New Explorations of Laboratory and On-site Testing of Broadband Seismographs in China
|
摘要
According to different testing purposes, methods and available environmental conditions, the seismograph testing can be divided into laboratory and on-site testing, respectively. The testing of the seismograph's key parameters and other concerning technical specifications are well described in guide documents(China Earthquake Administration, 2017). This includes seismometer sensitivity, linearity and clip levels based on the shake table test, as well as the seismometer natural period, damping constant based on electrical calibration(Wang Guangfu,1986; Ple?inger A.,1993) and instrumental self-noise collocation estimation(Holcomb L.G., 1989; Sleeman R. et al., 2006). However, with the development of seismic observation technology, many new requirements for the performance evaluation of seismographs have been put forward, and new testing items and methods have emerged.
According to different testing purposes, methods and available environmental conditions, the seismograph testing can be divided into laboratory and on-site testing, respectively. The testing of the seismograph's key parameters and other concerning technical specifications are well described in guide documents(China Earthquake Administration, 2017). This includes seismometer sensitivity, linearity and clip levels based on the shake table test, as well as the seismometer natural period, damping constant based on electrical calibration(Wang Guangfu,1986; Ple?inger A.,1993) and instrumental self-noise collocation estimation(Holcomb L.G., 1989; Sleeman R. et al., 2006). However, with the development of seismic observation technology, many new requirements for the performance evaluation of seismographs have been put forward, and new testing items and methods have emerged.
According to different testing purposes, methods and available environmental conditions, the seismograph testing can be divided into laboratory and on-site testing, respectively. The testing of the seismograph's key parameters and other concerning technical specifications are well described in guide documents(China Earthquake Administration, 2017). This includes seismometer sensitivity, linearity and clip levels based on the shake table test, as well as the seismometer natural period, damping constant based on electrical calibration(Wang Guangfu,1986; Ple?inger A.,1993) and instrumental self-noise collocation estimation(Holcomb L.G., 1989; Sleeman R. et al., 2006). However, with the development of seismic observation technology, many new requirements for the performance evaluation of seismographs have been put forward, and new testing items and methods have emerged.
引文
Berger J.,Agnew D.C.,Parker R.L.,Farrell W.E.Seismic system calibration:2.Cross-spectral calibration using random binary signals [J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1979,69(1):271-288.
Cai Yaxian,Lü Yongqing.In-site calibration of JCZ-1 ultra broadband seismometer and CTS-1 very broadband seismometer at seismostation [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2005,25(4):117-122(in Chinese with English abstract).
China Earthquake Administration.Technical Requirements of Instruments in Network for Earthquake Monitoring—Seismograph (DB/T 22-2007) [S].Beijing:Seismological Press,2007 (in Chinese).
China Earthquake Administration.Trial Regulations for Management of Instrument in Seismograph Network — Measurement Specification for Instrument of Seismograph Network [S].Beijing:Department of Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction,China Earthquake Administration,2017 (in Chinese).
Chiu H.C.,Huang H.C.Estimating the orientation error of the Dahan Downhole Accelerometer using the maximum cross-correlation coefficient between the observed and synthetic waves [J].Journal of Seismology,2003,7(4):493-505,doi:10.1023/B:JOSE.0000005717.83820.1a
Ekstr?m G.,Busby R.W.Measurements of seismometer orientation at US Array transportable array and backbone stations [J].Seismological Research Letters,2008,79(4):554-561,doi:10.1785/gssrl.79.4.554.
Havskov J.,Alguacil G.Instrumentation in Earthquake Seismology [M].In:Zhao Zhonghe,Zhao Jianhe,Trans.Beijing:Seismological Press,2007 (in Chinese).
Holcomb L.G.A Direct Method for Calculating Instrument Noise Levels in Side-by-side Seismometer Evaluations [R].US Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-214.Washington:U.S.Geological Survey,1989.35.
Holcomb L.G.A Numerical Study of Some Potential Sources of Error in Side-by-side Seismometer Evaluations [R].US Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-406.Washington:U.S.Geological Survey,1990.
