兰州市采暖期空气质量特征及污染源分析
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摘要
基于2016年兰州市采暖期采集的气溶胶样品的水溶性离子系列分析,对兰州市大气污染特征及其主控因素和来源进行了深入探讨.结果表明,近年来兰州市大气中,NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)和NH_4~+是兰州市冬季气溶胶样品中主要的离子成分,占到总离子浓度的88.12%,以人为污染源排放污染物的二次转化为主,其中NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)近年来有增加趋势.对兰州市污染物及离子来源分析发现兰州市冬季二次污染比较严重,机动车排放污染物所占比重增大.冬季到达兰州市的气团以武威-兰州为首;腾格里沙漠和黄土高原西南部是冬季PM_(10)污染的主要贡献源区,兰州市自身和白银市是NO_2污染的主要贡献源区.整体来看,兰州市空气质量有了很大的改善,NO_2、PM_(10)是目前最需要解决的两大污染问题.
Based on the analysis of aerosol samples collected during heating period in Lanzhou City in 2016,the characteristics of atmospheric pollution and its main controlling factors and sources were discussed.The results show that the main ionic components in the winter were NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),Ca~(2+)and NH_4~+,accounting for 88.12%of the total ion concentration.The secondary transformation of pollutants from anthropogenic sources was the main factor.NO_3~-and Ca~(2+)have been increasing in recent years.Based on three-phase clustering and the analysis of potential sources of pollutants,it was found that the secondary pollution was serious in the winter in Lanzhou,and the proportion of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles increased.The air mass arriving in Lanzhou was led by WuweiLanzhou.Tenggri desert and southwestern of Loess Plateau were the main sources of PM_(10)pollution in winter.Lanzhou City and Baiyin City were the main sources of NO_2pollution.Overall,the air quality of Lanzhou has greatly improved.
Based on the analysis of aerosol samples collected during heating period in Lanzhou City in 2016,the characteristics of atmospheric pollution and its main controlling factors and sources were discussed.The results show that the main ionic components in the winter were NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),Ca~(2+)and NH_4~+,accounting for 88.12%of the total ion concentration.The secondary transformation of pollutants from anthropogenic sources was the main factor.NO_3~-and Ca~(2+)have been increasing in recent years.Based on three-phase clustering and the analysis of potential sources of pollutants,it was found that the secondary pollution was serious in the winter in Lanzhou,and the proportion of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles increased.The air mass arriving in Lanzhou was led by WuweiLanzhou.Tenggri desert and southwestern of Loess Plateau were the main sources of PM_(10)pollution in winter.Lanzhou City and Baiyin City were the main sources of NO_2pollution.Overall,the air quality of Lanzhou has greatly improved.
引文
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[27]郭安可,郭照冰,张海潇,等.南京北郊冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子以及碳质组分特征分析[J].环境化学,2017,36(2):248-256.GUO A K,GUO Z B,ZHANG H X,et al. Analysis of water soluble ions and carbon component in PM2.5in the northern subueb of Nanjingin winter[J]. Environment Chemistry,2017,36(2):248-256(in Chinese).
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[30]陶燕.兰州市大气颗粒物理化特性及其对人群健康的影响[D].兰州:兰州大学,2009.TAN Y. Physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter and their impact on human health in Lanzhou[D]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2009(in Chinese).
[31]魏群,张宁,王建英,等.兰州市城区大气总悬浮微粒元素富集特征及污染来源研究[J].中国环境科学,1988,8(6):10-17.WEI Q,ZHANG N,WANG J Y,et al. Prelimimary investigation on the environment characteristics and the source of total suspendedparticle elements in air in Lanzhou urban area[J]. China Environmental Science,1988,8(6):10-1(in Chinese).
[32] CHU P C,CHEN Y,LU S,et al. Particulate air pollution in Lanzhou China[J]. Environment International,2008,34(5):698-713.
[2]潘小川.关注中国大气灰霾PM2.5对人群健康影响的新常态[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2015,47(3):377-379.PAN X C. Attention to the new normal of the effect of PM2.5in atmospheric haze on population health in China[J]. Journal of PekingUniversity(Health Sciences),2015,47(3):377-379(in Chinese).
