西方“城中厂”更新理论与实践综述研究
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摘要
二战以来,西方城市工厂面临转型,"城中厂"更新成为城市发展和学科交叉新的机遇和挑战。本文简述了70年来相关理论发展和实践探索,讨论其概念界定和产生机制,归纳出重建-翻新-再开发-再生-复兴五个阶段更新模式,并对更新特征和类型进行了梳理。文中重点分析了"工业遗址再开发""填充式更新设计""工业遗产建筑适应性再利用""废景理论"四种不同视角的"城中厂"更新方法,最后总结了均衡发展策略,这对中国"城中厂"更新发展也有借鉴意义。
The urban factories in western cities have been faced transformation since World War II. The regeneration of "Downtown Factories" has become new opportunities as well as challenges for urban development and interdisciplinary research. This paper briefly describes their theoretic and practical development in the last 70 years, discusses relevant definition and formation mechanism, summaries five regeneration modes of Reconstruction-Renewal-Redevelopment-Regeneration-Renaissance in different phases, and combs the regeneration characters and types. Furthermore, this paper focuses on analyzing 4 regeneration methodologies of "Redevelopment of industrial sites", "Infill as urban design", "Adaptive reuse of industrial heritage buildings", and "Urban drosscape"in diverse research perspectives. Finally concluding a balanced development strategies, in order to make a certain contribution for regeneration of Chinese "Downtown Factories".
The urban factories in western cities have been faced transformation since World War II. The regeneration of "Downtown Factories" has become new opportunities as well as challenges for urban development and interdisciplinary research. This paper briefly describes their theoretic and practical development in the last 70 years, discusses relevant definition and formation mechanism, summaries five regeneration modes of Reconstruction-Renewal-Redevelopment-Regeneration-Renaissance in different phases, and combs the regeneration characters and types. Furthermore, this paper focuses on analyzing 4 regeneration methodologies of "Redevelopment of industrial sites", "Infill as urban design", "Adaptive reuse of industrial heritage buildings", and "Urban drosscape"in diverse research perspectives. Finally concluding a balanced development strategies, in order to make a certain contribution for regeneration of Chinese "Downtown Factories".
引文
[1]阳建强,罗超.后工业化时期城市老工业区更新与再发展研究[J].城市规划,2011(4):80-84.
[2]刘伯英.城市工业地段更新的实施类型[J].建筑学报,2006(8):21-23.
[3]Ruskin College,Oxford.Some problem of urban and rural industry[M].Birmingham:Birmingham Printers,1917:1-5.
[4]Ken G.Cathcart.Old downtown San Francisco CA:historic sites&buildings[M].San Francisco,Calif,1949.
[5]方可.西方城市更新的发展历程及其启示[J].城市规划汇刊,1998(1):59-61+51.
[6]李振宇,孙淼.长三角地区“城中厂”的社区化更新技术体系研究导论[J].建筑学报,2017(8):82-88.
[7]潘聪林,韦亚平.“城中村”研究评述及规划政策建议[J].城市规划学刊,2009(2):96-101.
[8]乔尔·科特金著,王旭等译.全球城市史[J].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2010:121-122.
[9]肯尼思·弗兰姆普敦著.现代建筑:一部批判的历史[M].张钦楠等译.北京:新知三联书店,2012:13.
[10]Peter·Hall著,邹德慈等译.城市和区域规划[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008:18-20.
[11]刘易斯·芒福德著.城市文化[M].宋俊岭等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008:212-219.
[12]N.A.Richardson.Industrial problems[M].Chicago:Charles H.Kerr&Company,1911:9-10.
[13]NPA.Committee on Depressed Areas.Depressed industrial areas a national problem[M].Washington D.C.:National Planning Association,1957:1-4.
[14]Pittsburgh Population.(2018-06-12).R etrieved 2019-01-07.http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/pittsburgh/.
[15]Peter Eley&John Worthington.Industrial rehabilitation:The use of redundant buildings for small enterprises[M].London:the architectural press,1984:3-6.
[16]Chris Couch etc.(ED).Urban regeneration in Europe[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science,2003:19-22.
[17]James J.Connolly(ED).After the factory:Reinventing America’s industrial small cities[M].Lanham:Lexington Books,2010:1.
[18]EPA.Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation,and Liability Act of 1980[Z].Washington D.C.1980.
[19]Niall Kirkwood.Manufactured sites:rethinking the post-industrial landscape[M].Spon press,2001:5-6.