Holcomb L.G.Experiments in Seismometer Azimuth Determination by Comparing the Sensor Signal Outputs with the Signal Output of an Oriented Sensor [R].USGS Open-File Report 02-183.Washington:U.S.Geological Survey,2002.206.
International Organization for Standardization of Switzerland.Methods for the Calibration of Vibration and Shock Transducers.Part 11:Primary Vibration Calibration by Laser Interferometry (ISO 16063-11:1999) [S].Geneva:International Organization for Standardization,1999.
Kromer R.P.Ground-based Monitoring R and E Technology Report:Evaluation of the Kinemetrics/Quanterra Q330HR Remote Seismic System for IRIS/GSN [R].Albuquerque:Sandia National Laboratories,2006a.
Kromer R.P.Ground-based Monitoring R and E Technology Report:Evaluation of the Refraction Technology RT130HR Remote Seismic System for IRIS/GSN [R].Albuquerque:Sandia National Laboratories,2006b.
Li Caihua,Teng Yuntian.The impact of seismic data acquisition system self-noise level on seismometer?s self-noise evaluation.In:Chinese Earth Science International Conference,Session 16:The Development and Application of Geophysical Informatics [C].Beijing:Chinese Geophysical Unification,2014.870-872 (in Chinese).
Li Xiaojun,Yang Dake,Xie Jianbo,Ma Jiemei,Yuan Songyong,Xu Weiwei,Zhao Jianhe,Li Dongsheng.Applicability of the Welch method for examining self-noise level parameters for broadband seismometers [J].Geodesy and Geodynamics,2015,6(3):233-239.
Lin Zhan,Xue Bing,Zhu Xiaoyi,Chen Yang,Li Jiang,Peng Chaoyong,Liu Yangjun.A relative determination method for seismometer sensitivity [J].Earthquake,2013,33(1):22-28 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lin Zhan,Xue Bing,Zhu Xiaoyi,Chen Yang,Li Jiang,Zhang Yan,Peng Chaoyong.Improved pseudo random binary calibration method for seismometers [J].Progress in Geophysics,2015,30(3):1151-1158,doi:10.6038/pg20150319 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lü Yongqing,Cai Yaxian.An automatic processing system for sine calibration of seismometer [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2007a,27(5):119-122,doi:10.14075/j.jgg.2007.05.020 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lü Yongqing,Cai Yaxian,Cheng Junling.Orientation for seismometer with coherence analysing method [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2007b,27(4):124-127,doi:10.14075/j.jgg.2007.04.019 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Ma Jiemei,Teng Yuntian,Zuo Aibin,Fan Xiaoyong,Zhang Lian.Influence of acceleration harmonic distortion on shake table calibration for velocity seismometer [J].Acta Seismologica Sinca,2014,36(6):1124-1130,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-3782.2014.06.013(in Chinese).
Ma Jiemei,Teng Yuntian,Wang Xiaomei,Fan Xiaoyong.Study on a test method for cross-axis sensitivity of seismometers.In:Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of Geophysical Technology,CGS,International Symposium on Geophysical Instruments and Their Application [C].Beijing:Committee of Geophysical Technology,Chinese Geophysical Society,2016.141-146 (in Chinese).
Merchant B.J.,Hart D.M.Component Evaluation Testing and Analysis Algorithms [EB/OL].2011.http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2011/118265.pdf.
National Institute of Metrology,China.Methods for the Calibration of Vibration and Shock Pick-ups Primary Vibration Calibration by Laser Interferometry at Low Frequencies (GB/T13823.11-1995) [S].Beijing:Chinese Metrology Press,1995 (in Chinese).
Niu Fenglin,Li Juan.Component azimuths of the CEArray stations estimated from P-wave particle motion [J].Earthquake Science,2011,24(1):3-13,doi:10.1007/s11589-011-0764-8.
Pavlis G.L.,Vernon F.L.Calibration of seismometers using ground noise [J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1994,84(4):1243-1255.
