从反思到实践:有机农业的发展历程与话语变迁回顾
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摘要
文章通过对有机农业发展历史的知识考古学梳理,回顾有关有机农业话语的变迁过程,以理解有机农业于当代社会的意义。研究发现,有机农业话语的发展共经历四个阶段。有机农业已从处于社会边缘的反思性农业实践,发展为全球范围内多主体参与的话语竞争场域。话语变迁的动力机制由时代背景决定,涉及各主体特定的话语实践与主体关系。只有充分理解"有机农业"相关话语的流变性与建构性,以及变动背后资本、国家和社会之间的复杂关系,才能在面对这一舶来概念时保持冷静。
Taking Michel Foucault's notion of an archaeology of knowledge as a model,this paper attempts to explore the social meaning of organic farming in modern society,based on systematic review and analysis of related discourse. The study reveals that the history of organic farming can be divided into four phases. Organic farming has grown from a marginalized reflexive agricultural practice to a discourse field with various stakeholders. The change of the discourse is caused by certain social background,which creates certain discourse as well as certain relationship among different stakeholders. After understanding the fact that the meaning of"organic"is constructive and variable,which is constructed by complex relationships among capital,state and society,we are able to keep calm in front of this"imported conception".
Taking Michel Foucault's notion of an archaeology of knowledge as a model,this paper attempts to explore the social meaning of organic farming in modern society,based on systematic review and analysis of related discourse. The study reveals that the history of organic farming can be divided into four phases. Organic farming has grown from a marginalized reflexive agricultural practice to a discourse field with various stakeholders. The change of the discourse is caused by certain social background,which creates certain discourse as well as certain relationship among different stakeholders. After understanding the fact that the meaning of"organic"is constructive and variable,which is constructed by complex relationships among capital,state and society,we are able to keep calm in front of this"imported conception".
引文
[1]Willer H,Lernoud J.The World of Organic Agriculture-Statistics and Emerging Trends 2017.Bonn:Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(Fi BL),Frick,and IFOAM-Organics International,2018
[2]孟凡乔.中国有机农业发展:贡献与启示.中国生态农业学报,2019(2):1-8
[3]米歇尔·福柯.知识考古学.马月,谢强,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003
[4]Pinker S.The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.3rd.New York:Houghton Mifflin,1996
[5]Paull J.Lord Northbourne,the Man Who Invented Organic Farming,a Biography.Journal of Organic System,2014(1):31-53
[6]Sansavini S,Wollesen J.Development of Organic Farming in Europe.Hort Technology,1991(2):276-281.
[7]Kuepper G.A Brief Overview of the History and Philosophy of Organic Agriculture.Poteau:Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture,2010
[8]Lockeretz W.Organic Farming:an International History.Trowbridge:Cromwell Press,2007
[9]Tanner C B,Simonson R W.Franklin Hiram King-Pioneer Scientist.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1993(1):286-292
[10]Heckman J.A History of Organic Farming:Transitions From Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program.Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2006(3):143-150
[11]Auyang S Y.Foundations of Complex-System Theories.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998
[12]Frost D.Deconstructing the Organic Movement.Organic Research 2002:Proceedings of the COR Conference.2002.UK:Aberystwyth University,2002
[13]Paull J.The Farm as Organism:The Foundational Idea of Organic Agriculture.Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania,2006(83):14-18
[14]Howard A.The War in the Soil.Emmaus,PA:Rodale Press,1946
[15]Scofield A M.Organic Farming-the Origin of the Name.Biological Agriculture&Horticulture,1986(1):1-5
[16]Heckman J.A History of Organic Farming:Transitions From Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program.Renewable Agriculture&Food Systems,2006(3):143-150
