土壤培肥与覆膜垄作对土壤养分、玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
土壤培肥是维持旱地农业土壤肥力水平、提高生产力的最主要的措施之一,但不同土壤培肥措施对全膜双垄沟播土壤肥力及玉米肥水调控的作用机制及其增产效应尚缺乏系统研究认知.2014—2016年在甘肃省农业科学院庄浪试验站,以‘富农1号’玉米为指示作物,设全膜双垄+秸秆还田(FS)、全膜双垄+优化施肥(FF)和全膜双垄+控制性施肥(FC)3种土壤培肥组合模式,以常规种植(CP)为对照,测定年季0～200 cm土层土壤含水量、耕层土壤有机质(SOM)及氮磷钾速效养分含量(AN、AP、AK)和作物产量,计算土壤贮水量(W_C)、作物生育期耗水量(ET)、水分利用效率(WUE)、氮、磷肥偏生产力(PFP_N和PFP_P)等参数,揭示不同土壤培肥模式对土壤有机质、水分养分含量、玉米产量、耗水特征和水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明:FS、FF和FC 3种种植模式通过增效调控土壤水热与养分环境、水肥互作效应,加速还田秸秆腐解养分释放,促进作物旺盛生长,增加归还土壤的有机物质,从而有效提高土壤供水供肥能力、培肥土壤.与CP比,3种模式均显著提高了SOM、AN、AP和AK的含量,尤其是土壤AK含量,3年平均分别提高了0.27 g·kg~(-1)、4.44 mg·kg~(-1)、0.20 mg·kg~(-1)和4.53 mg·kg~(-1),表现为FC>FF>FS,三者无显著差异.FS、FF和FC 3种土壤培肥模式均显著提高了旱地玉米生育期末0～200 cm土层土壤贮水量(W_(C200)),3年合计分别比播前W_(C200)增加了107.41、38.99和28.35 mm;显著降低了玉米ET,年平均分别比CP降低了60.50、37.7和34.15 mm,相当于分别减少了12.6%、7.9%和7.1%.水肥条件的改善在干旱和少雨的年份主要促进了玉米抽雄至成熟期的生长,多雨的年份均衡促进了玉米生长,增加了玉米的双穗率、穗粒数和百粒重,提高了水肥利用率,使玉米产量显著增加.3年平均与CP相比,FS、FF、和FC模式的PFP_N和PFP_P分别提高了1.82、1.65、1.62倍和2.41、1.69、1.63倍;WUE分别提高了13.27、12.65、14.01 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2);玉米产量增加了5986.1、4972.31和4585.63 kg·hm~(-2),分别增产81.5%、67.7%和62.5%.综合分析认为,FS有利于玉米抗旱增产,FC和FF则有利于玉米高产高效.
Improvement of soil quality is one of the most important ways to enhance fertility for efficient dryland crop production. However, the effects of different fertilization measurements with film mulched ridge-furrow tillage on soil fertility, crop yield, and water use efficiency(WUE) of maize largely remain unknown. A three-year field experiment was conducted at the Zhuanglang Experimental Station, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, located in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau, Northwest China during 2014-2016. Maize breed Funong No.1 was used during the study. There were four treatments, including: 1) conventional planting(CP, served as control), 2) film mulched ridge-furrow with straw incorporation(FS), 3) film mulched ridge-furrow with optimizing fertilization(FF), and 4) film mulched ridge-furrow with controlled fertilization(FC). Seasonal and yearly changes of soil water content, topsoil organic matter(SOM), soil available nitrogen(AN), phosphorus(AP) and potassium(AK) concentration and crop yield were measured. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer partial factor productivity(PFP_N and PFP_P), soil profile water storage(W_C), crop seasonal water consumption(ET) and water use efficiency(WUE) were calculated. The results showed that FS, FF and FC effectively improved soil fertility via synergistic regulation of soil hydrothermal and nutritional condition. Water-fertilizer interaction effect greatly enhanced incorporated straw decomposition and crop growth, resulting in more returning of straw nutrients and crop biomass to soil, thus significantly increased soil water and fertilizer supply capacity. Compared to CP, the three treatments of FS, FF and FC efficiently increased the concentrations of SOM, AN, AP, and AK by 0.27 g·kg~(-1), 4.44 mg·kg~(-1), 0.20 mg·kg~(-1) and 4.53 mg·kg~(-1) with an order of FC>FF>FS, but had no significant difference among them. Meanwhile, in contrast to pre-sowing W_(C200), the three year's sum of FS,FF and FC increased W_(C200) at the end of growing season by 107.41, 38.99 and 28.35 mm, respectively. On average, FS, FC and FF significantly reduced maize ET by 60.50, 37.7 and 34.15 mm to CP, with a relative decrease of 12.6%, 7.9% and 7.1% respectively. By the synergistic effect of modified water and fertilizer environment, the three soil fertility improvement strategies greatly enhanced maize growth from tasseling to maturity stages in the relatively dry year. They affected maize growth in relatively more rain and warmer year, resulting in significantly