基于SST背景场的2016年中国台湾新北邻近海域6.2级地震卫星热红外异常研究
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摘要
本文以2016年5月31日中国台湾新北海域M_S 6.2级地震为例,基于2013—2016年的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)热红外卫星遥感数据,构建了震中附近海域的历年同期SST月背景场和季背景场.应用小波变换和计算相对功率谱提取了震前海域的热红外异常特征,并对其时空演变特征进行了分析.随后,从海域地震特点、海域地震历年SST背景场同化等问题进行了探讨.研究结果表明,此次海域地震热红外异常主要以连片状形式出现,增温异常大体上经历了无增温—微弱、分散增温—连片增温—增温幅度最大—消退几个阶段;震前6 d增温异常达到了最大范围和最大幅度,增温幅度最大值出现在热红外异常集中区域的边缘地区,在震后15 d内热红外增温异常现象逐渐消失;此外,热红外异常变化与区域的平均功率谱相对值有着很好的对应关系,异常区域的最大平均谱值幅度达到12倍,也为后续利用卫星热红外异常来识别海域地震提供了参考依据.
Taking the Taiwan, Xinbei's M_S 6.2 earthquake on May 31, 2016, this paper collected Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) thermal infrared satellite remote sensing data from 2013 to 2016 and constructed the monthly and quarterly SST background fields over the same period of the study area. Subsequently, the thermal infrared anomaly characteristics of the Xinbei's M_S 6.2 earthquake were extracted by using wavelet transform and calculating the relative power. At last, the aspects of seismic features in adjacent sea of China, assimilation of SST background fields over the same period in the sea area were discussed. The research results showed that the thermal anomaly had obvious temporal and spatial characteristics:(1) The shape of the thermal infrared anomaly zone was irregular, which mostly appeared in the form of flakes. The change process of thermal anomaly was divided into several stages, which were non-warming to slightly warming、decentralized warming to consecutive warming、expanding to peak and then disappear.(2) The thermal anomaly reached the maximum range and amplitude at the sixth day before the earthquake and the epicenter was in the edge of anomaly area. The anomaly zone began to shank after the earthquake and completely disappeared in 15 days.(3) The thermal infrared anomaly of the study area had a good correspondence with the relative average power spectrum,the magnitude of the relative variation was 12 times more than usual. So the temporal and spatial characteristics could provide a reference for the utilize of satellite thermal infrared anomalies to identify earthquake in the sea.
Taking the Taiwan, Xinbei's M_S 6.2 earthquake on May 31, 2016, this paper collected Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) thermal infrared satellite remote sensing data from 2013 to 2016 and constructed the monthly and quarterly SST background fields over the same period of the study area. Subsequently, the thermal infrared anomaly characteristics of the Xinbei's M_S 6.2 earthquake were extracted by using wavelet transform and calculating the relative power. At last, the aspects of seismic features in adjacent sea of China, assimilation of SST background fields over the same period in the sea area were discussed. The research results showed that the thermal anomaly had obvious temporal and spatial characteristics:(1) The shape of the thermal infrared anomaly zone was irregular, which mostly appeared in the form of flakes. The change process of thermal anomaly was divided into several stages, which were non-warming to slightly warming、decentralized warming to consecutive warming、expanding to peak and then disappear.(2) The thermal anomaly reached the maximum range and amplitude at the sixth day before the earthquake and the epicenter was in the edge of anomaly area. The anomaly zone began to shank after the earthquake and completely disappeared in 15 days.(3) The thermal infrared anomaly of the study area had a good correspondence with the relative average power spectrum,the magnitude of the relative variation was 12 times more than usual. So the temporal and spatial characteristics could provide a reference for the utilize of satellite thermal infrared anomalies to identify earthquake in the sea.
引文
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Cheng W Z. 1984. Search of the “Window” or the sensitive positons of the precursory seismicity and the evaluation of its validity [J]. Journal of seismological research (in Chinese), 7(6): 659- 666.
Deng Z H, Wang Y, Chen M H, et al. 2003. Satellite infrared anomaly of several strong earthquakes in China mainland [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 25(2): 327-337.
Fang Y, Zhang Y M. 2012. Study of long-wave radiation anomalies before the Japan MW 9.0 earthquake [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 55(8): 2620-2624, doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.08.013.