Ple?inger A.Fast inversion of transient calibration responses of arbitrary digital seismograph systems [J].Computers & Geosciences,1993,19(2):189-201.
Ringler A.T.,Hutt C.R.,Evans J.R.,Sandoval L.D.A comparison of seismic instrument noise coherence analysis techniques [J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2011,101(2):558-567.
Ringler A.T.,Hutt C.R.,Persefield K.,Gee L.S.Seismic station installation orientation errors at ANSS and IRIS/USGS stations [J].Seismological Research Letters,2013,84(6):926-931,doi:10.1785/0220130072.
Sleeman R.,van Wettum A.,Trampert J.Three-channel correlation analysis:A new technique to measure instrumental noise of digitizers and seismic sensors [J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2006,96(1):258-271,doi:10.1785/0120050032.
Tasi■ I.,Runovc F.Determination of a seismometer?s generator constant,azimuth,and orthogonality in three-dimensional space using a reference seismometer [J].Journal of Seismology,2013,17(2):807-817,doi:10.1007/s10950-012-9355-y.
Wang Guangfu.Calibration and Verification of Seismograph Systems [M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1986.255-271 (in Chinese).
Welch P.D.The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra:A method based on time averaging over short,modified periodograms [J].IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics,1967,15:70-73.
Xie Jianbo.Deconvolution,simulation of seismic records in the time domain and application in the relative measurements of seismometer orientation [J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(1):167-178,doi:10.6038/cjg20140115 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie Jianbo,Yang Dake,Ma Jiemei,Li Xiaojun,Yuan Songyong.The application and testing of broadband seismometer.In:Experts of Committee of Science and Technology of China Earthquake Administration in Hubei in 2014 [C].Beijing:Committee of Science and Technology of China Earthquake Administration,2014.34-43 (in Chinese).
Xie Jianbo,Yang Dake,Ding Lisa,Yuan Songyong,Chen Jiantao,Lu Zijin,Ye Shishan,Ma Jiemei,Zhao Jianhe,Li Xiaojun.A comparison of azimuth,misalignment,and orthogonality estimation methods in seismometer testing [J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2018a,108(2):1004-1017,doi:10.1785/0120170055.
Xie Jianbo,Yuan Songyong,Ye Shishan,Yang Dake,Chen Jiantao,Ding Lisa,Lu Zijin,Lao Qian,Liao Yifan,Lü Zhonghang.Testing of seismic digitizer?s time tag accuracy and system characteristic using timing pulses [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2018b,38(10):1073-1079,doi:10.14075/j.jgg.2018.10.016 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu Weiwei,Yuan Songyong,Ai Yinshuang,Xu Tianlong.Applying multiple channel correlation technique in the self-noise measurement of broadband seismographs [J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2017,60(9):3466-3474,doi:10.6038/cjg20170916 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Yunyao.Research and Application on Precise Calibration Techniques for Ultra-broadband & Very-broadband Seismometers [D].Doctoral thesis.Beijing:Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,2004 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu Xiaoyi,Lin Zhan,Chen Yang,Peng Chaoyong,Yang Guicun,Li Jianfei,Zhuang Danning.An auto-processing method of the step calibration [J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,2010,31(1):43-48 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Cai Yaxian,Lü Yongqing.In-site calibration of JCZ-1 ultra broadband seismometer and CTS-1 very broadband seismometer at seismostation [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2005,25(4):117-122(in Chinese with English abstract).
China Earthquake Administration.Technical Requirements of Instruments in Network for Earthquake Monitoring—Seismograph (DB/T 22-2007) [S].Beijing:Seismological Press,2007 (in Chinese).
China Earthquake Administration.Trial Regulations for Management of Instrument in Seismograph Network — Measurement Specification for Instrument of Seismograph Network [S].Beijing:Department of Earthquake Monitoring and Prediction,China Earthquake Administration,2017 (in Chinese).
