杉木人工林养分循环随林龄变化的特征
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摘要
为弄清杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林不同林龄的养分循环特征,为人工林丰产的经营管理提供科学依据,利用湖南会同杉木林25年的定位连续测定数据,根据杉木生长规律和养分吸收动态对杉木林不同林龄的养分循环进行了研究。结果表明:对于同一林龄的杉木,器官养分浓度大小依次为叶>枝>皮>根>干。林龄小于12年的,杉木养分浓度随林龄增加而增高;林龄大于12年的,杉木养分浓度随林龄增加而降低。养分年均吸收量随林龄增长的变化曲线为双波峰。养分归还量随着林龄的增加逐渐增加。同一林龄,各营养元素的利用效率都是磷(P)>钾(K)>氮(N)>镁(Mg)>钙(Ca)。林分郁闭后,各营养元素的利用效率随着林木生长而增大。同一林龄,Ca、Mg的循环强度大于N、P,各营养元素循环强度随林龄增长的变化曲线都为抛物线。同一林龄,N、P、K被杉木利用的时间比Ca、Mg长,各元素被杉木利用的时间随着杉木生长的进行而缩短。研究显示:不同林龄的养分吸收量除受生产量控制外,还受这个林龄和前一个林龄杉木体内养分浓度的差异制约;杉木体内养分再分配及贮备机制、杉木生长规律和不同生育阶段对养分的利用效率等共同调节控制着养分循环过程。
Aims The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of nutrient cycling in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations with different ages, and to provide scientific basis for the management of high-yield plantations in China. Methods In this study, we used the ecological data of the past 25 years in Hunan Huitong Ecological Station and analyzed the nutrient cycling characteristics of the C. lanceolata plantation forests with different ages according to the law of tree growth and the dynamics of nutrient uptake. Important findings For most nutrients, their concentrations ranked in order as leaf > twig > bark > root > stem for all C. lanceolata trees with any ages. When the tree age was less than 12 years, nutrient concentrations increased with age, while they decreased with age when the tree was more than 12 years old. The changes in average annual nutrient uptake with age showed two peaks. Nutrient return gradually increases with age. For the same age, the nutrient use efficiency followed the order of phosphorus(P) > potassium(K) > nitrogen(N) > magnesium(Mg) > calcium(Ca). After the stand was closed, the nutrient utilization efficiency increases with the growth and development of trees. The cycling intensity of Ca and Mg was greater than that of N and P at the same stand age. The changes in nutrient cycling intensity with age varying curve with stand age acted as parabolic curve. Utilization of N, P and K was longer than displayed a parabolic shape for all elements. The utilization time of each element got shorter with increasing stand age. These results suggested that the nutrient uptake in different growth stages was not only controlled by the quantity of biomass, but also affected by the difference in nutrient concentration between previous and current stages. The nutrient cycling processes were jointly controlled by the mechanisms of nutrient redistribution and storage in Cunninghamia lanceolata, during the growth and development stages, and the nutrient use efficiency during different growth stages.
Aims The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of nutrient cycling in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations with different ages, and to provide scientific basis for the management of high-yield plantations in China. Methods In this study, we used the ecological data of the past 25 years in Hunan Huitong Ecological Station and analyzed the nutrient cycling characteristics of the C. lanceolata plantation forests with different ages according to the law of tree growth and the dynamics of nutrient uptake. Important findings For most nutrients, their concentrations ranked in order as leaf > twig > bark > root > stem for all C. lanceolata trees with any ages. When the tree age was less than 12 years, nutrient concentrations increased with age, while they decreased with age when the tree was more than 12 years old. The changes in average annual nutrient uptake with age showed two peaks. Nutrient return gradually increases with age. For the same age, the nutrient use efficiency followed the order of phosphorus(P) > potassium(K) > nitrogen(N) > magnesium(Mg) > calcium(Ca). After the stand was closed, the nutrient utilization efficiency increases with the growth and development of trees. The cycling intensity of Ca and Mg was greater than that of N and P at the same stand age. The changes in nutrient cycling intensity with age varying curve with stand age acted as parabolic curve. Utilization of N, P and K was longer than displayed a parabolic shape for all elements. The utilization time of each element got shorter with increasing stand age. These results suggested that the nutrient uptake in different growth stages was not only controlled by the quantity of biomass, but also affected by the difference in nutrient concentration between previous and current stages. The nutrient cycling processes were jointly controlled by the mechanisms of nutrient redistribution and storage in Cunninghamia lanceolata, during the growth and development stages, and the nutrient use efficiency during different growth stages.