Freund F T. 2003. Rocks that crackle and sparkle and glow strange pre-earthquake phenomena [J]. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 17(1): 37-71.
Gorny V I, Salman A G, Tronin A A, et al. 1988. The earth outgoing IR radiation as an indicator of seismic activity [J]. Proceeding of the Academy of sciences of the USSR, 301(1): 67- 69.
Guo W Y, Ma J, Shan X J. 2008. Researches on the yearly characteristic of IR brightness temperature and the different hypsography on the active faults [J]. Progress in Geophysic (in Chinese), 23(5): 1437-1443.
Guo W Y, Shan X J, Ma J. 2004. Discussion on the anomalous increase of ground temperature along the seismogenic fault before the Kunlunshan MS 8.1 earthquake in 2001 [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 26(3): 548-556.
Guo W Y, Shan X J, Qu C Y. 2006. Correlation between infrared anomalous and earthquakes in Tarim Basin [J]. Arid Land Geography (in Chinese), 29(5): 736-741.
Guo X, Zhang Y S, Zhong M J. 2010. Variation characteristics of OLR for the Wenchuan earthquake [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 53(11): 2688-2695, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.11.016.
Guo X, Zhang Y S, Zhong M J. 2005.Study on thermal infrared data of satellite remote sensing applied to earthquake prediction [J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal (in Chinese), 27(3): 223-227.
Jones L.M., Deng Q D, Jiang Y. 1980. The implication of conjugate faulting in the earthquake brewing and originating process [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2(1): 20-26.
Liu D F, Luo Z L, Peng K Y. 1997. OLR anomalous phenomena before strong earthquakes[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),17(2):126-132.
Liu F, Xin H, Ren Y X, et al. 2007. Time series analysis on the ratio of pixels with abnormal brightness temperature increasing and its variation before some earthquakes of MS≥5 in Taiwan area [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 29(1): 172-179.
Ma J, Chen S Y, Liu P X, et al. 2006. Temporal spatial variations of associated faulting inferred from satellite infrared information: A case study of the N-S seismo-tectonic zone in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 49(3): 816-823, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2006.03.025.
Ma J, Shan X J. 2000. An attempt to study fault activity using remote sensing technology-A case of the Mani earthquake [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 22(3): 210-215.
Minnett P J,Browen O B,Key E L,et al. 2004. Sea surface temperature measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradio meter on Aqua and Terra.IEEE (7):4576- 4579
Ouzounov D, Bryant N, Logan T, et al. 2006. Satellite thermal IR phenomena associated with some of the major earthquakes in 1999-2003 [J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 31(4-9): 154-163.
Pan Y H, Zhang X, Zhang Y S. 2017. Research on thermal anomalies of Taiwan M 5.9 earthquake on October 6, 2016 [J]. Gansu Science and Technology (in Chinese), 33(2): 22-24.
Qiang Z J, Ma A N, Zeng Z X, et al. 2010. A study of the method of satellite thermal infrared earthquake prediction in imminence[J]. Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese), 17(5): 254-262.
Qu C Y, Shan X J, Ma J. 2006a. Formation cause of thermal infrared high temperature belt along Honghe fault and its relation to earthquakes [J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 28(1): 91-97.
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Shan X J, Li J H, Ma C. 2005b. Study on the feature of surface rupture zone of the West of Kunlunshan Pass earthquake(MS 8.1) with high spatial resolution satellite images [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 48(2): 321-326, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2005.02.013.
Shan X J, Qu C Y, Ma J. 2005a. Satellite thermal infrared observation and analysis on alternate activity of different segments of seismogenic fault [J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese), 25(2): 58- 62.
Wang Y, Li T X, Li X L, et al. 2015. Land surface temperature changing before and after Japan’s M 9.0 earthquake study based on MODIS data [J]. Seismological Research of Northeast China (in Chinese), 31(4): 14-19.
Wei C X, Zhang Y S, Guo X. 2014. Study of thermal infrared anomalies of moderately strong earthquakes in mainland and adjacent sea of China [J]. Infrared (in Chinese), 35(10): 33- 40.