[20]Louis Bergeron.Industry,Architecture,and Engineering[M].New York:Harry N.Abrams,2000:271-279.
[21]James Douet(ED).Industrial Heritage Re-tooled:The TICCIH Guide to Industrial Heritage Conservation[M].Lancaster:Carnegie Publishing Limited,2012:125-128.
[22]Stefania Tonin&Margherita Turvani.Redeveloping industrial land:are contamination and remediation schemes affecting the price of industrial real estate properties?[J].Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,2014(07):1043-1065.
[23]Hilary Sigman.Environmental Liability and Redevelopment of Old Industrial Land[J].The Journal of Law&Economics,2010(2):289-306.
[24]刘伯英.工业建筑遗产保护发展综述[J].建筑学报,2012(1):12-17.
[25]Steven Tiesdell等著.城市历史街区的复兴[M].张玫英等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006:9-18,55.
[26]Gillian Darley.Factory[M].London:Reaktion,2003.
[27]Walter C.Kidney.Working places:The adaptive use of industrial buildings[M].Pittsburgh:Ober Park Associates,1976:3-5.
[28]Irene Curulli.The making and remaking of dismissed industrial sites[M].Alinea international,2014:13-18,53-54.
[29]佘高红,朱晨.欧美城市再生理论与实践的演变及启示[J].建筑师,2009(4):15-19+4.
[30]Peter Roberts&Hugh Sykes编.城市更新手册[M].叶齐茂,倪晓晖译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009:13.
[31]John Punter著.城市设计及英国城市复兴[M].孙璐等译.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2016:1-5.
[32]阳建强.西欧城市更新[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2012:31.
[33]Thomas Sharp.Exeter Phoenix:A plan for rebuilding[M].London,Pub.for the Exeter City Council by the Architectural Press,1946:108.
[34]肯尼思·弗兰姆普敦著.现代建筑:一部批判的历史[M].张钦楠等译.北京:新知三联书店,2012:345-347.
[35]Jane Jacobs著.美国大城市的死与生[M].金衡山译.北京:译林出版社,2006:6-10.
[36]Michael Rix.Industrial Archaeology[M].London:The historical association,1967:7-8.
[37]David Harvey.From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism:The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism[J].Geografiska Annaler.Series B,Human Geography Vol.71,No.1,The Roots of Geographical Change:1973 to the Present(1989):3-17.
[38]Jill Grant著.良好社区规划--新城市主义的理论与实践[M].叶齐茂,倪晓晖译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009:3,40.
[39]Richard Florida.The rise of the creative class:and how it’s transforming work,leisure,community and everyday life[M].New York:Basic Books,2002.
[40]孙淼,李振宇.都市内边缘滨水工业遗产更新设计策略研究--以费城海军码头为例[J].城市建筑,2017,22:26-29.
[41]Ann Markusen.Sticky Places in Slippery Space:A typology of Industrial Districts[J].Economic Geography,1996:293-313.
[42]Michael Stratton.Industrial buildings:Conservation and regeneration[M].London,E&FN Spon,2000:29-39,1,9.
[43]Stephanie W.Greenberg.Neighborhood Change,Racial Transition,and Work Location:Acase study of an Industrial City,Philadelphia 1880-1930[J].Journal of Urban History,1981:267-314.
[44]Besty Hunter Bradley.The Works:The industrial architecture of the United States[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1999:65-81.
[45]Carol Berens著.工业遗址的再开发利用:建筑师、规划师、开发商和决策者实用指南[M].吴小菁译.北京:电子工业出版社,2012.
[46]同[25].
[47]张松.城市建成遗产概念的生成及其启示[J].建筑遗产,2017(3):1-14.
[48]Edgar Jones.Industrial Architecture in Britain1750-1939[M].London:B.T.Batsford Ltd,1985.
[49]肖竞,曹珂.历史街区保护研究评述、技术方法与关键问题[J].城市规划学刊,2017(3):110-118.
[50]同[45].
[51]Nancey Green Leigh&Nathanael Z.Hoelzel.Smart Growth’s Blind Side:Sustainable Cities Need Productive Urban Industrial Land[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2012(01):87-103.
[52]Wayne Attoe&Donn Logan著.美国都市建筑--城市设计的触媒[M].王劭方译.台北:创兴出版社,1992:80-84.
[53]Mike Lydon&Anthony Gracia.Tactical Urbanism Short-term Action Long-term Change[M].Washington D.C.,Island Press,2012:2-3.
[54]同[42].