Chiu H.C.,Huang H.C.Estimating the orientation error of the Dahan Downhole Accelerometer using the maximum cross-correlation coefficient between the observed and synthetic waves [J].Journal of Seismology,2003,7(4):493-505,doi:10.1023/B:JOSE.0000005717.83820.1a
Ekstr?m G.,Busby R.W.Measurements of seismometer orientation at US Array transportable array and backbone stations [J].Seismological Research Letters,2008,79(4):554-561,doi:10.1785/gssrl.79.4.554.
Havskov J.,Alguacil G.Instrumentation in Earthquake Seismology [M].In:Zhao Zhonghe,Zhao Jianhe,Trans.Beijing:Seismological Press,2007 (in Chinese).
Holcomb L.G.A Direct Method for Calculating Instrument Noise Levels in Side-by-side Seismometer Evaluations [R].US Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-214.Washington:U.S.Geological Survey,1989.35.
Holcomb L.G.A Numerical Study of Some Potential Sources of Error in Side-by-side Seismometer Evaluations [R].US Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-406.Washington:U.S.Geological Survey,1990.
Holcomb L.G.Experiments in Seismometer Azimuth Determination by Comparing the Sensor Signal Outputs with the Signal Output of an Oriented Sensor [R].USGS Open-File Report 02-183.Washington:U.S.Geological Survey,2002.206.
International Organization for Standardization of Switzerland.Methods for the Calibration of Vibration and Shock Transducers.Part 11:Primary Vibration Calibration by Laser Interferometry (ISO 16063-11:1999) [S].Geneva:International Organization for Standardization,1999.
Kromer R.P.Ground-based Monitoring R and E Technology Report:Evaluation of the Kinemetrics/Quanterra Q330HR Remote Seismic System for IRIS/GSN [R].Albuquerque:Sandia National Laboratories,2006a.
Kromer R.P.Ground-based Monitoring R and E Technology Report:Evaluation of the Refraction Technology RT130HR Remote Seismic System for IRIS/GSN [R].Albuquerque:Sandia National Laboratories,2006b.
Li Caihua,Teng Yuntian.The impact of seismic data acquisition system self-noise level on seismometer?s self-noise evaluation.In:Chinese Earth Science International Conference,Session 16:The Development and Application of Geophysical Informatics [C].Beijing:Chinese Geophysical Unification,2014.870-872 (in Chinese).
Li Xiaojun,Yang Dake,Xie Jianbo,Ma Jiemei,Yuan Songyong,Xu Weiwei,Zhao Jianhe,Li Dongsheng.Applicability of the Welch method for examining self-noise level parameters for broadband seismometers [J].Geodesy and Geodynamics,2015,6(3):233-239.
Lin Zhan,Xue Bing,Zhu Xiaoyi,Chen Yang,Li Jiang,Peng Chaoyong,Liu Yangjun.A relative determination method for seismometer sensitivity [J].Earthquake,2013,33(1):22-28 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lin Zhan,Xue Bing,Zhu Xiaoyi,Chen Yang,Li Jiang,Zhang Yan,Peng Chaoyong.Improved pseudo random binary calibration method for seismometers [J].Progress in Geophysics,2015,30(3):1151-1158,doi:10.6038/pg20150319 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lü Yongqing,Cai Yaxian.An automatic processing system for sine calibration of seismometer [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2007a,27(5):119-122,doi:10.14075/j.jgg.2007.05.020 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Lü Yongqing,Cai Yaxian,Cheng Junling.Orientation for seismometer with coherence analysing method [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2007b,27(4):124-127,doi:10.14075/j.jgg.2007.04.019 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Ma Jiemei,Teng Yuntian,Zuo Aibin,Fan Xiaoyong,Zhang Lian.Influence of acceleration harmonic distortion on shake table calibration for velocity seismometer [J].Acta Seismologica Sinca,2014,36(6):1124-1130,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-3782.2014.06.013(in Chinese).
Ma Jiemei,Teng Yuntian,Wang Xiaomei,Fan Xiaoyong.Study on a test method for cross-axis sensitivity of seismometers.In:Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of Geophysical Technology,CGS,International Symposium on Geophysical Instruments and Their Application [C].Beijing:Committee of Geophysical Technology,Chinese Geophysical Society,2016.141-146 (in Chinese).
