全球消除疟疾进展及面临的挑战
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摘要
近年来,全球疟疾防控成效显著,流行范围逐渐缩小,但疟疾死亡人数居高不下、发病数甚至有所回升,消除疟疾工作停滞不前。其主要原因是疟疾监测与响应体系不够健全、抗疟药物敏感性下降、杀虫剂抗性扩散和经费投入减少等。本文介绍了当前全球消除疟疾进展和面临的挑战,梳理了当前消除疟疾的策略和主要干预措施,并提出相应的应对策略。
Recently,the global malaria control has achieved remarkable results,and the epidemic map of malaria has gradually shrinked.However,in the past two years,the number of malaria deaths remained at a high level,and the incidence of malaria has even risen,leading to the stagnant of malaria elimination.The main reasons include lacking of the well monitoring and response system,sensitivity declining of antimalarial drugs,the spread of insecticide resistance,and the reduction of financial support.This paper introduces the progress and challenges of global malaria elimination,summarizes the current strategies and major interventions,and provides the corresponding response.
Recently,the global malaria control has achieved remarkable results,and the epidemic map of malaria has gradually shrinked.However,in the past two years,the number of malaria deaths remained at a high level,and the incidence of malaria has even risen,leading to the stagnant of malaria elimination.The main reasons include lacking of the well monitoring and response system,sensitivity declining of antimalarial drugs,the spread of insecticide resistance,and the reduction of financial support.This paper introduces the progress and challenges of global malaria elimination,summarizes the current strategies and major interventions,and provides the corresponding response.
引文
[1]World Health Organization.World malaria report 2018[R].Geneva:WHO Press,2018:1-7.
[2]Feng J,Zhang L,Huang F,et al.Ready for malaria elimination:zero indigenous case reported in the People.s Republic of China[J].Malar J,2018,17(1):315.
[3]The malERA Refresh Consultative Panel on Tools for Malaria Elimination.malERA:an updated research agenda for diagnostics,drugs,vaccines,and vector control in malaria elimination and eradication[J].PLoS Med,2017,14(11):e1002455.
[4]World Health Organizaiton.World malaria report 2017[R].Geneva:WHO Press,2017:1-6.
[5]World Health Organizaiton.World malaria report 2016[R].Geneva:WHO Press,2016:1-6.
[6]World Health Organizaiton.World malaria report 2015[R].Geneva:WHO Press,2015:1-6.
[7]World Health Organizaiton.Global technical strategy for malaria2016-2030[R/OL].(2015-06)[2019-01].https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241564991/en/.
[8]A framework for malaria elimination[R/OL].(2017-03)[2019-01].https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241511988/en/.
[9]Neafsey DE,Juraska M,Bedford T,et al.Genetic diversity and protective efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine[J].N Engl JMed,2015,373(21):2025-2037.
[10]World Health Organizaiton.Guidelines for the treatment of malaria(Third edition)[R].Geneva:WHO Press,2015:10-12.
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[14]Shaffer JG,Doumbia SO,Ndiaye DA,et al.Development of a data collection and management system in West Africa:challenges and sustainability[J].Infect Dis Poverty,2018,7(1):125.
[15]Hamainza B,Killeen GF,Kamuliwo MA,et al.Comparison of a Mobile phone-based malaria reporting system with source participant register data for capturing spatial and temporal trends in epidemiological indicators of malaria transmission collected by community health workers in rural Zambia[J].Malar J,2014,13:489.
[16]Eskenazi B,Quiros-Alcala L,Lipsit JM,et al.mSpray:A mobile phone technology to improve malaria control efforts and monitor human exposure to malaria control pesticides in Limpopo,South Africa[J].Environ Int,2014,68:219-226.
[17]Iwagami M,Nakatsu M,Khattignavong P,et al.Heterogeneous distribution of k13 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum in Laos[J].Malar J,2018,17(1):483.
[18]Nyunt MH,Soe MT,Myint HW,et al.Clinical and molecular surveillance of artemisinin resistant falciparum malaria in Myanmar(2009-2013)[J].Malar J,2017,16(1):333.
[19]World Health Organizaiton.Emergency response to artemisinin resistance in the Greater Mekong subregion.Regional framework for action 2013-2015[R/OL].(2013-04)[2019-01].https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241505321/en/.
[20]Imwong M,Suwannasin K,Kunasol CA,et al.The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the Greater Mekong subregion:a molecular epidemiology observational study[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2017,17(5):491-497.
[21]Das S,Saha B,Hati AK,et al.Evidence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in eastern India[J].N Engl J Med,2018,379(20):1962-1964.
