生物气成因机制与勘探前景
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摘要
生物气即生物成因气,指的是在厌氧条件下,沉积有机质被厌氧细菌进行生物化学降解产生的气体。生物成因气生成主要有两种途径,乙酸盐发酵和CO_2还原,以后者为主要途径。生物气生成的主要控制因素是甲烷菌的存在以及碳水化合物的供应,另外还受盐度、温度以及pH值的影响。生物成因气的特征为甲烷的含量在90%以上,重烃、氮气和二氧化碳含量较低,δ~(13)C_1值较低,并常富含轻碳同位素~(12)C。世界上所有的生物成因气藏都分布在具有一定规模未成熟源岩的盆地中,尤其是较新盆地,生物气的勘探范围已由陆地向海域扩展,勘探领域也不再局限于狭义的传统生物气。我国生物气资源量丰富,在东部各中、新生代盆地以及许多西部盆地都钻遇了生物气藏,具有良好的勘探前景。
Biogenic gas is a kind of gas produced by microorganisms in anaerobic environment, and it is the final product of the degradation of organic matter. There are two ways of the biogenic gases production, including acetate fermentation and carbon dioxide reduction, and the latter is the main production method. The formation process of biogenic gas is controlled by the existence of methane bacteria and the supply of carbohydrates, and influenced by temperature, salinity, and pH. The biogenic gas comprises high methane content(over 90%), low content of heavy hydrocarbon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, as well as δ~(13) C_1, and the biogenic gas is often rich in light carbon isotopes ~(12) C. Almost all the biogenic gas reservoirs are situated in the basins with immature source rock, especially new basins. The exploration areas have been extended from land to sea, and the exploration fields are no longer limited to narrow sense of traditional biological gas. The biogenic gas resources are abundant in China, gas reservoirs have been discovered in Cenozoic and Mesozoic basin in Eastern China as well as some Western, and their exploration potential is encouraging.
Biogenic gas is a kind of gas produced by microorganisms in anaerobic environment, and it is the final product of the degradation of organic matter. There are two ways of the biogenic gases production, including acetate fermentation and carbon dioxide reduction, and the latter is the main production method. The formation process of biogenic gas is controlled by the existence of methane bacteria and the supply of carbohydrates, and influenced by temperature, salinity, and pH. The biogenic gas comprises high methane content(over 90%), low content of heavy hydrocarbon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, as well as δ~(13) C_1, and the biogenic gas is often rich in light carbon isotopes ~(12) C. Almost all the biogenic gas reservoirs are situated in the basins with immature source rock, especially new basins. The exploration areas have been extended from land to sea, and the exploration fields are no longer limited to narrow sense of traditional biological gas. The biogenic gas resources are abundant in China, gas reservoirs have been discovered in Cenozoic and Mesozoic basin in Eastern China as well as some Western, and their exploration potential is encouraging.
引文
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[21]简阔.低阶煤生物成因气与热成因气模拟及其结构演化研究[D].中国矿业大学,2016.
[22]张晓宝,徐自远,段毅,等.柴达木三湖地区第四系生物气的形成途径与运聚方式[J].地质论评,2003,49(2):168-174.
[23]Head I M,Jones D M,Larter S R.Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil[J].Nature,2003,426:344-352.
[24]李本亮,王明明,冉启贵,等.地层水含盐度对生物气运聚成藏的作用[J].天然气工业,2003,23(5):16-20.
[25]周翥虹,周瑞年,管志强.柴达木盆地东部第四系气源岩地化特征与生物气前景[J].石油勘探与开发,1994,21(2):30-36.
[26]Etiope G,Martinelli G.Migration of carrier and trace gases in the geosphere:an overview[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2002,129(3):185-204.
[27]刘若冰.浅层生物气特征、成藏条件与富集规律研究[D].成都理工大学,2007.
[28]冯福闿,王庭斌,张士亚,等.中国天然气地质[M].北京:地质出版社.1995,237-335.
[29]林春明,卓弘春,李广月,等.杭州湾地区浅层生物气资源量计算及其地质意义[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(6):823-830.
[2]徐永昌.天然气成因理论及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.
[3]Rice D D,Claypool G E.Generation,accumulation,and resource potential of biogenic gas[J].AAPG Bulletin,1981,65:5-25.
