几种工程措施对黄土区陡峭边坡植被盖度的影响及其机理
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摘要
陡削以兰州新区的一段陡峭边坡作为试验地点,通过分析在植被重建初期经人工整地后形成的4种微地形(大圆形坑、小圆形坑、条形坑和原状坡面)的植被盖度特征及环境因子(土壤硬度和水分、地表和空气温度、坡位、无纺布)对植被盖度的影响,探寻能有效提高植被盖度的几种工程改造措施。研究表明:①铺设了无纺布坡面的植被盖度显著大于对照坡面;陡峭边坡不同坡位的植被盖度:下坡位>中坡位>上坡位(P <0. 05),这与自然坡面植被盖度分布规律一致。②3种微地形的植被盖度均显著大于陡峭坡面,其中条形坑的土壤水分和植被盖度最大,最大盖度维持的时间最长。③微地形和坡面的植被盖度均与土壤水分呈显著正相关,与空气温度、地表温度均呈显著负相关;微地形的土壤硬度(3 kg·cm~(-2))适宜植物生长,大于该值会对植被生长产生抑制作用;铺设无纺布有利于促进上坡位的植被生长,使坡面植被分布更均匀。研究结果表明,在陡峭边坡坡度、坡位和温度等无法改变的情况下,选择对压实的坡面进行整地翻耕处理,增加长条坑的数量并铺设无纺布等有效的工程改造措施,能显著增加植被盖度,促进植被恢复。
In this study,a section of steep slope in Lanzhou New Area was taken as the experimental site to analyze the characteristics of vegetation coverage over 4 kinds of micro-topography (long pit,small circular pit,large circular pit and original slope) formed after artificial land preparation at the early stage of vegetation reconstruction.Moreover,the environmental factors affecting vegetation coverage,including the soil hardness,soil moisture content,surface temperature,air temperature,slope position and slope covered with nonwovens,were also analyzed so as to look for several engineering measures to effectively improve the vegetation coverage. The results showed that: ①The vegetation coverage on the slope covered with nonwovens was significantly higher than that on the control slope,and the vegetation coverage at the different positions of steep slope was in an order of lower slope > middle slope >upper slope,which was consistent with the distribution of vegetation coverage on natural slope. ② The vegetation coverage over 3 kinds of micro-topography was significantly higher than that on the steep slopes,in which the vegetation coverage,soil moisture content and duration of maximum vegetation coverage over the long pit were the highest and longest. ③ The vegetation coverage over the micro-topography and slope was positively correlated with soil moisture content,but negatively correlated with air temperature and surface temperature. The soil hardness of microtopography at 3 kg·cm~(-2) was suitable for plant growth,and it would restrict the plant growth if it was higher than this value. It was conducive to the growth of vegetation on the upper slope if it was covered with nonwovens. The results above revealed that,under the conditions that the slope gradient,slope position and temperature of steep slope could not be changed,the vegetation coverage could be effectively promoted by some engineering measures,such as land preparation and tillage on compacted slope,increase of the number of long pits and covering of nonwovens.
In this study,a section of steep slope in Lanzhou New Area was taken as the experimental site to analyze the characteristics of vegetation coverage over 4 kinds of micro-topography (long pit,small circular pit,large circular pit and original slope) formed after artificial land preparation at the early stage of vegetation reconstruction.Moreover,the environmental factors affecting vegetation coverage,including the soil hardness,soil moisture content,surface temperature,air temperature,slope position and slope covered with nonwovens,were also analyzed so as to look for several engineering measures to effectively improve the vegetation coverage. The results showed that: ①The vegetation coverage on the slope covered with nonwovens was significantly higher than that on the control slope,and the vegetation coverage at the different positions of steep slope was in an order of lower slope > middle slope >upper slope,which was consistent with the distribution of vegetation coverage on natural slope. ② The vegetation coverage over 3 kinds of micro-topography was significantly higher than that on the steep slopes,in which the vegetation coverage,soil moisture content and duration of maximum vegetation coverage over the long pit were the highest and longest. ③ The vegetation coverage over the micro-topography and slope was positively correlated with soil moisture content,but negatively correlated with air temperature and surface temperature. The soil hardness of microtopography at 3 kg·cm~(-2) was suitable for plant growth,and it would restrict the plant growth if it was higher than this value. It was conducive to the growth of vegetation on the upper slope if it was covered with nonwovens. The results above revealed that,under the conditions that the slope gradient,slope position and temperature of steep slope could not be changed,the vegetation coverage could be effectively promoted by some engineering measures,such as land preparation and tillage on compacted slope,increase of the number of long pits and covering of nonwovens.
引文
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[2]刘世奇.植被护坡技术及综合防护体系研究[D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2004.[Liu Shiqi.Study on Bioengineering Tecniques for Slope Protection and Comprehensive Protection System[D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2004.]
[3]吴钦孝,杨文治.黄土高原植被建设与持续发展[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.[Wu Qinxiao,Yang Wenzhi.Vegetation Construction and Sustainable Development in the Loess Plateau[M].Beijing:Science Press,1998.]
[4]赵斌.高速公路人工边坡优势植物蒸腾耗水特征研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.[Zhao Bin.Research on Characteristics of Water Consumption of Dominant Plant Transpiration on the Highway Artificial Slope[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2013.]
