秸秆还田对土壤水稳性团聚体及其碳分布的影响
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摘要
研究秸秆还田方式对土壤水稳性团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳分布的影响,为东北旱作区作物生产及秸秆还田制度提供参考。田间试验始于2015年,设置旋耕秸秆还田(RT)、旋耕秸秆不还田(CK1)、翻耕秸秆还田(PT)及翻耕秸秆不还田(CK2) 4个处理,分别对2017年收获后土壤的样品不同粒级团聚体质量分数、稳定性、有机碳(SOC)分布以及近3 a的玉米产量进行测定。结果表明:秸秆还田处理提高土壤表层各粒径团聚体的SOC含量,促进大团聚体的形成与稳定。在0～10 cm土层中,相同耕作措施下,RT处理SOC含量比CK1处理的提高13. 90%(P <0. 05),PT处理比CK2处理提高9. 29%(P <0. 05)。不同耕作措施下,RT处理与PT处理相比,大团聚体质量提高22. 05%,团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)提高7. 78%,粉+黏团聚体含量降低16. 81%(P <0. 05)。比较不同年份玉米产量发现,降水量不同产量不同,2017年降水量低于2016年,2017年各处理产量均低于2016年,但处理间降幅不同,RT和PT处理降幅(8. 57%、9. 72%)低于CK1和CK2处理(10. 84%、12. 13%),说明秸秆还田处理有稳产作用,其中RT处理趋势较明显。因此,在东北春玉米旱作区秸秆全层还田条件下,旋耕秸秆还田促进土壤水稳性团聚体形成,提高土壤SOC含量,可为玉米生产在不同降水年份提供稳产保障。
In this study,the effects of crop residue turnover on the composition and stability of soil water-stable agglomeration and the distribution of soil organic carbon in aggregates were investigated for giving a reference to crop production and crop residue turnover in the semiarid areas in northeast China. A field experiment including rotary tillage and plough tillage with/without crop residue incorporation treatments( RT,CK1,PT and CK2) was started in 2015. The purposes of this study were to explore the effects of tillage and straw management practices on the ratio of soil aggregates with various sizes,stability of soil water-stable agglomeration,distribution of soil organic carbon( SOC) in 2017 and maize yield from 2015 to 2017. Our results indicated that the residue incorporation could be used to significantly increase the SOC content by 13. 90%( RT) and 9. 29%( PT),respectively,in 0-10 cm soil layer compared with those without residue incorporation( P < 0. 05). Compared with PT,the content of waterstable aggregates( > 2 mm) and average weight diameter of aggregates( MWD) were significantly increased by22. 05% and 7. 78%,respectively,while the content of water-stable aggregates( < 0. 053 mm) was significantly decreased by 16. 81% by RT management( P < 0. 05). In addition,RT significantly enhanced the SOC of waterstable aggregates in topsoil,and the most improvement was found in the water-stable aggregates > 2 mm( P <0. 05). There was no significant difference in maize yield in 2016 and 2017. Compared with the yield in 2016,the yield reduction from RT and PT treatments( 8. 57%-9. 72%) was lower than that from CK1 and CK2( 10. 84%-12. 13%) in 2017. Therefore,the rotary tillage with residue returning practice in dryland farming is recommended with benefits of promoting soil water-stable aggregate formation and increasing SOC content so that give a stable yield for maize production regardless of precipitation variation in northeast China.
In this study,the effects of crop residue turnover on the composition and stability of soil water-stable agglomeration and the distribution of soil organic carbon in aggregates were investigated for giving a reference to crop production and crop residue turnover in the semiarid areas in northeast China. A field experiment including rotary tillage and plough tillage with/without crop residue incorporation treatments( RT,CK1,PT and CK2) was started in 2015. The purposes of this study were to explore the effects of tillage and straw management practices on the ratio of soil aggregates with various sizes,stability of soil water-stable agglomeration,distribution of soil organic carbon( SOC) in 2017 and maize yield from 2015 to 2017. Our results indicated that the residue incorporation could be used to significantly increase the SOC content by 13. 90%( RT) and 9. 29%( PT),respectively,in 0-10 cm soil layer compared with those without residue incorporation( P < 0. 05). Compared with PT,the content of waterstable aggregates( > 2 mm) and average weight diameter of aggregates( MWD) were significantly increased by22. 05% and 7. 78%,respectively,while the content of water-stable aggregates( < 0. 053 mm) was significantly decreased by 16. 81% by RT management( P < 0. 05). In addition,RT significantly enhanced the SOC of waterstable aggregates in topsoil,and the most improvement was found in the water-stable aggregates > 2 mm( P <0. 05). There was no significant difference in maize yield in 2016 and 2017. Compared with the yield in 2016,the yield reduction from RT and PT treatments( 8. 57%-9. 72%) was lower than that from CK1 and CK2( 10. 84%-12. 13%) in 2017. Therefore,the rotary tillage with residue returning practice in dryland farming is recommended with benefits of promoting soil water-stable aggregate formation and increasing SOC content so that give a stable yield for maize production regardless of precipitation variation in northeast China.
