrient intervention, and we should be paid attention to the regional management of soil fertilizer to ensure the sustainable development of the whole agricultural watershed.
引文
[1]赵明松,张甘霖,王德彩,等.徐淮黄泛平原土壤有机质空间变异特征及主控因素分析[J].土壤学报, 2013, 50(1):1-11.ZHAO Ming-song, ZHANG Gan-lin, WANG De-cai, et al. Spatialvariability of soil organic matter and its dominating factors in Xu-Huaialluvial plain[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2013, 50(1):1-11.
[2]赵业婷,齐雁冰,常庆瑞,等.渭河平原县域农田土壤有机质时空变化特征[J].土壤学报, 2013, 50(5):1048-1053.ZHAO Ye-ting, QI Yan-bing, CHANG Qing-rui, et al. Spatio-tempo-ral variation of soil organic matter in farmland at a country scale inWeihe plain[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2013, 50(5):1048-1053.
[3]赵明松,张甘霖,吴运金,等.江苏省土壤有机质含量时空变异特征及驱动力研究[J].土壤学报, 2014, 51(3):448-458.ZHAO Ming-song, ZHANG Gan-lin, WU Yun-jin, et al. Temporaland spatial variability of soil organic matter and its driving force inJiangsu Province, China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2014, 51(3):448-458.
[4]邢喆,黄标,董成森,等.江苏省沭阳县农田土壤有机质和全氮的时空变异及其影响因素[J].土壤, 2013, 45(3):405-411.XING Zhe, HUANG Biao, DONG Cheng-sen, et al. Tempo-spatialvariability of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in farmland and itsaffecting factors in Shuyang Country, Jiangsu Province[J]. Soils, 2013,45(3):405-411.
[5]Huang B, Sun W X, Zhao Y C, et al. Temporal and spatial variability ofsoil organic matter and total nitrogen in an agricultural ecosystem as af-fected by farming practices[J]. Geoderma, 2007, 139(3):336-345.
[6]朱静,黄标,孙维侠,等.长江三角洲典型地区农田土壤有机质的时空变异特征及其影响因素[J].土壤, 2006, 38(2):158-165.ZHU Jing, HUANG Biao, SUN Wei-xia, et al. Tempo-spatial variationof soil organic matter of farmland and its affecting factors in a typical area of the Yangtze River Delta region[J]. Soils, 2006, 38(2):158-165.
[7]高凤杰,马泉来,韩文文,等.黑土丘陵区小流域土壤有机质空间变异及分布格局[J].环境科学, 2016, 37(5):1915-1922.GAO Feng-jie, MA Quan-lai, HAN Wen-wen, et al. Spatial variabilityand distribution pattern of soil organic matter in a mollisol watershed ofChina[J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(5):1915-1922.
[8]山西省寿阳县土壤普查办公室.寿阳土壤[R].寿阳, 1984.Soil Census Office in Shouyang County, Shanxi Province. Soil of Shouy-ang[R]. Shouyang,1984.
[9]榆次市土壤普查办公室.榆次土壤[R].榆次,1984.Soil Census Office in Yuci County. Soil of Yuci[R]. Yuci,1984.
[10]山西省昔阳县土壤普查办公室.昔阳土壤[R].昔阳,1981.Soil Census Office in Xiyang County, Shanxi Province. Soil of Xiyang[R]. Xiyang, 1981.
[11]和顺县农业局农业技术推广站.和顺土壤[R].和顺, 1983.Agricultural Technology Extending Station, Heshun Municipal Bu-reau of Agriculture. Soil of Heshun[R]. Heshun, 1983.
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2005.BAO Shi-dan. Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2005.
[13]杨帆,徐洋,崔勇,等.近30年中国农田耕层土壤有机质含量变化[J].土壤学报, 2017, 54(5):1047-1056.YANG Fan, XU Yang, CUI Yong, et al. Variation of soil organicmatter content in croplands of China over the last three decades[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2017, 54(5):1047-1056.
[14]程琨,潘根兴,田有国,等.中国农田表土有机碳含量变化特征:基于国家耕地土壤监测数据[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009,28(12):2476-2481.CHENG Kun, PAN Gen-xing, TIAN You-guo, et al. Changes in top-soil organic carbon of China′s cropland evidenced from the nationalsoil monitoring network[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009, 28(12):2476-2481.