[55]Ja mes Corner.M ohsen M ostafavi&Ciro Najle(ED.).Landscape Urbanism:A Manual for the Machinic Landscape[M].London:Architectural Association,2003:58-63.
[56]Alan Berger.Drosscape:Wasting land in urban America[M].New York,Princeton Architectural Press,2006.
[57]同[45].
[58]CNU.Charter of New Urbanism[Z].Charlestone,1996.
[59]同[42].
[60]凯利香农.废景[J].世界建筑,2006(5):104-105.
[61]Peter Calthorpe.Downtown Development Strategies:Growth vision and implementation strategies for polycentric Southern California[R].Pasadena,CA,CNU,2005.
[62]孙淼,李振宇.从Loft到社区--上海中心城区“城中厂”居住化更新的特征[J].建筑遗产,2017(1):69-77.
[63]常青.思考与探索--旧城改造中的历史空间存续方式[J].建筑师,2014(4):27-34.
[64]丁凡,伍江.城市更新相关概念的演进及在当今的现实意义[J].城市规划学刊,2017(6):87-95.
[65]李振宇,朱怡晨.迈向共享建筑学[J].建筑学报,2017(12):60-65.
[2]刘伯英.城市工业地段更新的实施类型[J].建筑学报,2006(8):21-23.
[3]Ruskin College,Oxford.Some problem of urban and rural industry[M].Birmingham:Birmingham Printers,1917:1-5.
[4]Ken G.Cathcart.Old downtown San Francisco CA:historic sites&buildings[M].San Francisco,Calif,1949.
[5]方可.西方城市更新的发展历程及其启示[J].城市规划汇刊,1998(1):59-61+51.
[6]李振宇,孙淼.长三角地区“城中厂”的社区化更新技术体系研究导论[J].建筑学报,2017(8):82-88.
[7]潘聪林,韦亚平.“城中村”研究评述及规划政策建议[J].城市规划学刊,2009(2):96-101.
[8]乔尔·科特金著,王旭等译.全球城市史[J].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2010:121-122.
[9]肯尼思·弗兰姆普敦著.现代建筑:一部批判的历史[M].张钦楠等译.北京:新知三联书店,2012:13.
[10]Peter·Hall著,邹德慈等译.城市和区域规划[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008:18-20.
[11]刘易斯·芒福德著.城市文化[M].宋俊岭等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008:212-219.
[12]N.A.Richardson.Industrial problems[M].Chicago:Charles H.Kerr&Company,1911:9-10.
[13]NPA.Committee on Depressed Areas.Depressed industrial areas a national problem[M].Washington D.C.:National Planning Association,1957:1-4.
[14]Pittsburgh Population.(2018-06-12).R etrieved 2019-01-07.http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/pittsburgh/.
[15]Peter Eley&John Worthington.Industrial rehabilitation:The use of redundant buildings for small enterprises[M].London:the architectural press,1984:3-6.
[16]Chris Couch etc.(ED).Urban regeneration in Europe[M].Oxford:Blackwell Science,2003:19-22.
[17]James J.Connolly(ED).After the factory:Reinventing America’s industrial small cities[M].Lanham:Lexington Books,2010:1.
[18]EPA.Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation,and Liability Act of 1980[Z].Washington D.C.1980.
[19]Niall Kirkwood.Manufactured sites:rethinking the post-industrial landscape[M].Spon press,2001:5-6.
[20]Louis Bergeron.Industry,Architecture,and Engineering[M].New York:Harry N.Abrams,2000:271-279.
[21]James Douet(ED).Industrial Heritage Re-tooled:The TICCIH Guide to Industrial Heritage Conservation[M].Lancaster:Carnegie Publishing Limited,2012:125-128.
[22]Stefania Tonin&Margherita Turvani.Redeveloping industrial land:are contamination and remediation schemes affecting the price of industrial real estate properties?[J].Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,2014(07):1043-1065.
[23]Hilary Sigman.Environmental Liability and Redevelopment of Old Industrial Land[J].The Journal of Law&Economics,2010(2):289-306.
[24]刘伯英.工业建筑遗产保护发展综述[J].建筑学报,2012(1):12-17.
[25]Steven Tiesdell等著.城市历史街区的复兴[M].张玫英等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006:9-18,55.
[26]Gillian Darley.Factory[M].London:Reaktion,2003.
[27]Walter C.Kidney.Working places:The adaptive use of industrial buildings[M].Pittsburgh:Ober Park Associates,1976:3-5.
[28]Irene Curulli.The making and remaking of dismissed industrial sites[M].Alinea international,2014:13-18,53-54.
