中国早期冶金的本土化与区域互动
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摘要
中国早期冶金术是中国和欧亚草原考古研究中备受关注的课题。本文在简要梳理近期考古学和冶金考古研究成果的基础上,提出并探讨冶金术在中国早期发展中的本土化和区域技术交流等问题。本文指出,在认识到远距离交流和外来技术影响的同时,应该重视研究冶金生产的本土化过程,尤其是当地社群作为冶金生产和技术传播的主体所发挥的重要作用。西北地区本土化冶金生产实践及其对技术体系的改造,为早期冶金术的继续发展和东向传播奠定了基础。而在中原地区同样可见本土化的进程,冶金技术知识融入已有的社会、经济和文化传统,生产体系被再次重塑,形成了中国青铜时代独特的冶金传统。
The beginning and development of metallurgy in China have been one of longstanding hot topics in Chinese and Eurasian archaeology. This paper evaluates archaeological/archaeometallurgical evidence and explores diachronic and diverse developmental processes of China's early metallurgy in different areas. The authors points out that while the importance of long-distance interaction and exogenous technological stimulation has been widely recognized,attention should also be paid to the adoption and adaption process of metallurgy to a local context and the role of local communities as the major agents of the metallurgical production and technology transmission. It is argued that the modification of metallurgy through the localised practice in northwest China played a crucial role in its further eastward transmission and the ultimate establishment of a new metallurgical tradition in the Central Plains of China, which was achieved through a process of incorporating new technology into the existing social, cultural and economic contexts.
The beginning and development of metallurgy in China have been one of longstanding hot topics in Chinese and Eurasian archaeology. This paper evaluates archaeological/archaeometallurgical evidence and explores diachronic and diverse developmental processes of China's early metallurgy in different areas. The authors points out that while the importance of long-distance interaction and exogenous technological stimulation has been widely recognized,attention should also be paid to the adoption and adaption process of metallurgy to a local context and the role of local communities as the major agents of the metallurgical production and technology transmission. It is argued that the modification of metallurgy through the localised practice in northwest China played a crucial role in its further eastward transmission and the ultimate establishment of a new metallurgical tradition in the Central Plains of China, which was achieved through a process of incorporating new technology into the existing social, cultural and economic contexts.
引文
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[10]同[9]:105-118.
[11]孙淑云,韩汝玢.甘肃早期铜器的发现与冶炼、制造技术的研究[J].文物,1997(7):75-84.
[12]同[5].
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[15]王璐.甘青地区早期铜器的科学分析研究--以临潭磨沟遗址出土铜器为中心[D].北京科技大学博士学位论文,北京,2019.
[16]a.张忠培.齐家文化研究(下)[J].考古学报,1987(2):153-176.b.同[11].c.陈小三.河西走廊及其邻近地区早期青铜时代遗存研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,长春,2012.
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[18]同[11].
[19]同[5].
[20]a.同[11].b.徐建炜,梅建军,格桑本,等.青海同德宗日遗址出土铜器的初步科学分析[J].西域研究,2010(2):31-37.c.罗武干.对青海省若干遗址齐家文化铜器的考察[N].中国文物报,2014-07-04(007).
[21]同[5].
[22]a.同[11].b.孙淑云,韩汝玢.中国早期铜器的初步研究[J].考古学报,1981(3):287-302.
[23]a.同[1].b.同[16]a.c.滕铭予.中国早期铜器有关问题的再探讨[J].北方文物,1989(2):8-18.
[24]a.同[15].b.同[20]c
[25]钱耀鹏,毛瑞林.甘肃临潭磨沟齐家文化墓地发掘及主要收获[J].考古学研究,2012:638-665.
[26]a.Chernykh,E.N.,1992.Ancient metallurgy in the USSR:the early metal age[M].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.b.梅建军(执笔).中国早期冶金术研究的新进展[C]∥中国社会科学院考古研究所科技考古中心编.科技考古(第3辑).北京:科学出版社,2011:135-154.
[27]a.同[22].b.同[23].
[28]同[20]c.
[29]a.同[1]b.b.李水城,水涛.四坝文化铜器研究[J].文物,2000(3):36-44.c.孙淑云,潜伟,王辉.火烧沟四坝文化铜器成分分析及制作技术的研究[J].文物,2003(8):86-96.d.陈坤龙,王璐,王颖琛,等.甘肃玉门火烧沟四坝文化铜器的科学分析及相关问题[J].中原文物,2018(2):121-128.
[30]a.同[4].b.同[5].
[31]安志敏.试论中国的早期铜器[J].考古,1993(12):1110-1119.
[32]a.Fitzgerald-Huber L G.Qijia and Erlitou:The question of contacts with distant cultures[J].Early China,1995,20:17-67.b.Debaine-Francfort C.Du Néolithiqueàl'Age du Bronze en Chine du Nord-Ouest:la culture de Qijia et ses connexions[M].Editions Recherche sur les civilisations,1995:324-326.
[33]关于中国早期铜器研究史的详细梳理请参阅:梅建军.中国的早期铜器及其区域特征[M].黄铭崇主编.中国史新论-古代文明的形成分册.台北:“中研研究院”,2016:61-109.
[34]a.同[1]b.b.刘学堂,李文瑛.史前“青铜之路”与中原文明[J].新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014(2):79-88.
[35]a.同[4]b.b.同[32].
[36]同[4]b.
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[38]同[33].
[39]a.同[8].b.St?llner,T.2003.Mining and Economy-A Discussion of Spatial Organisation and Structures[C]//St?llner,T.K?rlin,G.Steffens,G.et al.(Eds.).Man and Mining-Mensch und Bergbau.Studies in honour of Gerd Weisgerber on occasion of his 65th birthday.Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum,Bochum,pp.415-446.
[40]Roberts,B.2008.Creating traditions and shaping technologies,understanding the earliest metal objects and metal production in Western Europe[J].World Archaeology 40,354-372.
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