[22]Lu F,Culleton R,Zhang M,et al.Emergence of indigenous artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Africa[J].N Engl J Med,2017,376(10):991-993.
[23]Amaratunga C,Lim P,Suon S,et al.Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia:a multisite prospective cohort study[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2016,16(3):357-365.
[24]Andriopoulos P,Economopoulou A,Spanakos G,et al.A local outbreak of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Laconia,Greece-a re-emerging infection in the southern Borders of Europe?[J].Int J Infect Dis,2013,17(2):e125-e128.
[2]Feng J,Zhang L,Huang F,et al.Ready for malaria elimination:zero indigenous case reported in the People.s Republic of China[J].Malar J,2018,17(1):315.
[3]The malERA Refresh Consultative Panel on Tools for Malaria Elimination.malERA:an updated research agenda for diagnostics,drugs,vaccines,and vector control in malaria elimination and eradication[J].PLoS Med,2017,14(11):e1002455.
[4]World Health Organizaiton.World malaria report 2017[R].Geneva:WHO Press,2017:1-6.
[5]World Health Organizaiton.World malaria report 2016[R].Geneva:WHO Press,2016:1-6.
[6]World Health Organizaiton.World malaria report 2015[R].Geneva:WHO Press,2015:1-6.
[7]World Health Organizaiton.Global technical strategy for malaria2016-2030[R/OL].(2015-06)[2019-01].https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241564991/en/.
[8]A framework for malaria elimination[R/OL].(2017-03)[2019-01].https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241511988/en/.
[9]Neafsey DE,Juraska M,Bedford T,et al.Genetic diversity and protective efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine[J].N Engl JMed,2015,373(21):2025-2037.
[10]World Health Organizaiton.Guidelines for the treatment of malaria(Third edition)[R].Geneva:WHO Press,2015:10-12.
[11]World Health Organizaiton.Malaria surveillance,monitoring&evaluation:a reference manual[R/OL].(2018-03)[2019-01].https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241565578/en/.
[12]Cao J,Sturrock HJ,Cotter C,et al.Communicating and monitoring surveillance and response activities for malaria elimination:Chinas"1-3-7"strategy[J].PLoS Med,2014,11(5):e1001642.
[13]曹俊,周水森,周华云,等.中国疟疾从控制走向消除--消除阶段的目标策略和措施[J].中国血吸虫病防治杂志,2013,25(5):439-443.
[14]Shaffer JG,Doumbia SO,Ndiaye DA,et al.Development of a data collection and management system in West Africa:challenges and sustainability[J].Infect Dis Poverty,2018,7(1):125.
[15]Hamainza B,Killeen GF,Kamuliwo MA,et al.Comparison of a Mobile phone-based malaria reporting system with source participant register data for capturing spatial and temporal trends in epidemiological indicators of malaria transmission collected by community health workers in rural Zambia[J].Malar J,2014,13:489.
[16]Eskenazi B,Quiros-Alcala L,Lipsit JM,et al.mSpray:A mobile phone technology to improve malaria control efforts and monitor human exposure to malaria control pesticides in Limpopo,South Africa[J].Environ Int,2014,68:219-226.
[17]Iwagami M,Nakatsu M,Khattignavong P,et al.Heterogeneous distribution of k13 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum in Laos[J].Malar J,2018,17(1):483.
[18]Nyunt MH,Soe MT,Myint HW,et al.Clinical and molecular surveillance of artemisinin resistant falciparum malaria in Myanmar(2009-2013)[J].Malar J,2017,16(1):333.
[19]World Health Organizaiton.Emergency response to artemisinin resistance in the Greater Mekong subregion.Regional framework for action 2013-2015[R/OL].(2013-04)[2019-01].https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241505321/en/.
[20]Imwong M,Suwannasin K,Kunasol CA,et al.The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the Greater Mekong subregion:a molecular epidemiology observational study[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2017,17(5):491-497.
[21]Das S,Saha B,Hati AK,et al.Evidence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in eastern India[J].N Engl J Med,2018,379(20):1962-1964.
[22]Lu F,Culleton R,Zhang M,et al.Emergence of indigenous artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Africa[J].N Engl J Med,2017,376(10):991-993.
[23]Amaratunga C,Lim P,Suon S,et al.Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia:a multisite prospective cohort study[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2016,16(3):357-365.
[24]Andriopoulos P,Economopoulou A,Spanakos G,et al.A local outbreak of autochthonous Plasmodium vivax malaria in Laconia,Greece-a re-emerging infection in the southern Borders of Europe?[J].Int J Infect Dis,2013,17(2):e125-e128.