引文
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Bormann FH,Likens GE(1979).Pattern and Process in a Forest Ecosystem.Springer,New York.253-259.
Chen LZ,Lindley DK(1983).Nutrient cycling in Hampsfell bracken grassland ecosystem,England.Acta Botanica Sinica,25,67-74.[陈灵芝,Lindley DK(1983).英国Hampsfell的蕨菜草地生态系统的营养元素循环.植物学报,25,67-74.]
Ebrmayer E(1876).Die Qesamte Lehreter Woldstreumit Rucksichtauf die Chemische Staticdes Woldbaues.Julius Spriuger Press,Berlin.116.
Feng ZW,Chen CY,Wang KP,Zhang JW,Zeng SY,Zhao JZ,Deng SJ(1985).Accumulation,distribution and cycling of nutrient elements in a subtropical Chinese fir stand.Acta Phytoecologicaet Geobotanica Sinica,9,245-256.[冯宗炜,陈楚莹,王开平,张家武,曾士余,赵吉录,邓仕坚(1985).亚热带杉木纯林生态系统中营养元素的积累、分配和循环的研究.植物生态学与地植物学丛刊,9,245-256.]
He B,Qin WM,Wu HG,Liu YH,Qin L,Qin YH(2007).Biological cycling of nutrients in different ages classes of Acacia mangium plantation.Acta Ecologica Sinica,27,5158-5167.[何斌,秦武明,余浩光,刘运华,覃林,覃永华(2007).不同年龄阶段马占相思(Acacia mangium)人工林营养元素的生物循环.生态学报,27,5158-5167.]
Ji WJ,Cheng XQ,Han HR,Kang FF,Yang J,Zhu J,Zhao J,Bai YC,Ma JY(2016).The biomass and nutrient distribution in Larix principis-ruppechtii Magyr plantations at different forest age.Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,22,277-284.[纪文婧,程小琴,韩海荣,康峰峰,杨杰,朱江,赵敬,白英辰,马俊勇(2016).不同林龄华北落叶松人工林生物量及营养元素分布特征.应用与环境生物学报,22,277-284.]
Kost JA,Boerner RE(1985).Foliar nutrient dynamics and nutrient use efficiency in California.Ecology,66,602-606.
Lin DX,Liu KH,Luo SF(2002).Dynamics and cycling analysis of nutrient elements in Eucalyptus urophylla.Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,8,148-153.[林德喜,刘开汉,罗水发(2002).尾叶桉营养元素动态和循环分析.应用与环境生物学报,2,148-153.]
Liu AQ,Fan SH,Lin KM,Ma XQ,Sheng WT(2005).Comparison on nutrient cycling in different generation plantations of Chinese fir.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,11,273-278.[刘爱琴,范少辉,林开敏,马祥庆,盛炜彤(2005).不同栽植代数杉木林养分循环的比较研究.植物营养与肥料学报,11,273-278.]
Lu RK(2002).Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis Methods.China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,Beijing.128-133.[鲁如坤(2002).土壤农业化学分析方法.中国农业科技出版社,北京.128-133.]