increased maize yield by improving the yield traits(double ear rate, grain number per ear and 100-grain mass), PFP_N, PFP_P and WUE. Compared to CP, the PFP_N,PFP_P of FS, FF and FC increased by 1.82, 1.65, 1.62 and 2.41, 1.69, 1.63 times respectively. Yield and WUE were increased by 5986.1, 4972.31, 4585.63 kg·hm~(-2) and 13.27, 12.65, 14.01 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2) correspondingly raised by 81.5%, 67.7%, 62.5% and 86.5%, 82.5%, 91.3%. In conclusion, FS was more effective in water harvesting and drought resistance, while FC and FF were effective for high yield.
Improvement of soil quality is one of the most important ways to enhance fertility for efficient dryland crop production. However, the effects of different fertilization measurements with film mulched ridge-furrow tillage on soil fertility, crop yield, and water use efficiency(WUE) of maize largely remain unknown. A three-year field experiment was conducted at the Zhuanglang Experimental Station, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, located in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau, Northwest China during 2014-2016. Maize breed Funong No.1 was used during the study. There were four treatments, including: 1) conventional planting(CP, served as control), 2) film mulched ridge-furrow with straw incorporation(FS), 3) film mulched ridge-furrow with optimizing fertilization(FF), and 4) film mulched ridge-furrow with controlled fertilization(FC). Seasonal and yearly changes of soil water content, topsoil organic matter(SOM), soil available nitrogen(AN), phosphorus(AP) and potassium(AK) concentration and crop yield were measured. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer partial factor productivity(PFP_N and PFP_P), soil profile water storage(W_C), crop seasonal water consumption(ET) and water use efficiency(WUE) were calculated. The results showed that FS, FF and FC effectively improved soil fertility via synergistic regulation of soil hydrothermal and nutritional condition. Water-fertilizer interaction effect greatly enhanced incorporated straw decomposition and crop growth, resulting in more returning of straw nutrients and crop biomass to soil, thus significantly increased soil water and fertilizer supply capacity. Compared to CP, the three treatments of FS, FF and FC efficiently increased the concentrations of SOM, AN, AP, and AK by 0.27 g·kg~(-1), 4.44 mg·kg~(-1), 0.20 mg·kg~(-1) and 4.53 mg·kg~(-1) with an order of FC>FF>FS, but had no significant difference among them. Meanwhile, in contrast to pre-sowing W_(C200), the three year's sum of FS,FF and FC increased W_(C200) at the end of growing season by 107.41, 38.99 and 28.35 mm, respectively. On average, FS, FC and FF significantly reduced maize ET by 60.50, 37.7 and 34.15 mm to CP, with a relative decrease of 12.6%, 7.9% and 7.1% respectively. By the synergistic effect of modified water and fertilizer environment, the three soil fertility improvement strategies greatly enhanced maize growth from tasseling to maturity stages in the relatively dry year. They affected maize growth in relatively more rain and warmer year, resulting in significantly increased maize yield by improving the yield traits(double ear rate, grain number per ear and 100-grain mass), PFP_N, PFP_P and WUE. Compared to CP, the PFP_N,PFP_P of FS, FF and FC increased by 1.82, 1.65, 1.62 and 2.41, 1.69, 1.63 times respectively. Yield and WUE were increased by 5986.1, 4972.31, 4585.63 kg·hm~(-2) and 13.27, 12.65, 14.01 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2) correspondingly raised by 81.5%, 67.7%, 62.5% and 86.5%, 82.5%, 91.3%. In conclusion, FS was more effective in water harvesting and drought resistance, while FC and FF were effective for high yield.