[3]褚润,张国珍,谢红刚.兰州市大气污染成因分析[J].兰州交通大学学报,2006,25(4):59-62.CHU R,ZHANG G Z,XIE H G. Analysis of the cause of Lanzhou air pollution[J]. Journal of Lanzhou Jiaotong University(NaturalSciences),2006,25(4):59-62(in Chinese).
[4]张海峰.自然地理志[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1998.ZHANG H F. Physical geography[M]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University Press,1998(in Chinese).
[5]张镭,陈长和,李淑霞,等.兰州城市大气污染和可能的技术控制措施[J].环境科学研究,2000,13(4):18-21.ZHANG L,CHEN C X,LI S X,et al. Air pollution and potential control schemes in Lanzhou[J]. Research of Environment Sciences,2000,13(4):18-21(in Chinese).
[6]李天宇.甘肃:兰州大气防治成效明显,生态环境恶化趋势尚未得到根本遏制[J].中国环境监察,2017(4):22-23.LI T Y. Gansu:Lanzhou air control effect is obvious,ecological environment deterioration trend has not been fundamentally curbed[J].Environment Monitoring in China,2017(4):22-23(in Chinese).
[7]佚名.“兰州蓝”揭秘:不等大风抓作风[J].领导决策信息,2017(8):20-21.Anonymity.“Lanzhou Blue” unveils the Secret:the style of grasping without waiting for strong Wind[J]. Information for DecidersMagazine,2017(8):20-21(in Chinese).
[8] ARIMOTO R,DUCE R A,SAVOIE D L,et al. Relationships among aerosol constituents from Asia and the North Pacific during PEM-WestA[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1996,101(D1):2011-2024.
[9]赵中平,李忠勤.离子色谱法测定大气气溶胶中的可溶性离子[J].现代科学仪器,2004(5):46-49.ZHAO Z P,LI Z Q. Determination of soluble ions in atmospheric aerosol by ion chromatography[J]. China Academic Journal ElectronicPublishing House,2004(5):46-49(in Chinese).
[10] WANG Y Q,ZHANG X Y,DRAXLER R R. Traj Stat:GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identifypotential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J]. Environmental Modelling and Software,2009,24(8):938-939.
[11]朱书慧,周敏,乔利平,等. 2015年12月气流轨迹对长三角区域细颗粒物浓度和分布的影响[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(12):4285-4294.ZHU S H,ZHOU M,QIAO L P,et al. Impact of the air mass trajectories on PM2.5concentrations and distribution in the Yangtze RiverDelta in December 2015[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(12):4285-4294(in Chinese).
[12]郭倩,汪嘉杨,周子航,等.成都市一次典型空气重污染过程特征及成因分析[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(2):629-639.GUO Q,WANG J Y,ZHOU Z H,et al. Characteristics and reason analysis of a typical heavy air pollution event in Chengdu[J]. ActaScientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(2):629-639(in Chinese).
[13]张近扬,宋韶华,许睿,等.基于后向气团轨迹的区域大气污染颗粒物来源分析[J].中国环境监测,2017,33(2):43-46.ZHANG J Y,SONG S H,XU R,et al. Source of airborne particulate matter in Guilin based on backward trajectory model[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2017,33(2):43-46(in Chinese).
[14] HOPKE P K,GAO N,CHENG M D. Combining chemical and meteorological data to infer source areas of airborne pollutants[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,1993,19(2):187-199.
[15] ZENG Y,HOPKE P K. A study of the sources of acid precipitation in Ontario,Canada[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1989,23(7):1499-1509.
[16]张磊,金莲姬,朱彬,等. 2011年6-8月平流输送对黄山顶污染物浓度的影响[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(6):969-978.ZHANG L,JIN L J,ZHU B,et al. The influence of advective transport on the concentration of pollutants at the top of mountain Huangshanfrom June to August,2011[J]. China Environment Science,2013,33(6):969-978(in Chinese).
