塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘荒漠绿洲过渡带不同土地利用影响下土壤化学计量特征
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摘要
荒漠绿洲过渡带在维护绿洲生态安全和绿洲稳定上具有重要作用。垦荒等土地利用的增强使得荒漠绿洲过渡带的健康稳定受到了巨大的挑战。以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘典型荒漠绿洲过渡带为研究对象,系统分析了不同土地利用方式(桑田、半自然柽柳林、瓜地、棉花-玉米地)对土壤养分化学计量特征的影响。土壤取样沿农田到荒漠方向进行,分5层进行。研究发现,土壤各养分指标均受土地利用方式(4种)、土层(5层)和与农田边缘垂直距离(4梯度)的显著影响,且存在一定的交互作用。土地利用方式显著影响土壤各养分元素含量。随土层由浅到深,有机碳(C)、有效氮(N)和有效磷(P)基本呈下降趋势,全N具有波动变化,而全P变化不显著。随与农田边缘垂直距离的增加,各养分含量基本呈递减趋势。对同一土层(共选择三层)不同土地利用方式下土壤养分具体分析表明,棉花-玉米地这一利用方式在农田内部具有最高的土壤有机C和全N含量,其次为桑田。随着与农田边缘垂直距离的增加,土壤C、N含量优势减弱。除农田内部样地(0 m)外,三层土壤全P含量基本呈桑田>柽柳林>棉花-玉米地趋势。表层有效N含量在农田内部样地(0 m)瓜地最高,其他距离处(大于等于20 m)棉花-玉米地高,下层土壤有效氮含量在农田内部各土地利用方式间无差异。在各距离样点处不同土地利用类型间土壤有效P含量的变化无明显规律,在农田内部以瓜地有效P含量最高。棉花-玉米地土壤全量N/P在农田内部和与农田边缘垂直距离20 m处含量最高。三土层土壤有效N/P在农田内部以柽柳林最高,随着与农田边缘垂直距离增加,土壤有效N/P显著改变。综合来看,土地利用对荒漠绿洲过渡带土壤营养含量的增加具有正向作用,由土壤养分变化带来的生态效应值得关注。
Desert-oasis ecotones play a crucial role in the ecological security and stability of oases. The health and stability of desert-oasis ecotones are continuously challenged by increasing land use intensity,particularly the conversion of desert to farmland. Typical desert-oasis ecotones of the southern Taklimakan Desert were selected to study changes in soil nutrients in response to different types of land use: mulberry fields; Tamarix forests; melon fields; and cotton-corn fields. Plots were established along transects set out from farmland across the ecotones into the desert,and five soil depths were analyzed. All nutrient indexes were significantly affected by the type of land use,soil depth,and distance from farmland. Soil organic carbon( C),available nitrogen( N) and phosphorus( P) generally decreased with increasing soil depth. No trend was observed for total N,and total P did not vary significantly with increasing soil depth. Most nutrient concentrations decreased with increasing distance from farmlands. In exploring soil nutrients at three different depths in different land use types,we found that soil organic C and total N were the highest in cotton-corn fields,followed by mulberry fields. Organic C and total N decreased with increasing distance from farmland. With the exception of plots located within farmland( 0 m),all plots along the transects from all three depths showed a total P trend as follows: mulberry field > Tamarix forest > cotton-corn field. In the farmland plots,soil available N from the uppermost depth was the highest in melon field plots,whereas topsoil available N at all other points along the transect was the highest in cotton-corn fields( > = 20 m). Soil available N from lower soil depths did not differ significantly among land use types at any distance along the transect. Despite trends in total P,there were no trends in soil available P from plots at different distances from farmland. However,available P did vary with land use types,with the highest value recorded for farmland melon field plots. For cotton-corn field plots,soil total N/P ratios were the highest in farmlands and in the adjacent to farmland( 20 m distance) plots. The highest available N/P ratios were found in farmland plots of Tamarix forest. Soil available N/P ratios changed significantly with increased distance from farmland. These results indicate that land use activity,specifically farming,can result in positive effects on soil nutrient levels. Further research should be conducted on the ecological effects of soil nutrient variations in desert-oasis ecotones.