[17]Sullivan R K O.Compost and Consumption:Organic Farming,Food,and Fashion in American Culture,[Doctor degree]The University of Texas,2010
[18]Reed M.Fight the Future!How the Contemporary Campaigns of the Uk Organic Movement Have Arisen From their Composting of the Past.Sociologia Ruralis,2001(1):131-145
[19]Bear F E.Facts and Fancies About Fertilizer.Plant Food Journal,1947(1):1-6
[20]Truog E.The Organic Gardening Myth.Soil Survey Horizons,1963(1):12-19
[21]Ross E B.Malthusianism,Counterrevolution,and the Green Revolution.Organization&Environment,1998(4):446-450
[22]Treadwell D D,E.M D.From History to Science:A Brief History of Organic Horticulture in the United States.Hortscience,2003(5):1009-1014
[23]卡尔·博格斯.知识分子与现代性的危机.李俊,蔡海榕,译.南京:凤凰出版社,2006
[24]Kimbrell A.Fatal Harvest:The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture.Electronic Green Journal,2002(3):8185-8188
[25]王恩铭.美国反正统文化运动一嬉皮士文化研究.上海外国语大学博士学位论文,2008
[26]Thompson P.The Agrarian Vision.Journal of Agricultural&Environmental Ethics,2010(3):739-741
[27]迈克尔·波伦.杂食者的两难.邓子衿,译.北京:中信出版集团,2017
[28]高国荣.美国现代环保运动的兴起及其影响.南京大学学报(哲学.人文科学.社会科学版),2006(4):47-56
[29]Mergentime K.Organic Industry Comes Into its Own.Business,1995(1):22-35
[30]Foster C,Lampkin N.European Organic Production Statistics,1993-1996.Stuttgart:Universitt Hohenheim,1999
[31]Dabbert S,Hring A M,Zanoli R,et al.Organic Farming:Policies and Prospects.London:Zed Books,2004
[32]Michelsen J,Lynggaard K,Padel S,et al.Organic Farming Development and Agricultural Institutions in Europe:AStudy of Six Countries.Stuttgart:University of Hohenheim,2001
[33]Michelsen J.Recent Development and Political Acceptance of Organic Farming in Europe.Sociologia Ruralis,2001(1):3-20
[34]Tovey H.Food,Environmentalism and Rural Sociology:On the Organic Farming Movement in Ireland.Sociologia Ruralis,1997(1):21-37
[35]Moschitz H,Hrabalova A,Stolze M.Dynamics of Policy Networks.The Case of Organic Farming Policy in the Czech Republic.Journal of Environmental Policy&Planning,2016(4):406-425
[36]Louloudis L,Arahoviti E,Papadopoulos D.Interaction Between State and Non-State Actors in the Implementation of the CAP Agri-Environmental Measures.Springer Netherlands,2001
[37]Youngberg G,De Muth S P.Organic Agriculture in the United States:A 30-Year Retrospective.Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2013(4):294-328
[38]A W C,Walker R L,Stockdale E A.Research in Organic Production Systems-Past,Present and Future.The Journal of Agricultural Science,2008(1):1-19
[39]Campbell H,Liepins R.Naming Organics:Understanding Organic Standards in New Zealand as a Discursive Field.Sociologia Ruralis,2001(1):22-39
[40]Raynolds L T.The Globalization of Organic Agro-Food Networks.World Development,2004(5):725-743
[41]Arce A,Marsden T K.The Social Construction of International Food:A New Research Agenda.Economic Geography,1993(3):293-311
[42]Murdoch J,Marsden T,Banks J.Quality,Nature,and Embeddedness:Some Theoretical Considerations in the Context of the Food Sector.Economic Geography,2000(2):107-125
[43]Azadi H,Ho P.Genetically Modified and Organic Crops in Developing Countries:A Review of Options for Food Security.Biotechnology Advances,2010(1):160-168
[44]Halberg N,Sulser T B,Hghjensen H,et al.The Impact of Organic Farming On Food Security in a Regional and Global Perspective∥Global Development of Organic Agriculture:Challenges and Prospects.Wallingford:CABI Publishing,2006
[45]Thottathil S E.Incredible Kerala?A Political Ecological Analysis of Organic Agriculture in the“Model for Development”.[Doctor degree]University of California,Berkeley,2012
[46]Pacanoski Z.The Myth of Organic Agriculture.Plant Protection Science,2009(2):39-48
[47]Winne M.The Poor Get Diabetes,the Rich Get Local and Organic.2018-06-01/2018-6-1.https://www.alternet.org/story/72417/the_poor_get_diabetes%2C_the_rich_get_local_and_organic
[48]Arbenz M,Gould D,Stopes C.ORGANIC 3.0-the Vision of the Global Organic Movement and the Need for Scientific Support.Organic Agriculture,2017(3):1-9