Ma XQ,Liu AQ,Ma Z,Fan SH(2000).A comparative study on nutrient accumulation and distribution of different generations of Chinese fir plantations.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,11,501-506.[马祥庆,刘爱琴,马壮,范少辉(2000).不同代数杉木林养分积累和分布的比较研究.应用生态学报,11,501-506.]
Miller HG(1984).Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling in Plantation Ecosystems.In:Bowen GD,Nambiar EKS eds.Nutrition of Plantation Forests.Academic Press,London.53-78.
Pan WC,Tia DL,Lei ZX,Kang WX(1983).Studies on the nutrient cycling in the Chinese fir plantations.II.Content accumulation rate biological cycling of nutrient elements in the fast-growing in the Chinese fir forest in the hill regions.Journal of Central South Forestry University,3,1-17.[潘维俦,田大伦,雷志星,康文星(1983).杉木人工林养分循环的研究(二):丘陵区速生杉木林的养分含量、积累速率和生物循环.中南林学院学报,3,1-17.]
Schlesinger WH,Delucia EH,Billings WD(1989).Nutrientuse efficiency of woody plants on contrasting soils in the western Great Basin,Nevada.Ecology,56,105-113.
Shen SM,Yu WT,Zhang L,Hian HZ(1993).Internal and external nutrient cyclings of Populus tree.II.Transferring and cycling of nutrients in and out of the tree before and after leaf fallen.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,4,27-31.[沈善敏,宇万太,张璐,廉鸿志(1993).杨树主要营养元素内循环及外循环研究.2.落叶前后养分在植株体内外的迁移和循环.应用生态学报,4,27-31.]
Tian DL,Pan HH,Kang WX,Fang HB(2001).Studies of nutrient dynamics of the second generation of china fir plantation.Journal of Central South Forestry University,18,11-16.[田大伦,盘宏华,康文星,方海波(2001).第二代杉木林养分动态研究.中南林学院学报,18,11-16.]
Tong ZL,Chen QB,Wang YX,Xiong HQ,Wu JX(2014).Accumulation and distribution characteristics of nutrients in Pinus yunnanensis forests with different ages.Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry(Natural Science Edition),42,100-106,114.[佟志龙,陈奇伯,王艳霞,熊好琴,吴晋霞(2014).不同林龄云南松林营养元素积累与分配特征研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),42,100-106,114.]
Tsutuumi T,Kawahara T,Shidei T(1968).The circulation of nutrients in forest ecosystems(1):On the amount of nutrients contained in the above-ground parts of single tree of stand.Japanese Forestry Society,3,66-74.
Wen ZM,Liang HW,Li Y(1991).Studies on the biocycling of nutrient elements of tree layer of Cunninghamia lanceolata mature plantations.Acta Phytoecologicaet Geobotanca Sinica,15,36-45.[温肇穆,梁宏温,黎跃(1991).杉木成熟林乔木层营养元素生物循环的研究.植物生态学与地植物学学报,15,36-45.]
Xiang WH,Tian DL(2002).Nutrient cycling Pinus massoniana stands of different age classes.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,26,89-95.[项文化,田大伦(2002).不同年龄阶段马尾松人工林养分循环的研究.植物生态学报,26,89-95.]
Xiang WH,Tian DL,Yan WD,Kang WX,Fang HB(2002).Nutrient elements distribution and cycling in the second rotation Chinese Fir plantation at fast-growing stage.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,38(2),2-8.[项文化,田大伦,闫文德,康文星,方海波(2002).第2代杉木林速生阶段营养元素的空间分布特征和生物循环.林业科学,38(2),2-8.]
Xiao XC,Li ZH,Tang ZJ,Zeng Q,Wang HF(2013).Effects of stand density on nutrient cycling rate and use efficiency of Pinus elliottii plantation.Chinese Journal of Ecology,32,2871-2880.[肖兴翠,李志辉,唐作钧,曾琴,王海风(2013).林分密度对湿地松人工林养分循环速率和利用效率的影响.生态学杂志,32,2871-2880.]
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