Merchant B.J.,Hart D.M.Component Evaluation Testing and Analysis Algorithms [EB/OL].2011.http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2011/118265.pdf.
National Institute of Metrology,China.Methods for the Calibration of Vibration and Shock Pick-ups Primary Vibration Calibration by Laser Interferometry at Low Frequencies (GB/T13823.11-1995) [S].Beijing:Chinese Metrology Press,1995 (in Chinese).
Niu Fenglin,Li Juan.Component azimuths of the CEArray stations estimated from P-wave particle motion [J].Earthquake Science,2011,24(1):3-13,doi:10.1007/s11589-011-0764-8.
Pavlis G.L.,Vernon F.L.Calibration of seismometers using ground noise [J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1994,84(4):1243-1255.
Ple?inger A.Fast inversion of transient calibration responses of arbitrary digital seismograph systems [J].Computers & Geosciences,1993,19(2):189-201.
Ringler A.T.,Hutt C.R.,Evans J.R.,Sandoval L.D.A comparison of seismic instrument noise coherence analysis techniques [J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2011,101(2):558-567.
Ringler A.T.,Hutt C.R.,Persefield K.,Gee L.S.Seismic station installation orientation errors at ANSS and IRIS/USGS stations [J].Seismological Research Letters,2013,84(6):926-931,doi:10.1785/0220130072.
Sleeman R.,van Wettum A.,Trampert J.Three-channel correlation analysis:A new technique to measure instrumental noise of digitizers and seismic sensors [J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2006,96(1):258-271,doi:10.1785/0120050032.
Tasi■ I.,Runovc F.Determination of a seismometer?s generator constant,azimuth,and orthogonality in three-dimensional space using a reference seismometer [J].Journal of Seismology,2013,17(2):807-817,doi:10.1007/s10950-012-9355-y.
Wang Guangfu.Calibration and Verification of Seismograph Systems [M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1986.255-271 (in Chinese).
Welch P.D.The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra:A method based on time averaging over short,modified periodograms [J].IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics,1967,15:70-73.
Xie Jianbo.Deconvolution,simulation of seismic records in the time domain and application in the relative measurements of seismometer orientation [J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(1):167-178,doi:10.6038/cjg20140115 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xie Jianbo,Yang Dake,Ma Jiemei,Li Xiaojun,Yuan Songyong.The application and testing of broadband seismometer.In:Experts of Committee of Science and Technology of China Earthquake Administration in Hubei in 2014 [C].Beijing:Committee of Science and Technology of China Earthquake Administration,2014.34-43 (in Chinese).
Xie Jianbo,Yang Dake,Ding Lisa,Yuan Songyong,Chen Jiantao,Lu Zijin,Ye Shishan,Ma Jiemei,Zhao Jianhe,Li Xiaojun.A comparison of azimuth,misalignment,and orthogonality estimation methods in seismometer testing [J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2018a,108(2):1004-1017,doi:10.1785/0120170055.
Xie Jianbo,Yuan Songyong,Ye Shishan,Yang Dake,Chen Jiantao,Ding Lisa,Lu Zijin,Lao Qian,Liao Yifan,Lü Zhonghang.Testing of seismic digitizer?s time tag accuracy and system characteristic using timing pulses [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2018b,38(10):1073-1079,doi:10.14075/j.jgg.2018.10.016 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu Weiwei,Yuan Songyong,Ai Yinshuang,Xu Tianlong.Applying multiple channel correlation technique in the self-noise measurement of broadband seismographs [J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2017,60(9):3466-3474,doi:10.6038/cjg20170916 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Yunyao.Research and Application on Precise Calibration Techniques for Ultra-broadband & Very-broadband Seismometers [D].Doctoral thesis.Beijing:Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,2004 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu Xiaoyi,Lin Zhan,Chen Yang,Peng Chaoyong,Yang Guicun,Li Jianfei,Zhuang Danning.An auto-processing method of the step calibration [J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,2010,31(1):43-48 (in Chinese with English abstract).