[29]佘高红,朱晨.欧美城市再生理论与实践的演变及启示[J].建筑师,2009(4):15-19+4.
[30]Peter Roberts&Hugh Sykes编.城市更新手册[M].叶齐茂,倪晓晖译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009:13.
[31]John Punter著.城市设计及英国城市复兴[M].孙璐等译.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2016:1-5.
[32]阳建强.西欧城市更新[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2012:31.
[33]Thomas Sharp.Exeter Phoenix:A plan for rebuilding[M].London,Pub.for the Exeter City Council by the Architectural Press,1946:108.
[34]肯尼思·弗兰姆普敦著.现代建筑:一部批判的历史[M].张钦楠等译.北京:新知三联书店,2012:345-347.
[35]Jane Jacobs著.美国大城市的死与生[M].金衡山译.北京:译林出版社,2006:6-10.
[36]Michael Rix.Industrial Archaeology[M].London:The historical association,1967:7-8.
[37]David Harvey.From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism:The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism[J].Geografiska Annaler.Series B,Human Geography Vol.71,No.1,The Roots of Geographical Change:1973 to the Present(1989):3-17.
[38]Jill Grant著.良好社区规划--新城市主义的理论与实践[M].叶齐茂,倪晓晖译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009:3,40.
[39]Richard Florida.The rise of the creative class:and how it’s transforming work,leisure,community and everyday life[M].New York:Basic Books,2002.
[40]孙淼,李振宇.都市内边缘滨水工业遗产更新设计策略研究--以费城海军码头为例[J].城市建筑,2017,22:26-29.
[41]Ann Markusen.Sticky Places in Slippery Space:A typology of Industrial Districts[J].Economic Geography,1996:293-313.
[42]Michael Stratton.Industrial buildings:Conservation and regeneration[M].London,E&FN Spon,2000:29-39,1,9.
[43]Stephanie W.Greenberg.Neighborhood Change,Racial Transition,and Work Location:Acase study of an Industrial City,Philadelphia 1880-1930[J].Journal of Urban History,1981:267-314.
[44]Besty Hunter Bradley.The Works:The industrial architecture of the United States[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1999:65-81.
[45]Carol Berens著.工业遗址的再开发利用:建筑师、规划师、开发商和决策者实用指南[M].吴小菁译.北京:电子工业出版社,2012.
[46]同[25].
[47]张松.城市建成遗产概念的生成及其启示[J].建筑遗产,2017(3):1-14.
[48]Edgar Jones.Industrial Architecture in Britain1750-1939[M].London:B.T.Batsford Ltd,1985.
[49]肖竞,曹珂.历史街区保护研究评述、技术方法与关键问题[J].城市规划学刊,2017(3):110-118.
[50]同[45].
[51]Nancey Green Leigh&Nathanael Z.Hoelzel.Smart Growth’s Blind Side:Sustainable Cities Need Productive Urban Industrial Land[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2012(01):87-103.
[52]Wayne Attoe&Donn Logan著.美国都市建筑--城市设计的触媒[M].王劭方译.台北:创兴出版社,1992:80-84.
[53]Mike Lydon&Anthony Gracia.Tactical Urbanism Short-term Action Long-term Change[M].Washington D.C.,Island Press,2012:2-3.
[54]同[42].
[55]Ja mes Corner.M ohsen M ostafavi&Ciro Najle(ED.).Landscape Urbanism:A Manual for the Machinic Landscape[M].London:Architectural Association,2003:58-63.
[56]Alan Berger.Drosscape:Wasting land in urban America[M].New York,Princeton Architectural Press,2006.
[57]同[45].
[58]CNU.Charter of New Urbanism[Z].Charlestone,1996.
[59]同[42].
[60]凯利香农.废景[J].世界建筑,2006(5):104-105.
[61]Peter Calthorpe.Downtown Development Strategies:Growth vision and implementation strategies for polycentric Southern California[R].Pasadena,CA,CNU,2005.
[62]孙淼,李振宇.从Loft到社区--上海中心城区“城中厂”居住化更新的特征[J].建筑遗产,2017(1):69-77.
[63]常青.思考与探索--旧城改造中的历史空间存续方式[J].建筑师,2014(4):27-34.
[64]丁凡,伍江.城市更新相关概念的演进及在当今的现实意义[J].城市规划学刊,2017(6):87-95.
[65]李振宇,朱怡晨.迈向共享建筑学[J].建筑学报,2017(12):60-65.