引文
[1]周兴祥,高焕文,刘晓峰.华北平原一年两熟保护性耕作体系试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(6):81-84.[Zhou Xingxiang,Gao Huanwen,Liu Xiaofeng.Experimental study on conservation tillage system in areas of two crops a year in North China Plain[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2001,17(6):81-84.]
[2]张国盛,Chan K Y,Li G D,等.长期保护性耕种方式对农田表层土壤性质的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(6):2 722-2 728.[Zhang Guosheng,Chan K Y,Li G D,et al.Long-term effects of tillage systems and rotation on selected soil properties in cropping zone of Southern NSW,Australia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(6):2 722-2 728.]
[3]黄高宝,郭清毅,张仁陟,等.保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1 176-1 185.[Huang Gaobao,Guo Qingyi,Zhang Renzhi,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield in a phased rotation system with spring wheat and field pea in dryland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(4):1 176-1 185.]
[4]Iqbal M,Anwar-ul-Hassan,Ibrahim M.Effects of tillage systems and mulch on soil physical quality parameters and maize(Zea mays L.)yield in semi-arid Pakistan[J].Biological Agriculture&Horticulture,2008,5(4):311-325.
[5]Liu Y,Gao M S,Wu W,et al.The effects of conservation tillage practices on the soil water-holding capacity of a non-irrigated apple orchard in the Loess Plateau China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2013,130(12):7-12.]
[6]王育红,姚宇卿,吕军杰,等.豫西旱坡地高留茬深松对冬小麦生态效应的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2):151-153.[Wang Yuhong,Yao Yuqing,LüJunjie,et al.Ecological effect of subsoiling high stubble on the winter wheat in sloping land of western Henan[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(2):151-153.]
[7]陈琳,任春颖,王崇明,等,基于克里金插值的耕地表层土壤有机质空间预测[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(4):798-805.[Chen Lin,Ren Chunying,Wang Chongming,et al.Prediction of spatial distribution of topsoil organic matter content in cultivated land using kriging methods[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):798-805.]
[8]Chong S K,Cowsert P T.Infiltration in reclaimed mined land ameliorated with deep tillage treatments[J].Soil Tillage Research,1997,44(3):255-264.]
[9]Klute A.Aggregate stability and size distribution[J].Methods of Soil Analysis,1986(1):425-442.]
[10]张琦珠.土壤有机质对土壤肥力的作用第二讲土壤保肥性与土壤有机质[J].新疆农垦科技,1985(5):54-56.[Zhang Qizhu.Effects of soil organic matter on soil fertility,Second:soil fertility preservation and soil organic matter[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation Technology,1985(5):54-56.]
[11]詹其厚,袁朝良,张效朴.有机物料对砂姜黑土的改良效应及其机制[J].土壤学报,2003,40(3):420-425.[Zhan Qihou,Yuan Zhaoliang,Zhang Xiaopu.Ameliorative effect and mechanism of organic materials on vertisol[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(3):420-425.]
[12]张晓文,赵改宾,杨仁全,等.农作物秸秆在循环经济中的综合利用[J].农业工程学报,2006(增刊1):107-109.[Zhang Xiaowen,Zhao Gaibin,Yang Renquan,et al.Comprehensive utilization of agricultural straws in recycle economy[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006(Suppl.1):107-109.]