Wei C X, Zhang Y S, Hui S X. 2011. Thermal-Infrared Variation of MS 7.5 Andaman Islands earthquake on August 11,2009 [J]. Journal of Seismological Research (in Chinese), 34(2): 153-157.
Xu X D, Xu X M, Qiang Z J. 1994. Basic features of the satellite impending earthquake abnormality and some new understanding of the cause of its formation [J]. Journal of Zhejiang normal university (Nat.Sci) (in Chinese), 17(3): 43- 47.
Xu X D, Xu X M, Wang Y. 2000. Satellite infrared anomaly before Nantou MS 7.6 earthquake in Taiwan China [J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 22(6): 666- 669.
Zhang Y, Zhang Y S, Wei C X, et al. 2012. Thermal infrared changes of India’s Sikkim ML 6.8 earthquake on September 18,2001 [J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction (in Chinese), 28(2): 24-28.
Zhang Y S, Guo X, Zhong M J, et al. 2010. Wenchuan earthquake: Brightness temperature changes from satellite infrared information [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 55(10): 904-910.
Zhang Z G, Zhang Y S, Wang Z H, et al. 2017. Analysis of thermal infrared brightness temperature precursory anomaly before Aketao MS 6.7 and Qiemo MS 5.8 earthquakes [J]. Inland Earthquake (in Chinese), 31(2): 130-137.
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Chen M H, Deng Z H, Ma X J, et al. 2007. Application of the inside-outside temperature relation analysis method in study on satellite infrared anomalies prior to earthquake [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinses), 29(4): 863-872.
Cheng W Z. 1984. Search of the “Window” or the sensitive positons of the precursory seismicity and the evaluation of its validity [J]. Journal of seismological research (in Chinese), 7(6): 659- 666.
Deng Z H, Wang Y, Chen M H, et al. 2003. Satellite infrared anomaly of several strong earthquakes in China mainland [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 25(2): 327-337.
Fang Y, Zhang Y M. 2012. Study of long-wave radiation anomalies before the Japan MW 9.0 earthquake [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 55(8): 2620-2624, doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.08.013.
Freund F T. 2003. Rocks that crackle and sparkle and glow strange pre-earthquake phenomena [J]. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 17(1): 37-71.
Gorny V I, Salman A G, Tronin A A, et al. 1988. The earth outgoing IR radiation as an indicator of seismic activity [J]. Proceeding of the Academy of sciences of the USSR, 301(1): 67- 69.
Guo W Y, Ma J, Shan X J. 2008. Researches on the yearly characteristic of IR brightness temperature and the different hypsography on the active faults [J]. Progress in Geophysic (in Chinese), 23(5): 1437-1443.
Guo W Y, Shan X J, Ma J. 2004. Discussion on the anomalous increase of ground temperature along the seismogenic fault before the Kunlunshan MS 8.1 earthquake in 2001 [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 26(3): 548-556.
Guo W Y, Shan X J, Qu C Y. 2006. Correlation between infrared anomalous and earthquakes in Tarim Basin [J]. Arid Land Geography (in Chinese), 29(5): 736-741.
Guo X, Zhang Y S, Zhong M J. 2010. Variation characteristics of OLR for the Wenchuan earthquake [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 53(11): 2688-2695, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.11.016.
Guo X, Zhang Y S, Zhong M J. 2005.Study on thermal infrared data of satellite remote sensing applied to earthquake prediction [J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal (in Chinese), 27(3): 223-227.
Jones L.M., Deng Q D, Jiang Y. 1980. The implication of conjugate faulting in the earthquake brewing and originating process [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2(1): 20-26.
Liu D F, Luo Z L, Peng K Y. 1997. OLR anomalous phenomena before strong earthquakes[J].Earthquake(in Chinese),17(2):126-132.
Liu F, Xin H, Ren Y X, et al. 2007. Time series analysis on the ratio of pixels with abnormal brightness temperature increasing and its variation before some earthquakes of MS≥5 in Taiwan area [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 29(1): 172-179.
Ma J, Chen S Y, Liu P X, et al. 2006. Temporal spatial variations of associated faulting inferred from satellite infrared information: A case study of the N-S seismo-tectonic zone in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 49(3): 816-823, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2006.03.025.