引文
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[2] Qi W (齐伟), Zhang J-W (张吉旺), Wang K-J (王空军), et al. Effects of drought stress on the grain yield and root physiological traits of maize varieties with different drought tolerance. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2010, 21(1): 48-52 (in Chinese)
[3] Wang S-L (王淑兰), Wang H (王浩), Li J (李娟), et al. Effects of long-term straw mulching on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and moisture and spring maize yield on rain-fed croplands under different patterns of soil tillage practice. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(5): 1530-1540 (in Chinese)
[4] Cai M (蔡苗), Meng Y (孟延), Mohmmad AA, et al. Effects of long-term different fertilizations on biomass and nutrient content of maize root. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(8): 2387-2396 (in Chinese)
[5] Liu G-C (刘广才), Yang Q-F (杨祁峰), Li L-X (李来祥), et al. Study on soil water effects of the techniques of whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows of dryland corn. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2008, 26(6): 18-28 (in Chinese)
[6] Li S-Q (李世清), Li D-F (李东方), Li F-M (李凤民), et al. Soil ecological effects of plastic film mul-ching in semiarid agro-ecological system. Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry (Natural Science) (西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版), 2003, 31(5): 21-29 (in Chinese)
[7] Xu Z-F (徐振峰). Research on the Soil Fertility Chara-cteristics of Maize with Full Plastic-film Mulching on Double Ridges and Planting in Catchment Furrows. Master Thesis. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2013 (in Chinese)
[8] Zhang D-M (张冬梅), Chi B-L (池宝亮), Huang X-F (黄学芳), et al. Analysis of effects on maize yield decrease resulted from plastic film mulching in dryland. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2008, 24(4): 99-102 (in Chinese)
[9] Lao X-R (劳秀荣), Sun W-H (孙伟红), Wang Z (王真), et al. Effect of mulching use of straw and chemical fertilizer on soil fertility. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2003, 40(4): 618-623 (in Chinese)
[10] Huang D-F (黄东风),Wang L-M (王利民), Li W-H (李卫华), et al. Research progress on the effect and mechanism of fertilization measure on soil fertility. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2014, 22(2): 127-135 (in Chinese)
[11] Malhi SS, Nyborg M, Goddard T, et al. Long-term tillage, straw management and N fertilization effects on quantity and quality of organic C and N in a Black Chernozem soil. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2011, 90: 227-241
[12] Zeng J-X (曾瑾汐), Wen X-C (文熙宸), Muhammad AR, et al. Effects of combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus on interspecies interaction, yield, and dry matter accumulation and translocation in maize in a maize-soybean relay intercropping system. Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报), 2017, 26(7): 166-176 (in Chinese)
[13] Hou H-Z (侯慧芝), Zhang X-C (张绪成), Tang Y-F (汤瑛芳), et al. Effects of potato faba bean intercropping on crop productivity and soil water under a plastic mulch and ridge furrow planting system in a semiarid area. Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报), 2016, 25(6): 71-80 (in Chinese)
[14] Yang Q-F (杨祁峰), Yue Y (岳云), Xiong C-R (熊春蓉). Soil temperature variation in the dual-purpose corn field under different plastic film mulching modes. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2009, 27(5): 71-76 (in Chinese)
[15] Li S-Z (李尚中), Wang Y (王勇), Fan T-L (樊廷录), et al. Effects of different plastic film mulching modes on soil moisture, temperature and yield of maize. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2010, 43(5): 22-31 (in Chinese)
[16] Yang F-K (杨封科), Gao S-M (高世铭), Zhang X-C (张绪成), et al. Effects of mulching cropping on soil moisture, temperature and yield of dryland maize. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences (核农学报), 2014, 28(2): 302-308 (in Chinese)
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