Desert-oasis ecotones play a crucial role in the ecological security and stability of oases. The health and stability of desert-oasis ecotones are continuously challenged by increasing land use intensity,particularly the conversion of desert to farmland. Typical desert-oasis ecotones of the southern Taklimakan Desert were selected to study changes in soil nutrients in response to different types of land use: mulberry fields; Tamarix forests; melon fields; and cotton-corn fields. Plots were established along transects set out from farmland across the ecotones into the desert,and five soil depths were analyzed. All nutrient indexes were significantly affected by the type of land use,soil depth,and distance from farmland. Soil organic carbon( C),available nitrogen( N) and phosphorus( P) generally decreased with increasing soil depth. No trend was observed for total N,and total P did not vary significantly with increasing soil depth. Most nutrient concentrations decreased with increasing distance from farmlands. In exploring soil nutrients at three different depths in different land use types,we found that soil organic C and total N were the highest in cotton-corn fields,followed by mulberry fields. Organic C and total N decreased with increasing distance from farmland. With the exception of plots located within farmland( 0 m),all plots along the transects from all three depths showed a total P trend as follows: mulberry field > Tamarix forest > cotton-corn field. In the farmland plots,soil available N from the uppermost depth was the highest in melon field plots,whereas topsoil available N at all other points along the transect was the highest in cotton-corn fields( > = 20 m). Soil available N from lower soil depths did not differ significantly among land use types at any distance along the transect. Despite trends in total P,there were no trends in soil available P from plots at different distances from farmland. However,available P did vary with land use types,with the highest value recorded for farmland melon field plots. For cotton-corn field plots,soil total N/P ratios were the highest in farmlands and in the adjacent to farmland( 20 m distance) plots. The highest available N/P ratios were found in farmland plots of Tamarix forest. Soil available N/P ratios changed significantly with increased distance from farmland. These results indicate that land use activity,specifically farming,can result in positive effects on soil nutrient levels. Further research should be conducted on the ecological effects of soil nutrient variations in desert-oasis ecotones.
引文
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[10]潘光耀,穆桂金,岳健,贺俊霞,孙琳.2001-2010年策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带的变化及其成因.干旱区研究,2014,31(1):169-175.
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[14]Davidson E A,Ackerman I L.Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation of previously untilled soils.Biogeochemistry,1993,20(3):161-193.
[15]Meglioli P A,Aranibar J N,Villagra P E,Riveros V C.Spatial patterns of soil resources under different land use in Prosopis woodlands of the Monte desert.CATENA,2017,149:86-97.
[16]桂东伟,雷加强,曾凡江,穆桂金,杨发相,朱军涛.绿洲边缘不同土地利用方式下的土壤质量变化及分析.环境科学,2010,31(9):2248-2253.
[17]王蕙,赵文智,常学向.黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带土壤水分与植被空间变异.生态学报,2007,27(5):1731-1739.
[18]张立运,夏阳.塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘生态环境的特点及治理问题.干旱区资源与环境,1994,8(1):72-79.
[19]Chen Y N,Wang Q,Li W H,Ruan X.Microbiotic crusts and their interrelations with environmental factors in the Gurbantonggut desert,western China.Environmental Geology,2007,52(4):691-700.
[20]Gong J,Chen L,Fu B,Huang Y,Huang Z,Peng H.Effect of land use on soil nutrients in the loess hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China.Land Degradation&Development,2006,17(5):453-465.
[21]桂东伟,穆桂金,雷加强,曾凡江,王辉.干旱区农田不同利用强度下土壤质量评价.应用生态学报,2009,20(4):894-900.
[22]Vourlitis G L,De Fotis C,Kristan W.Effects of soil water content,temperature and experimental nitrogen deposition on nitric oxide(NO)efflux from semiarid shrubland soil.Journal of Arid Environments,2015,117:67-74.