[4]高阳,金强,等,渤海湾盆地生物成因类型与成藏条件[J].天然气地球科学,2011,22(3):407-415.
[5]Lindsay N G,Murphy F C,Walsh J J,et al.Outcrop studiesof shale smears on fault surfaces[A].In Flint S S,Bryant ID.The Geological Modeling of Hydrocarbon Reservoir and Outcrop Analogues[C].International Association of sedi-mentologists,Special Publication,1993,15:113-123.
[6]邹才能,王兆云,徐冠军,等.松辽盆地西斜坡稠油特征及成因[J].沉积学报,2004,22(4):700-706.
[7]张水昌,赵文智,李先奇,等,生物气研究新进展与勘探策略[J].石油勘探与开发.2005,32(4):90-97.
[8]Larter S R,Bowler F J,Li M et al.Molecular indicators of secondary oil migration distances[J].Nature,1996,383:593-597.
[9]王政军,朱光有,金强,等.原油降解气特征及判识指标[J].天然气工业,2007.
[10]Heider J,Spormann A M,Belle H R,et al.An-aerobic bacterial metabolism of hydrocarbons[J].FEMS Microbiology Reviews,1999,22:459-473.
[11]Anderson R T,Lovley D R.Hexadecane decay by methanogenesis[J].Nature,2000,404:722-723.
[12]Meredith W,Kelland S J,Jones D M.Influence of biodegradation on crude oil acidity and carboxylic acid composition[J].Organic Geochemistry,2000,31(11):1059-1073.
[13]Palmer S E,Macko,S.A.&Engel,M.H.In Organic Geochemistry[M].Plenum New York,1993:511-534.
[14]王大锐,宋岩.碳同位素在生物气勘探中的示踪作用[J].石油勘探与开发,1992,19(4):47-51.
[15]England W A,Mackenzie A S,Mann D M,et al.The movement and entrapment of petroleum fluids in the subsurface[J].Journal of the Geological Society,London,1987,144:327-347.
[16]Pepper A,Santiago C.Impact of biodegradation on petroleum exploration and production,Observations and outstanding problems[C].Paper presented at the Earth Systems Processes conference,Geological Society of London,Geological Society of America,Edinburgh,2001:24-28.
[17]Connan J,Brooks J,Welte D H.In Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry[M].1984(1):299~335.
[18]Blair N.Theδ13C of biogenic methane in marine sediments:The influence of Corgdeposition rate[J].Chemical Geology,1998,152:139-150.
[19]黄海平.次生生物气的形成及其地球化学特征[A].中国地质学会石油地质专业委员会.第十届全国有机地球化学学术会议论文摘要汇编[C].中国地质学会石油地质专业委员会,2005:2.
[20]李豫源,查明,高长海,王兴谋,张云银,崔炜霞,王延鹏.济阳坳陷三合村洼陷浅层天然气成因分析[J].中国矿业大学学报,2017,46(02):388-396.
[21]简阔.低阶煤生物成因气与热成因气模拟及其结构演化研究[D].中国矿业大学,2016.
[22]张晓宝,徐自远,段毅,等.柴达木三湖地区第四系生物气的形成途径与运聚方式[J].地质论评,2003,49(2):168-174.
[23]Head I M,Jones D M,Larter S R.Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil[J].Nature,2003,426:344-352.
[24]李本亮,王明明,冉启贵,等.地层水含盐度对生物气运聚成藏的作用[J].天然气工业,2003,23(5):16-20.
[25]周翥虹,周瑞年,管志强.柴达木盆地东部第四系气源岩地化特征与生物气前景[J].石油勘探与开发,1994,21(2):30-36.
[26]Etiope G,Martinelli G.Migration of carrier and trace gases in the geosphere:an overview[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2002,129(3):185-204.
[27]刘若冰.浅层生物气特征、成藏条件与富集规律研究[D].成都理工大学,2007.
[28]冯福闿,王庭斌,张士亚,等.中国天然气地质[M].北京:地质出版社.1995,237-335.
[29]林春明,卓弘春,李广月,等.杭州湾地区浅层生物气资源量计算及其地质意义[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(6):823-830.