[49]Luttikholt L W M.Principles of Organic Agriculture as Formulated by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements.Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,2007(4):347-360
[50]Ruck D,Getz C,Guthman J.From Farm to Table:The Organic Vegetable Commodity Chain of Northern California.Sociologia Ruralis,1997(1):3-20
[51]Kaltoft P.Organic Farming in Late Modernity:At the Frontier of Modernity or Opposing Modernity?Sociologia Ruralis,2001(1):146-158
(1)例如,George Kuepper通过对从1960年代开始的美国有机农业与运动的发展,梳理出一条有关有机的哲学思想发展的脉络; C. A. Watson则对过去与目前有机农业发展的态势上,对未来有机农业的发展进行了预测; D.McKinney等人则通过对有机农业技术发展的线形梳理,得出有机逐渐成为“科学”的结论。
(1)有机农业和可持续农业同属于替代性农业(alternative agriculture),但在具体操作和理念上有所不同。Garth Youngberg即在此处偷换了两者的概念。
(1)即国际有机农业运动联盟基础规则(IFOAM Basic Standards,IBS)。
(1)例如Fomsgaard Saki Ichihara在日本、丹麦,Thottathil Sapna Elizabeth在印度,Oelofse Myles,H Gh-Jensen Henning,Abreu Lucimar S.等在巴西和埃及,Cid-Aguayo Beatriz在智利,MoschitzHeidrun,Hrabalova Andrea,Stolze Matthias在捷克,Rohrer Rose Elizabeth在新墨西哥州,和Cheng Siu Kei在香港的调查。
[2]孟凡乔.中国有机农业发展:贡献与启示.中国生态农业学报,2019(2):1-8
[3]米歇尔·福柯.知识考古学.马月,谢强,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003
[4]Pinker S.The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.3rd.New York:Houghton Mifflin,1996
[5]Paull J.Lord Northbourne,the Man Who Invented Organic Farming,a Biography.Journal of Organic System,2014(1):31-53
[6]Sansavini S,Wollesen J.Development of Organic Farming in Europe.Hort Technology,1991(2):276-281.
[7]Kuepper G.A Brief Overview of the History and Philosophy of Organic Agriculture.Poteau:Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture,2010
[8]Lockeretz W.Organic Farming:an International History.Trowbridge:Cromwell Press,2007
[9]Tanner C B,Simonson R W.Franklin Hiram King-Pioneer Scientist.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1993(1):286-292
[10]Heckman J.A History of Organic Farming:Transitions From Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program.Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2006(3):143-150
[11]Auyang S Y.Foundations of Complex-System Theories.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998
[12]Frost D.Deconstructing the Organic Movement.Organic Research 2002:Proceedings of the COR Conference.2002.UK:Aberystwyth University,2002
[13]Paull J.The Farm as Organism:The Foundational Idea of Organic Agriculture.Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania,2006(83):14-18
[14]Howard A.The War in the Soil.Emmaus,PA:Rodale Press,1946
[15]Scofield A M.Organic Farming-the Origin of the Name.Biological Agriculture&Horticulture,1986(1):1-5
[16]Heckman J.A History of Organic Farming:Transitions From Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program.Renewable Agriculture&Food Systems,2006(3):143-150
[17]Sullivan R K O.Compost and Consumption:Organic Farming,Food,and Fashion in American Culture,[Doctor degree]The University of Texas,2010
[18]Reed M.Fight the Future!How the Contemporary Campaigns of the Uk Organic Movement Have Arisen From their Composting of the Past.Sociologia Ruralis,2001(1):131-145
[19]Bear F E.Facts and Fancies About Fertilizer.Plant Food Journal,1947(1):1-6
[20]Truog E.The Organic Gardening Myth.Soil Survey Horizons,1963(1):12-19
[21]Ross E B.Malthusianism,Counterrevolution,and the Green Revolution.Organization&Environment,1998(4):446-450
[22]Treadwell D D,E.M D.From History to Science:A Brief History of Organic Horticulture in the United States.Hortscience,2003(5):1009-1014
[23]卡尔·博格斯.知识分子与现代性的危机.李俊,蔡海榕,译.南京:凤凰出版社,2006
[24]Kimbrell A.Fatal Harvest:The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture.Electronic Green Journal,2002(3):8185-8188
[25]王恩铭.美国反正统文化运动一嬉皮士文化研究.上海外国语大学博士学位论文,2008
[26]Thompson P.The Agrarian Vision.Journal of Agricultural&Environmental Ethics,2010(3):739-741
[27]迈克尔·波伦.杂食者的两难.邓子衿,译.北京:中信出版集团,2017
[28]高国荣.美国现代环保运动的兴起及其影响.南京大学学报(哲学.人文科学.社会科学版),2006(4):47-56