[23]Lou H Z,Yang S T,Zhao C S,Wang Z W,Shi L H,Wu L N,Dong G T,Cai M Y,Hao F H,Sun Y.Using a nitrogen-phosphorus ratio to identify phosphorus risk factors and their spatial heterogeneity in an intensive agricultural area.CATENA,2017,149:426-436.
[24]Xue Q Y,Dai P B,Sun D S,Sun C L,Qi L Y,Ostermann A,He Y,Lin X Y.Effects of rainfall and manure application on phosphorus leaching in field lysimeters during fallow season.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2013,13(9):1527-1537.
[25]陶冶,张元明,周晓兵.伊犁野果林浅层土壤养分生态化学计量特征及其影响因素.应用生态学报,2016,27(7):2239-2248.
[26]Tian H Q,Chen G S,Zhang C,Melillo J M,Hall C A S.Pattern and variation of C:N:P ratios in China's soils:a synthesis of observational data.Biogeochemistry,2010,98(1/3):139-151.
[27]Zhao F Z,Kang D,Han X H,Yang G H,Yang G H,Feng Y Z,Ren G X.Soil stoichiometry and carbon storage in long-term afforestation soil affected by understory vegetation diversity.Ecological Engineering,2015,74:415-422.
[28]Fallahzade J,Hajabbasi M A.The effects of irrigation and cultivation on the quality of desert soil in central Iran.Land Degradation&Development,2012,23(1):53-61.
[29]周正虎,王传宽.生态系统演替过程中土壤与微生物碳氮磷化学计量关系的变化.植物生态学报,2016,40(12):1257-1266.
[30]Wang J,Fu B J,Qiu Y,Chen L D.Analysis on soil nutrient characteristics for sustainable land use in Danangou catchment of the Loess Plateau,China.CATENA,2003,54(1/2):17-29.
[2]Sottile G D,Meretta P E,Tonello M S,Bianchi M M,Mancini M V.Disturbance induced changes in species and functional diversity in southern Patagonian forest-steppe ecotone.Forest Ecology and Management,2015,353:77-86.
[3]穆桂金,贺俊霞,雷加强,庞营军,邢文娟,杨发相,刘国军,毛东雷,岳健.再议绿洲-沙漠过渡带---以策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带为例.干旱区地理,2013,36(2):195-202.
[4]Su Y Z,Zhao W Z,Su P X,Zhang Z H,Wang T,Ram R.Ecological effects of desertification control and desertified land reclamation in an oasisdesert ecotone in an arid region:a case study in Hexi Corridor,northwest China.Ecological Engineering,2007,29(2):117-124.
[5]Kitzberger T.Ecotones as complex arenas of disturbance,climate,and human impacts:the trans-andean forest-steppe ecotone of Northern Patagonia//Myster R W,ed.Ecotones Between Forest and Grassland.New York,NY:Springer,2012:59-88.
[6]张希明,Runge M.塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘植被可持续管理的生态学基础.北京:科学出版社,2006:188-188.
[7]任晓,穆桂金,徐立帅,林永崇,赵雪.塔里木盆地南缘2000-2013年人工绿洲扩张特点.干旱区地理,2015,38(5):1022-1030.
[8]Ma Q L,Wang J H,Li X R,Zhu S J,Liu H J,Zhan K J.Long-term changes of Tamarix-vegetation in the oasis-desert ecotone and its driving factors:implication for dryland management.Environmental Earth Sciences,2009,59(4):765-774.
[9]马瑞,王继和,屈建军,胡小柯,刘虎俊.1960-2005年民勤典型绿洲-荒漠过渡带景观格局与动态.应用生态学报,2010,21(3):714-722.
[10]潘光耀,穆桂金,岳健,贺俊霞,孙琳.2001-2010年策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带的变化及其成因.干旱区研究,2014,31(1):169-175.