[13]王清奎,汪思龙.土壤团聚体形成与稳定机制及影响因素[J].土壤通报,2005,36(3):415-421.[Wang Qingkui,Wang Silong.Forming and stable mechanism of soil aggregate and influencing factors[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005,36(3):415-421.]
[14]Imbufe A U,Patti A F,Burrow D,et al.Effects of potassium humate on aggregate stability of two soils from Victoria,Australia[J].Geoderma,2005,125(3):321-330.]
[15]Lal R,Kimble J M.Conservation tillage for carbon sequestration[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,1997,49(1-3):243-253.
[16]Puget P,Chenu C,Balesdent J.Dynamic of soil organic matter associated with particle-size fractions of water-stable aggregate[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2000,51:595-605.
[17]Cambardella C A,Elliott E T.Carbon and nitrogen distribution in aggregates from cultivated and native grassland soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1993,57(4):1 071-1 076.
[18]王勇,姬强,刘帅,等.耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(7):1 365-1 373.[Wang Yong,Ji Qiang,Liu Shuai,et al.Effects of tillage practices on water-stable aggregaion-associated organic C in soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(7):1 365-1 373.]
[19]李德成,张桃林.中国土壤颗粒组成的分形特征研究[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(4):7-9.[Li Decheng,Zhang Taolin.Fractal features of particle size distribution of soils in China[J].Soil and Environmental Scineces,2000,9(4):7-9.]
[20]Scanlon B R,Andraski B J,Bilskie J.Methods of Soil Analysis:Part 4 Physical Methods[M].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002:643-668.]
[21]Limonortega A,Govaerts B,Sayre KD.Crop rotation,wheat straw management,and chicken manure effects on soil quality[J].Agronomy Journal,2009,101(3):600-606.]
[22]Tripathi R,Nayak A K,Bhattacharyya P,et al.Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions under longterm application of compost in rice-wheat system[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,103(2):412-418.]
[23]Waters A G,Oades J M.Organic matter in water-stable aggregates[J].Advances in Soil Organic Matter Research,2003:163-174.]
[24]Mikha M M,Rice C W.Tillage and manure effects on soil and aggregate associated carbon and nitrogen[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(3):809-816.
[25]Oades J M.Soil organic matter and structural stability:Mechanisms and implications for management[J].Plant and Soil,1984,76(1/3):319-337.]
[26]郭菊花,陈小云,刘满强,等.不同施肥处理对红壤性水稻土团聚体的分布及有机碳、氮含量的影响[J].土壤,2007,39(5):787-793.[Guo Juhua,Chen Xiaoyun,Liu Manqiang,et al.Effects of fertilizer management practice on distribution of aggregates and content of organic carbon and nitrogen in red paddy soil[J].Soils,2007,39(5):787-793.]
[27]李鉴霖,江长胜,郝庆菊.土地利用方式对缙云山土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4 695-4 704.[Li Jianlin,Jiang Changsheng,Hao Qingju.Impact of land use type on stability and organic carbon of soil aggregates in Jinyun Mountain[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4 695-4 704.]
[28]Killham K.Soil Ecology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994:102-113.
[29]Barreto R C,Madari B E,Maddock E L,et al.The impact of soil management on aggregation,carbon stabilization and carbon loss as CO2in the surface layer of a Rhodic Ferralsol in Southern Brazil[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2009,132(3):243-251.]
[30]王秀娟,解占军,董环,等.秸秆还田对玉米产量和土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响[J].玉米科学,2018,26(1):108-115.[Wang Xiujuan,Xie Zhanjun,Dong Huan,et al.Effects of straw returning on yield and soil aggregates composition and organic carbon distribution[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2018,26(1):108-115.]
[31]曹丽花,赵世伟.土壤有机碳库的影响因素及调控措施研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(3):177-182.[Cao Lihua,Zhao Shiwei.Progress of study on factors of affecting the SOC pool and measures for its regulating and controlling[J].Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2007,35(3):177-182.]
[32]周虎,吕贻忠,杨志臣,等.保护性耕作对华北平原土壤团聚体特征的影响[J].中国农业科学2007,40(9):1 973-1 979.[Zhou Hu,LüYizhong,Yang Zhichen,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregates in Huabei Plain China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(9):1 973-1 979.]