[17]陶俊,陈刚才,钟昌琴.重庆市大气TSP中水溶性无机离子的化学特征[J].中国环境监测,2006,22(6):71-74.TAO J,CHEN G C,ZHONG C Q. Chemical characteristics of water-soluble components in TSP over Chongqing[J]. EnvironmentMonitoring in China,2006,22(6):71-74(in Chinese).
[18] PARK S S,ONDOV J M,HARRISON D,et al. Seasonal and shorter-term variations in particulate atmospheric nitrate in Baltimore[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(11):2011-2020.
[19] DENG X L,SHI C E,WU B W,et al. Characteristics of the water-soluble components of aerosol particles in Hefei,China[J]. ActaScientiae Circumstantiae,2016,42(4):32-40.
[20] SEINFELD J H,PANDIS S N,NOONE K. Atmospheric chemistry and physics:From air pollution to climate change[J]. Physics Today,1998,51(10):88-90.
[21] WANG H,SHOOTER D. Water soluble ions of atmospheric aerosols in three New Zealand cities:Seasonal changes and sources[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(34):6031-6040.
[22]李利平.兰州市大气气溶胶水溶性离子污染特征研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2008.LI L P. Research on polluting characteristic of water-soluble ions in aerosol in Lanzhou City[D]. Lanzhou:Northwest Normal University,2008(in Chinese).
[23] ZHANG X Y,CAO J J,LI L M,et al. Characterization of atmospheric aerosol over Xi'an in the south margin of the loess plateau,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(26):4189-4199.
[24]张宁,李利平,董继元,等. 1990与2007年兰州冬季大气气溶胶中水溶性离子浓度比较[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(5):647-652.ZHANG N,LI L P,DONG J Y,et al. Comparative study of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Lanzhou in winter of 1990 and2007[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(5):647-652(in Chinese).
[25]牛武江,丁永福,刘烁,等.兰州市冬季大气气溶胶中水溶性离子浓度研究[J].甘肃科学学报,2013,25(1):65-67.NIU W J,DING Y F,LIU S,et al. Comparative study on the concentration of water-soluble ions atmospheric aerosols in Lanzhou in winters[J]. Journal of Gansu Sciences,2013,25(1):65-67(in Chinese).
[26]徐宏辉,王跃思,温天雪,等.北京大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布和垂直分布[J].环境科学,2007,28(1):14-19.XU H H,WANG Y S,WEN T X,et al. Size distributions and vertical distributions of water soluble ions of atmospheric aerosol in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2007,28(1):14-19(in Chinese).
[27]郭安可,郭照冰,张海潇,等.南京北郊冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子以及碳质组分特征分析[J].环境化学,2017,36(2):248-256.GUO A K,GUO Z B,ZHANG H X,et al. Analysis of water soluble ions and carbon component in PM2.5in the northern subueb of Nanjingin winter[J]. Environment Chemistry,2017,36(2):248-256(in Chinese).
[28]徐丽华.大气程辐射遥感影像与大气环境质量研究———以上海市为例[D].上海:华东师范大学,2005.XU L H. Air path radiation and atmospheric quality of Shanghai[D]. Shanghai:East China Normal University,2005(in Chinese).
[29]汪新,安兴琴.兰州市污染物排放及能源状况分析[J].甘肃科技,2006,22(10):5-8.WANG X,AN X Q. Analysis of pollutant emission and energy status in Lanzhou[J]. Gansu Science and Technology,2006,22(10):5-8(in Chinese).
[30]陶燕.兰州市大气颗粒物理化特性及其对人群健康的影响[D].兰州:兰州大学,2009.TAN Y. Physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter and their impact on human health in Lanzhou[D]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2009(in Chinese).
[31]魏群,张宁,王建英,等.兰州市城区大气总悬浮微粒元素富集特征及污染来源研究[J].中国环境科学,1988,8(6):10-17.WEI Q,ZHANG N,WANG J Y,et al. Prelimimary investigation on the environment characteristics and the source of total suspendedparticle elements in air in Lanzhou urban area[J]. China Environmental Science,1988,8(6):10-1(in Chinese).
[32] CHU P C,CHEN Y,LU S,et al. Particulate air pollution in Lanzhou China[J]. Environment International,2008,34(5):698-713.