[11]Ding J L,Zhang Y.Vegetation actualities and feasibility of restoration for the periphery of oasis in extreme arid region:taking Qira County of Xinjiang as an example.Ecological Economy,2006,2(2):183-189.
[12]Walker J S,Grimm N B,Briggs J M,Gries C,Dugan L.Effects of urbanization on plant species diversity in central Arizona.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2009,7(9):465-470.
[13]桂东伟,雷加强,曾凡江,穆桂金,杨发相.绿洲化进程中不同利用强度农田对土壤质量的影响.生态学报,2010,30(7):1780-1788.
[14]Davidson E A,Ackerman I L.Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation of previously untilled soils.Biogeochemistry,1993,20(3):161-193.
[15]Meglioli P A,Aranibar J N,Villagra P E,Riveros V C.Spatial patterns of soil resources under different land use in Prosopis woodlands of the Monte desert.CATENA,2017,149:86-97.
[16]桂东伟,雷加强,曾凡江,穆桂金,杨发相,朱军涛.绿洲边缘不同土地利用方式下的土壤质量变化及分析.环境科学,2010,31(9):2248-2253.
[17]王蕙,赵文智,常学向.黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带土壤水分与植被空间变异.生态学报,2007,27(5):1731-1739.
[18]张立运,夏阳.塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘生态环境的特点及治理问题.干旱区资源与环境,1994,8(1):72-79.
[19]Chen Y N,Wang Q,Li W H,Ruan X.Microbiotic crusts and their interrelations with environmental factors in the Gurbantonggut desert,western China.Environmental Geology,2007,52(4):691-700.
[20]Gong J,Chen L,Fu B,Huang Y,Huang Z,Peng H.Effect of land use on soil nutrients in the loess hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China.Land Degradation&Development,2006,17(5):453-465.
[21]桂东伟,穆桂金,雷加强,曾凡江,王辉.干旱区农田不同利用强度下土壤质量评价.应用生态学报,2009,20(4):894-900.
[22]Vourlitis G L,De Fotis C,Kristan W.Effects of soil water content,temperature and experimental nitrogen deposition on nitric oxide(NO)efflux from semiarid shrubland soil.Journal of Arid Environments,2015,117:67-74.
[23]Lou H Z,Yang S T,Zhao C S,Wang Z W,Shi L H,Wu L N,Dong G T,Cai M Y,Hao F H,Sun Y.Using a nitrogen-phosphorus ratio to identify phosphorus risk factors and their spatial heterogeneity in an intensive agricultural area.CATENA,2017,149:426-436.
[24]Xue Q Y,Dai P B,Sun D S,Sun C L,Qi L Y,Ostermann A,He Y,Lin X Y.Effects of rainfall and manure application on phosphorus leaching in field lysimeters during fallow season.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2013,13(9):1527-1537.
[25]陶冶,张元明,周晓兵.伊犁野果林浅层土壤养分生态化学计量特征及其影响因素.应用生态学报,2016,27(7):2239-2248.
[26]Tian H Q,Chen G S,Zhang C,Melillo J M,Hall C A S.Pattern and variation of C:N:P ratios in China's soils:a synthesis of observational data.Biogeochemistry,2010,98(1/3):139-151.
[27]Zhao F Z,Kang D,Han X H,Yang G H,Yang G H,Feng Y Z,Ren G X.Soil stoichiometry and carbon storage in long-term afforestation soil affected by understory vegetation diversity.Ecological Engineering,2015,74:415-422.
[28]Fallahzade J,Hajabbasi M A.The effects of irrigation and cultivation on the quality of desert soil in central Iran.Land Degradation&Development,2012,23(1):53-61.
[29]周正虎,王传宽.生态系统演替过程中土壤与微生物碳氮磷化学计量关系的变化.植物生态学报,2016,40(12):1257-1266.
[30]Wang J,Fu B J,Qiu Y,Chen L D.Analysis on soil nutrient characteristics for sustainable land use in Danangou catchment of the Loess Plateau,China.CATENA,2003,54(1/2):17-29.