Ma J, Shan X J. 2000. An attempt to study fault activity using remote sensing technology-A case of the Mani earthquake [J]. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 22(3): 210-215.
Minnett P J,Browen O B,Key E L,et al. 2004. Sea surface temperature measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradio meter on Aqua and Terra.IEEE (7):4576- 4579
Ouzounov D, Bryant N, Logan T, et al. 2006. Satellite thermal IR phenomena associated with some of the major earthquakes in 1999-2003 [J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 31(4-9): 154-163.
Pan Y H, Zhang X, Zhang Y S. 2017. Research on thermal anomalies of Taiwan M 5.9 earthquake on October 6, 2016 [J]. Gansu Science and Technology (in Chinese), 33(2): 22-24.
Qiang Z J, Ma A N, Zeng Z X, et al. 2010. A study of the method of satellite thermal infrared earthquake prediction in imminence[J]. Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese), 17(5): 254-262.
Qu C Y, Shan X J, Ma J. 2006a. Formation cause of thermal infrared high temperature belt along Honghe fault and its relation to earthquakes [J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 28(1): 91-97.
Qu C Y, Shan X J, Ma J. 2006b. Study on the methods for extracting earthquake thermal infrared anomaly [J]. Advances in Earth Science (in Chinese), 21(7): 699-705, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2006.07.007.
Shan X J, Li J H, Ma C. 2005b. Study on the feature of surface rupture zone of the West of Kunlunshan Pass earthquake(MS 8.1) with high spatial resolution satellite images [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 48(2): 321-326, doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2005.02.013.
Shan X J, Qu C Y, Ma J. 2005a. Satellite thermal infrared observation and analysis on alternate activity of different segments of seismogenic fault [J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese), 25(2): 58- 62.
Wang Y, Li T X, Li X L, et al. 2015. Land surface temperature changing before and after Japan’s M 9.0 earthquake study based on MODIS data [J]. Seismological Research of Northeast China (in Chinese), 31(4): 14-19.
Wei C X, Zhang Y S, Guo X. 2014. Study of thermal infrared anomalies of moderately strong earthquakes in mainland and adjacent sea of China [J]. Infrared (in Chinese), 35(10): 33- 40.
Wei C X, Zhang Y S, Hui S X. 2011. Thermal-Infrared Variation of MS 7.5 Andaman Islands earthquake on August 11,2009 [J]. Journal of Seismological Research (in Chinese), 34(2): 153-157.
Xu X D, Xu X M, Qiang Z J. 1994. Basic features of the satellite impending earthquake abnormality and some new understanding of the cause of its formation [J]. Journal of Zhejiang normal university (Nat.Sci) (in Chinese), 17(3): 43- 47.
Xu X D, Xu X M, Wang Y. 2000. Satellite infrared anomaly before Nantou MS 7.6 earthquake in Taiwan China [J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 22(6): 666- 669.
Zhang Y, Zhang Y S, Wei C X, et al. 2012. Thermal infrared changes of India’s Sikkim ML 6.8 earthquake on September 18,2001 [J]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Reduction (in Chinese), 28(2): 24-28.
Zhang Y S, Guo X, Zhong M J, et al. 2010. Wenchuan earthquake: Brightness temperature changes from satellite infrared information [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 55(10): 904-910.
Zhang Z G, Zhang Y S, Wang Z H, et al. 2017. Analysis of thermal infrared brightness temperature precursory anomaly before Aketao MS 6.7 and Qiemo MS 5.8 earthquakes [J]. Inland Earthquake (in Chinese), 31(2): 130-137.
陈梅花, 邓志辉, 贾庆华. 2003. 地震前卫星红外异常与发震断裂的关系研究—以2001年昆仑山8.1级地震为例[J]. 地震地质, 25(1): 100-108.
陈梅花, 邓志辉, 马晓静, 等. 2007. 断裂带内外温差法在震前红外异常研究中的应用[J]. 地震地质, 29(4): 863-872.
程万正. 1984. 前兆地震活动“窗口”或敏感部位的寻觅及有效性估计[J]. 地震研究, 7(6): 659- 666.
邓志辉, 王煜, 陈梅花, 等. 2003. 中国大陆几次强地震活动的卫星红外异常分析[J]. 地震地质, 25(2): 327-337.
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