[29]Mergentime K.Organic Industry Comes Into its Own.Business,1995(1):22-35
[30]Foster C,Lampkin N.European Organic Production Statistics,1993-1996.Stuttgart:Universitt Hohenheim,1999
[31]Dabbert S,Hring A M,Zanoli R,et al.Organic Farming:Policies and Prospects.London:Zed Books,2004
[32]Michelsen J,Lynggaard K,Padel S,et al.Organic Farming Development and Agricultural Institutions in Europe:AStudy of Six Countries.Stuttgart:University of Hohenheim,2001
[33]Michelsen J.Recent Development and Political Acceptance of Organic Farming in Europe.Sociologia Ruralis,2001(1):3-20
[34]Tovey H.Food,Environmentalism and Rural Sociology:On the Organic Farming Movement in Ireland.Sociologia Ruralis,1997(1):21-37
[35]Moschitz H,Hrabalova A,Stolze M.Dynamics of Policy Networks.The Case of Organic Farming Policy in the Czech Republic.Journal of Environmental Policy&Planning,2016(4):406-425
[36]Louloudis L,Arahoviti E,Papadopoulos D.Interaction Between State and Non-State Actors in the Implementation of the CAP Agri-Environmental Measures.Springer Netherlands,2001
[37]Youngberg G,De Muth S P.Organic Agriculture in the United States:A 30-Year Retrospective.Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2013(4):294-328
[38]A W C,Walker R L,Stockdale E A.Research in Organic Production Systems-Past,Present and Future.The Journal of Agricultural Science,2008(1):1-19
[39]Campbell H,Liepins R.Naming Organics:Understanding Organic Standards in New Zealand as a Discursive Field.Sociologia Ruralis,2001(1):22-39
[40]Raynolds L T.The Globalization of Organic Agro-Food Networks.World Development,2004(5):725-743
[41]Arce A,Marsden T K.The Social Construction of International Food:A New Research Agenda.Economic Geography,1993(3):293-311
[42]Murdoch J,Marsden T,Banks J.Quality,Nature,and Embeddedness:Some Theoretical Considerations in the Context of the Food Sector.Economic Geography,2000(2):107-125
[43]Azadi H,Ho P.Genetically Modified and Organic Crops in Developing Countries:A Review of Options for Food Security.Biotechnology Advances,2010(1):160-168
[44]Halberg N,Sulser T B,Hghjensen H,et al.The Impact of Organic Farming On Food Security in a Regional and Global Perspective∥Global Development of Organic Agriculture:Challenges and Prospects.Wallingford:CABI Publishing,2006
[45]Thottathil S E.Incredible Kerala?A Political Ecological Analysis of Organic Agriculture in the“Model for Development”.[Doctor degree]University of California,Berkeley,2012
[46]Pacanoski Z.The Myth of Organic Agriculture.Plant Protection Science,2009(2):39-48
[47]Winne M.The Poor Get Diabetes,the Rich Get Local and Organic.2018-06-01/2018-6-1.https://www.alternet.org/story/72417/the_poor_get_diabetes%2C_the_rich_get_local_and_organic
[48]Arbenz M,Gould D,Stopes C.ORGANIC 3.0-the Vision of the Global Organic Movement and the Need for Scientific Support.Organic Agriculture,2017(3):1-9
[49]Luttikholt L W M.Principles of Organic Agriculture as Formulated by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements.Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,2007(4):347-360
[50]Ruck D,Getz C,Guthman J.From Farm to Table:The Organic Vegetable Commodity Chain of Northern California.Sociologia Ruralis,1997(1):3-20
[51]Kaltoft P.Organic Farming in Late Modernity:At the Frontier of Modernity or Opposing Modernity?Sociologia Ruralis,2001(1):146-158
(1)例如,George Kuepper通过对从1960年代开始的美国有机农业与运动的发展,梳理出一条有关有机的哲学思想发展的脉络; C. A. Watson则对过去与目前有机农业发展的态势上,对未来有机农业的发展进行了预测; D.McKinney等人则通过对有机农业技术发展的线形梳理,得出有机逐渐成为“科学”的结论。
(1)有机农业和可持续农业同属于替代性农业(alternative agriculture),但在具体操作和理念上有所不同。Garth Youngberg即在此处偷换了两者的概念。
(1)即国际有机农业运动联盟基础规则(IFOAM Basic Standards,IBS)。
(1)例如Fomsgaard Saki Ichihara在日本、丹麦,Thottathil Sapna Elizabeth在印度,Oelofse Myles,H Gh-Jensen Henning,Abreu Lucimar S.等在巴西和埃及,Cid-Aguayo Beatriz在智利,MoschitzHeidrun,Hrabalova Andrea,Stolze Matthias在捷克,Rohrer Rose Elizabeth在新墨西哥州,和Cheng Siu Kei在香港的调查。