[33]Wang J,Wang X,Xu M,et al.Crop yield and soil organic matter after long-term straw return to soil in China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2015,102(3):371-381.
[34]Turmel M S,Speratti A,Baudron F,et al.Crop residue management and soil health:A systems analysis[J].Agriculture Systems,2015,134:6-16.]
[35]李静,周正朝,张强,等.黄土区不同退耕年限草地土壤分离速率及其理化性质[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(3):504-510.[Li Jing,Zhou Zhengchao,Zhang Qiang,et al.Soil physiochemical properties and soil detachment rate in grasslands with different years of grain for green in the loess plateau[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(3):504-510.]
[2]张国盛,Chan K Y,Li G D,等.长期保护性耕种方式对农田表层土壤性质的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(6):2 722-2 728.[Zhang Guosheng,Chan K Y,Li G D,et al.Long-term effects of tillage systems and rotation on selected soil properties in cropping zone of Southern NSW,Australia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(6):2 722-2 728.]
[3]黄高宝,郭清毅,张仁陟,等.保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1 176-1 185.[Huang Gaobao,Guo Qingyi,Zhang Renzhi,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield in a phased rotation system with spring wheat and field pea in dryland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(4):1 176-1 185.]
[4]Iqbal M,Anwar-ul-Hassan,Ibrahim M.Effects of tillage systems and mulch on soil physical quality parameters and maize(Zea mays L.)yield in semi-arid Pakistan[J].Biological Agriculture&Horticulture,2008,5(4):311-325.
[5]Liu Y,Gao M S,Wu W,et al.The effects of conservation tillage practices on the soil water-holding capacity of a non-irrigated apple orchard in the Loess Plateau China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2013,130(12):7-12.]
[6]王育红,姚宇卿,吕军杰,等.豫西旱坡地高留茬深松对冬小麦生态效应的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2):151-153.[Wang Yuhong,Yao Yuqing,LüJunjie,et al.Ecological effect of subsoiling high stubble on the winter wheat in sloping land of western Henan[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(2):151-153.]
[7]陈琳,任春颖,王崇明,等,基于克里金插值的耕地表层土壤有机质空间预测[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(4):798-805.[Chen Lin,Ren Chunying,Wang Chongming,et al.Prediction of spatial distribution of topsoil organic matter content in cultivated land using kriging methods[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):798-805.]
[8]Chong S K,Cowsert P T.Infiltration in reclaimed mined land ameliorated with deep tillage treatments[J].Soil Tillage Research,1997,44(3):255-264.]
[9]Klute A.Aggregate stability and size distribution[J].Methods of Soil Analysis,1986(1):425-442.]
[10]张琦珠.土壤有机质对土壤肥力的作用第二讲土壤保肥性与土壤有机质[J].新疆农垦科技,1985(5):54-56.[Zhang Qizhu.Effects of soil organic matter on soil fertility,Second:soil fertility preservation and soil organic matter[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation Technology,1985(5):54-56.]
[11]詹其厚,袁朝良,张效朴.有机物料对砂姜黑土的改良效应及其机制[J].土壤学报,2003,40(3):420-425.[Zhan Qihou,Yuan Zhaoliang,Zhang Xiaopu.Ameliorative effect and mechanism of organic materials on vertisol[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(3):420-425.]
[12]张晓文,赵改宾,杨仁全,等.农作物秸秆在循环经济中的综合利用[J].农业工程学报,2006(增刊1):107-109.[Zhang Xiaowen,Zhao Gaibin,Yang Renquan,et al.Comprehensive utilization of agricultural straws in recycle economy[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006(Suppl.1):107-109.]
[13]王清奎,汪思龙.土壤团聚体形成与稳定机制及影响因素[J].土壤通报,2005,36(3):415-421.[Wang Qingkui,Wang Silong.Forming and stable mechanism of soil aggregate and influencing factors[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005,36(3):415-421.]
[14]Imbufe A U,Patti A F,Burrow D,et al.Effects of potassium humate on aggregate stability of two soils from Victoria,Australia[J].Geoderma,2005,125(3):321-330.]
[15]Lal R,Kimble J M.Conservation tillage for carbon sequestration[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,1997,49(1-3):243-253.
[16]Puget P,Chenu C,Balesdent J.Dynamic of soil organic matter associated with particle-size fractions of water-stable aggregate[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2000,51:595-605.