[15]张建杰,李富忠,胡克林,等.太原市农业土壤全氮和有机质的空间分布特征及其影响因素[J].生态学报, 2009, 29(6):3163-3172.ZHANG Jian-jie, LI Fu-zhong, HU Ke-ling, et al. Spatial character-istics and impact factors of soil total nitrogen and soil organic matterin Taiyuan[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(6):3163-3172.
[16]张建杰,张强,杨治平,等.山西临汾盆地土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异特征及其影响因素[J].土壤通报, 2010, 41(4):839-844.ZHANG Jian-jie, ZHANG Qiang, YANG Zhi-ping, et al. Spatial vari-ability of topsoil organic matter and total nitrogen in Linfen basin,Shanxi and its influencing factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2010, 41(4):839-844.
[17]李婷,张世熔,刘浔,等.沱江流域中游土壤有机质的空间变异特点及其影响因素[J].土壤学报, 2011, 48(4):863-868.LI Ting, ZHANG Shi-rong, LIU Xun, et al. Spatial variation of soil or-ganic matter and its influence factors in the middle reaches of Tuo-jiang River basin[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2011, 48(4):863-868.
[18]Darilek J L, Huang B, Wang Z G, et al. Changes in soil fertility pa-rameters and the environmental effects in a rapidly developing regionin China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2009, 129(1/2/3):286-292.
[19]苗爱梅,武捷,贾利冬,等. 1958—2008年山西气温变化的特征及趋势研究[J].地球科学进展, 2010, 25(3):264-272.MIAO Ai-mei, WU Jie, JIA Li-dong, et al. Spatio-temporal charac-teristics and jump features of air temperature in Shanxi 1958—2008[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2010, 25(3):264-272.
[20]杨红雁,杨星星,焦磊. 1961—2015年寿阳县气候变化特征及对玉米生产的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2018, 34(12):128-134.YANG Hong-yan, YANG Xing-xing, JIAO Lei. Variation characteris-tics of climate and effect on corn production in Shouyang 1961—2015[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2018, 34(12):128-134.
[21]代子俊,赵霞,李德成,等.近30年湟水流域土壤全氮时空变异及影响因素[J].土壤学报, 2018, 55(2):338-350.DAI Zi-jun, ZHAO Xia, LI De-cheng, et al. Spatio-temporal varia-tion of soil total nitrogen in Huangshui River basin and its affectingfactors in the past 30 years[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2018, 55(2):338-350.
[22]胡克林,余艳,张凤荣,等.北京郊区土壤有机质含量的时空变异及其影响因素[J].中国农业科学, 2006, 39(4):764-771.HU Ke-lin, YU Yan, ZHANG Feng-rong, et al. The spatial-temporalvariability of soil organic matter and its influencing factors in subur-ban area of Beiing[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(4):764-771.
[23]山西省统计局.山西统计年鉴1983[M].太原:山西人民出版社,1984.Statistical Bureau of Shanxi Province. Statistical yearbooks of ShanxiProvince 1983[M]. Taiyuan:Shanxi People′s Publishing House, 1984.
[24]山西省统计局,国家统计局山西调查总队.山西统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2017.Statistical Bureau of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Survey Team of the Na-tional Bureau of Statistics. Statistical yearbooks of Shanxi Province2016[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2017.
[25]山西省统计局.山西统计年鉴1990[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1991.Statistical Bureau of Shanxi Province. Statistical yearbooks of ShanxiProvince 1990[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 1991.
[26]山西省统计局,国家统计局山西调查总队.山西统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2015.Statistical Bureau of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Survey Team of the Na-tional Bureau of Statistics. Statistical yearbooks of Shanxi Province2014[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2015.
[27]Momtaz H R, Jafarzadeh A A, Torabi H, et al. An assessment of thevariation in soil properties within and between landform in the Amolregion, Iran[J]. Geoderma, 2009, 149(1):10-18.
[28]Nagamatsu D, Yoshihiko H, Mochida Y. Influence of micro-landforms on forest structure, tree death and recruitment in a Japanesetemperate mixed forest[J]. Ecological Research, 2003, 18(5):533-547.