[5]阿妮克孜·肉孜,张岩,何远梅,等.基于Quick Bird影像的黄土高原植被恢复差异[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(3):554-559.[Anikezi Rouzi,Zhang Yan,He Yuanmei,et al.Difference of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau based on QuickBird image[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(3):554-559.]
[6]莫宏伟,任志远.陕西关中地区植被指数变化多尺度分析[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(1):59-63.[Mo Hongwei,Ren Zhiyuan.Analysis on the change of NDVI in the Guanzhong region,Shaanxi Province[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(1):59-63.]
[7]刘鑫,满秀玲,陈立明,等.坡位对小叶杨人工林生长及土壤养分空间差异的影响[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(5):76-81.[Liu Xin,Man Xiuling,Chen Liming,et al.Effects of site condition on growth and spatial differences of soil nutrient in Populus simonii Carr.plantations[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(5):76-81.]
[8]Crave A,Gascuel-Odoux C.The influence of topography on time and space distribution of soil surface water content[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,11(2):203-210.
[9]甘淼,李同川,毛娜,等.黄土区坡沟系统容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量变化分析[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(2):315-324.[Gan Miao,Li Tongchuan,Mao Na,et al.Variation of soil bulk density,saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil moisture content in a slope-gully unit on the Northern Loess Plateau[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(2):315-324.]
[10]赵荟,朱清科,秦伟,等.黄土高原干旱阳坡微地形土壤水分特征研究[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(3):64-68.[Zhao Hui,Zhu Qingke,Qin Wei,et al.Soil moisture characteristics on microrelief of dry south-slope on the Loess Plateau[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(3):64-68.]
[11]Harrison S,Cornell H.Toward a better understanding of the regional causes of local community richness[J].Ecology Letters,2010,11(9):969-979.
[12]卢纪元,朱清科,陈文思,等.陕北黄土区植被特征对坡面微地形的响应[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(1):53-60.[Lu Jiyuan,Zhu Qingke,Chen Wensi,et al.Response of vegetation characteristics to slope micro-topography in loess area of North Shaanxi Province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(1):53-60.]
[13]卫伟,余韵,贾福岩,等.微地形改造的生态环境效应研究进展[J].生态学报,2013,33(20):6 462-6 469.[Wei Wei,Yu Yun,Jia Fuyan,et al.Research progress in the ecological effects of micro-landform modification[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(20):6 462-6 469.]
[14]张龙生,王建宏,尚立照.基于土地退化的甘肃省生态脆弱性评价研究[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(4):783-787.[Zhang Longsheng,Wang Jianhong,Shang Lizhao.Ecological vulnerability assessment based on land degradation data in Gansu Province[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(4):783-787.]
[15]朱恭,王万鹏.红砂种群自然更新与人工辅助恢复机理的初步研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,39(4):427-433.[Zhu Gong,Wang Wanpeng.A primary study on the mechanism of natural regeneration and artificial restoration of Reaumuria soongorica population[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2004,39(4):427-433.]
[16]周萍,刘国彬,侯喜禄.黄土丘陵区不同坡向及坡位草本群落生物量及多样性研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(1):67-73.[Zhou Ping,Liu Guobin,Hou Xilu.Biomass and species diversity of herbosa at different position and aspects of slope in the Hilly-gully Region of Loess Plateau[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,7(1):67-73.]
[17]裴娟,艾应伟,刘浩,等.坡面和坡向对遂渝铁路岩石边坡创面人工土壤植被恢复的影响[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(2):197-201.[Pei Juan,Ai Yingwei,Liu Hao,et al.Effects of slope posiion and aspect on vegetation restoration of excavated soil surface on Suiyu railway rock slope[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,29(2):197-201.]
[18]肖蓉,高照良,宋晓强,等.高速公路边坡植被特征分析及护坡模式优化研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(2):90-94.[Xiao Rong,Gao Zhaoliang,Song Xiaoqiang,et al.Analysis of vegetation features on slopes of expressway and study of slope protection model optimization[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(2):90-94.]
[19]张海,张立新,柏延芳,等.黄土峁状丘陵区坡地治理模式对土壤水分环境及植被恢复效应[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):108-113.[Zhang Hai,Zhang Lixin,Bo Yanfang,et al.Effects of management models in sloping fields on soil moisture and vegetation restoration in the hilly and gully regions of the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2007,23(11):108-113.]
[20]李萍.陕北黄土区两种整地植被恢复效果研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012.[Li Ping.The Effect of Vegetation Recovery of Two Kinds of Site Preparation in Northern Shaanxi Loess Area[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2012.]
[21]马红彬,沈艳,谢应忠,等.不同恢复措施对宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原植物群落特征的影响[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(1):200-206.[Ma Hongbin,Shen Yan,Xie Yingzhong,et al.Influence of different restoration measures on phytocoenose characteristics of typical steppe in hilly area of the Loess Plateau in Ningxia[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2013,22(1):200-206.]
[22]Bochet E,García-Fayos P.Factors controlling vegetation establishment and water erosion on motorway slopes in Valencia,Spain[J].Restoration Ecology,2010,12(2):166-174.
[23]杨晓娟,李春俭.机械压实对土壤质量、作物生长、土壤生物及环境的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(7):2 008-2 015.[Yang Xiaojuan,Li Chunjian.Impacts of mechanical compaction on soil properties,growth of crops,soil-borne organisms and environment[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(7):2 008-2 015.]
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