[17]Cambardella C A,Elliott E T.Carbon and nitrogen distribution in aggregates from cultivated and native grassland soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1993,57(4):1 071-1 076.
[18]王勇,姬强,刘帅,等.耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(7):1 365-1 373.[Wang Yong,Ji Qiang,Liu Shuai,et al.Effects of tillage practices on water-stable aggregaion-associated organic C in soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(7):1 365-1 373.]
[19]李德成,张桃林.中国土壤颗粒组成的分形特征研究[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(4):7-9.[Li Decheng,Zhang Taolin.Fractal features of particle size distribution of soils in China[J].Soil and Environmental Scineces,2000,9(4):7-9.]
[20]Scanlon B R,Andraski B J,Bilskie J.Methods of Soil Analysis:Part 4 Physical Methods[M].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2002:643-668.]
[21]Limonortega A,Govaerts B,Sayre KD.Crop rotation,wheat straw management,and chicken manure effects on soil quality[J].Agronomy Journal,2009,101(3):600-606.]
[22]Tripathi R,Nayak A K,Bhattacharyya P,et al.Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions under longterm application of compost in rice-wheat system[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,103(2):412-418.]
[23]Waters A G,Oades J M.Organic matter in water-stable aggregates[J].Advances in Soil Organic Matter Research,2003:163-174.]
[24]Mikha M M,Rice C W.Tillage and manure effects on soil and aggregate associated carbon and nitrogen[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(3):809-816.
[25]Oades J M.Soil organic matter and structural stability:Mechanisms and implications for management[J].Plant and Soil,1984,76(1/3):319-337.]
[26]郭菊花,陈小云,刘满强,等.不同施肥处理对红壤性水稻土团聚体的分布及有机碳、氮含量的影响[J].土壤,2007,39(5):787-793.[Guo Juhua,Chen Xiaoyun,Liu Manqiang,et al.Effects of fertilizer management practice on distribution of aggregates and content of organic carbon and nitrogen in red paddy soil[J].Soils,2007,39(5):787-793.]
[27]李鉴霖,江长胜,郝庆菊.土地利用方式对缙云山土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4 695-4 704.[Li Jianlin,Jiang Changsheng,Hao Qingju.Impact of land use type on stability and organic carbon of soil aggregates in Jinyun Mountain[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4 695-4 704.]
[28]Killham K.Soil Ecology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994:102-113.
[29]Barreto R C,Madari B E,Maddock E L,et al.The impact of soil management on aggregation,carbon stabilization and carbon loss as CO2in the surface layer of a Rhodic Ferralsol in Southern Brazil[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2009,132(3):243-251.]
[30]王秀娟,解占军,董环,等.秸秆还田对玉米产量和土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响[J].玉米科学,2018,26(1):108-115.[Wang Xiujuan,Xie Zhanjun,Dong Huan,et al.Effects of straw returning on yield and soil aggregates composition and organic carbon distribution[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2018,26(1):108-115.]
[31]曹丽花,赵世伟.土壤有机碳库的影响因素及调控措施研究进展[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(3):177-182.[Cao Lihua,Zhao Shiwei.Progress of study on factors of affecting the SOC pool and measures for its regulating and controlling[J].Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2007,35(3):177-182.]
[32]周虎,吕贻忠,杨志臣,等.保护性耕作对华北平原土壤团聚体特征的影响[J].中国农业科学2007,40(9):1 973-1 979.[Zhou Hu,LüYizhong,Yang Zhichen,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregates in Huabei Plain China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(9):1 973-1 979.]
[33]Wang J,Wang X,Xu M,et al.Crop yield and soil organic matter after long-term straw return to soil in China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2015,102(3):371-381.
[34]Turmel M S,Speratti A,Baudron F,et al.Crop residue management and soil health:A systems analysis[J].Agriculture Systems,2015,134:6-16.]
[35]李静,周正朝,张强,等.黄土区不同退耕年限草地土壤分离速率及其理化性质[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(3):504-510.[Li Jing,Zhou Zhengchao,Zhang Qiang,et al.Soil physiochemical properties and soil detachment rate in grasslands with different years of grain for green in the loess plateau[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(3):504-510.]