[29]魏孝荣,邵明安.黄土高原小流域土壤pH、阳离子交换量和有机质分布特征[J].应用生态学报, 2009, 20(11):2710-2715.WEI Xiao-rong, SHAO Ming-an. Distribution characteristics of soilpH, CEC and organic matter in a small watershed of the Loess Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, 20(11):2710-2715.
[2]赵业婷,齐雁冰,常庆瑞,等.渭河平原县域农田土壤有机质时空变化特征[J].土壤学报, 2013, 50(5):1048-1053.ZHAO Ye-ting, QI Yan-bing, CHANG Qing-rui, et al. Spatio-tempo-ral variation of soil organic matter in farmland at a country scale inWeihe plain[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2013, 50(5):1048-1053.
[3]赵明松,张甘霖,吴运金,等.江苏省土壤有机质含量时空变异特征及驱动力研究[J].土壤学报, 2014, 51(3):448-458.ZHAO Ming-song, ZHANG Gan-lin, WU Yun-jin, et al. Temporaland spatial variability of soil organic matter and its driving force inJiangsu Province, China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2014, 51(3):448-458.
[4]邢喆,黄标,董成森,等.江苏省沭阳县农田土壤有机质和全氮的时空变异及其影响因素[J].土壤, 2013, 45(3):405-411.XING Zhe, HUANG Biao, DONG Cheng-sen, et al. Tempo-spatialvariability of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in farmland and itsaffecting factors in Shuyang Country, Jiangsu Province[J]. Soils, 2013,45(3):405-411.
[5]Huang B, Sun W X, Zhao Y C, et al. Temporal and spatial variability ofsoil organic matter and total nitrogen in an agricultural ecosystem as af-fected by farming practices[J]. Geoderma, 2007, 139(3):336-345.
[6]朱静,黄标,孙维侠,等.长江三角洲典型地区农田土壤有机质的时空变异特征及其影响因素[J].土壤, 2006, 38(2):158-165.ZHU Jing, HUANG Biao, SUN Wei-xia, et al. Tempo-spatial variationof soil organic matter of farmland and its affecting factors in a typical area of the Yangtze River Delta region[J]. Soils, 2006, 38(2):158-165.
[7]高凤杰,马泉来,韩文文,等.黑土丘陵区小流域土壤有机质空间变异及分布格局[J].环境科学, 2016, 37(5):1915-1922.GAO Feng-jie, MA Quan-lai, HAN Wen-wen, et al. Spatial variabilityand distribution pattern of soil organic matter in a mollisol watershed ofChina[J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(5):1915-1922.
[8]山西省寿阳县土壤普查办公室.寿阳土壤[R].寿阳, 1984.Soil Census Office in Shouyang County, Shanxi Province. Soil of Shouy-ang[R]. Shouyang,1984.
[9]榆次市土壤普查办公室.榆次土壤[R].榆次,1984.Soil Census Office in Yuci County. Soil of Yuci[R]. Yuci,1984.
[10]山西省昔阳县土壤普查办公室.昔阳土壤[R].昔阳,1981.Soil Census Office in Xiyang County, Shanxi Province. Soil of Xiyang[R]. Xiyang, 1981.
[11]和顺县农业局农业技术推广站.和顺土壤[R].和顺, 1983.Agricultural Technology Extending Station, Heshun Municipal Bu-reau of Agriculture. Soil of Heshun[R]. Heshun, 1983.
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2005.BAO Shi-dan. Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2005.
[13]杨帆,徐洋,崔勇,等.近30年中国农田耕层土壤有机质含量变化[J].土壤学报, 2017, 54(5):1047-1056.YANG Fan, XU Yang, CUI Yong, et al. Variation of soil organicmatter content in croplands of China over the last three decades[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2017, 54(5):1047-1056.
[14]程琨,潘根兴,田有国,等.中国农田表土有机碳含量变化特征:基于国家耕地土壤监测数据[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009,28(12):2476-2481.CHENG Kun, PAN Gen-xing, TIAN You-guo, et al. Changes in top-soil organic carbon of China′s cropland evidenced from the nationalsoil monitoring network[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009, 28(12):2476-2481.
[15]张建杰,李富忠,胡克林,等.太原市农业土壤全氮和有机质的空间分布特征及其影响因素[J].生态学报, 2009, 29(6):3163-3172.ZHANG Jian-jie, LI Fu-zhong, HU Ke-ling, et al. Spatial character-istics and impact factors of soil total nitrogen and soil organic matterin Taiyuan[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(6):3163-3172.
