空间碎片减缓策略分析及相关政策和标准综述
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摘要
文章在简述空间碎片环境现状及其危害的基础上,分析空间碎片减缓的主要策略,以及有关的法规、政策和标准。研究结果表明:当前的空间碎片减缓策略主要是"抑制增量",即尽可能减少新的空间碎片产生;国家层面、政府间组织、联合国等多个层级都出台了相应的法规和政策,为确保空间碎片减缓行动的具体落地实施提供了强制性保证;一系列的各层级标准为空间碎片减缓措施提供了可操作的、协调一致的、国际统一的经验做法,可直接用于指导工程实践。
In view of the current situation and the hazards of the space debris environment,this paper analyzes the main strategies of space debris mitigation,and the related regulations,policies and standards.It is shown that the current space debris mitigation strategy mainly relies on"the suppression of the increment",that is,to minimize the number of newly-generated space debris.The corresponding regulations and policies,for the mandatory assurance for the implementation of space debris mitigation actions,have been issued at various levels,from the national level,to the intergovernmental organizations,and up to the United Nations.A series of standards embody exercisable,coordinated,and internationally harmonized experiences for the space debris mitigation measures that can be applied directly to guide the engineering practices.
In view of the current situation and the hazards of the space debris environment,this paper analyzes the main strategies of space debris mitigation,and the related regulations,policies and standards.It is shown that the current space debris mitigation strategy mainly relies on"the suppression of the increment",that is,to minimize the number of newly-generated space debris.The corresponding regulations and policies,for the mandatory assurance for the implementation of space debris mitigation actions,have been issued at various levels,from the national level,to the intergovernmental organizations,and up to the United Nations.A series of standards embody exercisable,coordinated,and internationally harmonized experiences for the space debris mitigation measures that can be applied directly to guide the engineering practices.
引文
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[3]NASA.Orbital debris quarterly news[R/OL].[2018-06-30].https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv22i1.pdf
[4]Support to the IADC space debris mitigation guidelines:IADC-04-06,Rev 5.5[R].Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee(IADC),2014
[5]陈凌云,樊宏图,陈亮.空间碎片减缓措施研究[J].装备指挥技术学院学报,2009,20(2):64-68CHEN L Y,FAN H T,CHEN L.Research on space debris mitigation measures[J].Journal of the Academy of Equipment Command&Technology,2009,20(2):64-68
[6]汪轶俊,古艳峰,唐明亮.长征四号乙/丙运载火箭末级空间碎片减缓技术研究与应用[J].上海航天,2017,34(6):1-6WANG Y J,GU Y F,TANG M L.Research and application of space debris mitigation technology for orbital stage of CZ-4B/4C launch vehicle[J].Aerospace Shanghai,2017,34(6):1-6
[7]苏惠芳.规制空间碎片致损责任之国际制度分析[J].北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版),2015,28(2):36-43SU H F.Analyzing the sources of international law of liability for damage caused by space debris[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics(Social Sciences Edition),2015,28(2):36-43
[8]冯国栋.空间碎片减控国际法律规则研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版),2014,27(1):31-34FENG G D.Study on international legal system on reduction and control of space debris[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics(Social Sciences Edition),2014,27(1):31-34
[9]王国语.空间碎片国际机制发展趋势分析[J].航天器环境工程,2015,32(2):147-151WANG G Y.Analysis of the international consultation mechanism for space debris and its development[J].Spacecraft Environment Engineering,2015,32(2):147-151
[10]SENECHAL T.Orbital debris:drafting,negotiating,implementing a convention[D].Boston:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2007:48-55
[11]Report of the working group on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities:A/AC.105/2018/CRP.22/Rev.1[R].UN’s Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space,2018
[12]NASA.Process for limiting orbital debris:NASA-STD-8719.14[S],2009-09-14
[13]JAXA.Space debris mitigation mechanism in Japan,the case of JAXA[C]//48th Session of UNCOPUOS,Legal Subcommittee.Vienna,2009
[14]CNES.Method and procedure space debris safety requirements:RNC-CNES-Q-40-512[S],1999-04-19
[15]Russian Space Agency.General requirements on Space Systems for the Mitigation of Human-produced near-Earth Space Pollution:GOST-P-52925-2008[S],2009
[16]ISO/TC20/SC14.Space systems:disposal of satellites operating at geosynchronous altitude:ISO 26872:2010[S]
[17]ISO/TC20/SC14.Space systems:space debris mitigation:ISO 24113:2011[S]
[18]BONNAL C.A brief historical overview of space debris mitigation rules[C]//Clean Space Industrial Days ESTEC.Noordwijk,The Netherlands,2016
[19]空间碎片减缓要求:GB/T 34513-2017[S].北京:中国国家标准化管理委员会,2017-10-31
[20]泉浩芳.从再入大气层的“长征七号”第二级开始,说一说空间碎片标准那些事儿[EB/OL].(2016-08-15)[2018-07-20].https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/h_BSAHXj0k3RVUV_Nz05ug