[16]张建杰,张强,杨治平,等.山西临汾盆地土壤有机质和全氮的空间变异特征及其影响因素[J].土壤通报, 2010, 41(4):839-844.ZHANG Jian-jie, ZHANG Qiang, YANG Zhi-ping, et al. Spatial vari-ability of topsoil organic matter and total nitrogen in Linfen basin,Shanxi and its influencing factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2010, 41(4):839-844.
[17]李婷,张世熔,刘浔,等.沱江流域中游土壤有机质的空间变异特点及其影响因素[J].土壤学报, 2011, 48(4):863-868.LI Ting, ZHANG Shi-rong, LIU Xun, et al. Spatial variation of soil or-ganic matter and its influence factors in the middle reaches of Tuo-jiang River basin[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2011, 48(4):863-868.
[18]Darilek J L, Huang B, Wang Z G, et al. Changes in soil fertility pa-rameters and the environmental effects in a rapidly developing regionin China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2009, 129(1/2/3):286-292.
[19]苗爱梅,武捷,贾利冬,等. 1958—2008年山西气温变化的特征及趋势研究[J].地球科学进展, 2010, 25(3):264-272.MIAO Ai-mei, WU Jie, JIA Li-dong, et al. Spatio-temporal charac-teristics and jump features of air temperature in Shanxi 1958—2008[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2010, 25(3):264-272.
[20]杨红雁,杨星星,焦磊. 1961—2015年寿阳县气候变化特征及对玉米生产的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2018, 34(12):128-134.YANG Hong-yan, YANG Xing-xing, JIAO Lei. Variation characteris-tics of climate and effect on corn production in Shouyang 1961—2015[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2018, 34(12):128-134.
[21]代子俊,赵霞,李德成,等.近30年湟水流域土壤全氮时空变异及影响因素[J].土壤学报, 2018, 55(2):338-350.DAI Zi-jun, ZHAO Xia, LI De-cheng, et al. Spatio-temporal varia-tion of soil total nitrogen in Huangshui River basin and its affectingfactors in the past 30 years[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2018, 55(2):338-350.
[22]胡克林,余艳,张凤荣,等.北京郊区土壤有机质含量的时空变异及其影响因素[J].中国农业科学, 2006, 39(4):764-771.HU Ke-lin, YU Yan, ZHANG Feng-rong, et al. The spatial-temporalvariability of soil organic matter and its influencing factors in subur-ban area of Beiing[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(4):764-771.
[23]山西省统计局.山西统计年鉴1983[M].太原:山西人民出版社,1984.Statistical Bureau of Shanxi Province. Statistical yearbooks of ShanxiProvince 1983[M]. Taiyuan:Shanxi People′s Publishing House, 1984.
[24]山西省统计局,国家统计局山西调查总队.山西统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2017.Statistical Bureau of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Survey Team of the Na-tional Bureau of Statistics. Statistical yearbooks of Shanxi Province2016[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2017.
[25]山西省统计局.山西统计年鉴1990[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1991.Statistical Bureau of Shanxi Province. Statistical yearbooks of ShanxiProvince 1990[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 1991.
[26]山西省统计局,国家统计局山西调查总队.山西统计年鉴2014[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2015.Statistical Bureau of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Survey Team of the Na-tional Bureau of Statistics. Statistical yearbooks of Shanxi Province2014[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2015.
[27]Momtaz H R, Jafarzadeh A A, Torabi H, et al. An assessment of thevariation in soil properties within and between landform in the Amolregion, Iran[J]. Geoderma, 2009, 149(1):10-18.
[28]Nagamatsu D, Yoshihiko H, Mochida Y. Influence of micro-landforms on forest structure, tree death and recruitment in a Japanesetemperate mixed forest[J]. Ecological Research, 2003, 18(5):533-547.
[29]魏孝荣,邵明安.黄土高原小流域土壤pH、阳离子交换量和有机质分布特征[J].应用生态学报, 2009, 20(11):2710-2715.WEI Xiao-rong, SHAO Ming-an. Distribution characteristics of soilpH, CEC and organic matter in a small watershed of the Loess Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, 20(11):2710-2715.