科技和道:布伯、海德格尔和道家
摘要
在探讨20世纪早期德国哲学如何吸收采用老子和庄子文本中的意象、隐喻和观念过程中,我开始思考中国和西方思想的互文性。相当多的思想家对老庄哲学感兴趣,其中包括布伯和海德格尔。我主要关注三个方面的问题:(1)老庄哲学中对效用、益处和目的性的质疑如何成为德国哲学吸收的重点。(2)技术的现代性和工具技术合理性表现为意义的危机和失落,《庄子》的诗化特征如何为恰当地回应这一问题提供线索,即从老庄思想中所能理解到的那种诗化的、灵性的世界如何成为布伯和海德格尔批判技术现代性的武器。(3)布伯和海德格尔对庄子的关注并未回归到一种教义虔诚或超世的神秘主义——布伯期望一种内在地居于世界之中的现世的道,海德格尔期望一种诗化的道——这是如何做到的。不同于布伯早期从老子那里吸收的单一的、基础性的、反语言的教导方式,《庄子》里表达了一种对话式的、沟通和解式的精神。通过将语词、微笑和寓言哲学化,庄子用类似于犹太教哈西德派言说故事的方式,把对"道"的教化带回到日常生活中。在道家和哈西德派的教化中,诗性的情感话语比认知命题更具优越性。海德格尔对道家的理解深受布伯影响。海德格尔为了回答"人类存在不可或缺的东西是什么"这一问题,在对道家的解释中表达了一种不能被还原到工具计算思维中去的"诗意栖居"的想法。布伯和海德格尔对道家的不同解释,表明对技术作现代性批判有不同的可能性。
引文
[1]Maurice S.Friedman.Martin Buber.The Life of Dialogue[M].London:Routledge,2002.
[2]Martin Buber.Chinesische Geister-und Liebesgeschichten[M].Frankfurt am Main:Rütten und Loening,1911.
[3]Jonathan R.Herman.I and Dao:Martin Buber’s Encounter with Chuang Tzu[M].Albany:SUNY Press,1993.
[4]David L.Hall and Roger T.Ames.Thinking from the Han:Self,Truth,and Transcendence in Chinese and Western Culture[M].Albany:State University of New York Press,1998.
[5]JeeLoo Liu.An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy:From Ancient Philosophy to Chinese Buddhism[M].Malden:Blackwell,2006.
[6]Martin Buber.Pointing the Way:Collected Essays[M].Amherst:Prometheus Books,1990.
[7]Bret Davis.“Heidegger and Asian Philosophy,”from The Bloomsbury Companion to Heidegger,ed.Fran ois Raffoul and Eric Nelson[M].London:Bloomsbury,2013.
[8]Heinrich Wiegand Petzet.Encounters and Dialogues with Martin Heidegger 1929-1976,tr.Parvis Emad and Kenneth Maly[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1993.
[9]Martin Heidegger.Country Path Conversations,tr.Bret W.Davis[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press,2010.
[10]Martin Heidegger.überlieferte Sprache und technische Sprache[M].St.Gallen:Erker,1989.
[11]Martin Heidegger.Gesamtausgabe volume 75:Zu Hlderlin/Griechenlandreisen,ed.Curd Ochwadt[M].Frankfurt am Main:Vittorio Klostermann,2000.
[12]Martin Heidegger.“The Thing,”Poetry,Language,Thought,tr.A.Hofstadter[M].New York:Harper&Row,1971.
[13]Martin Heidegger.On the Way to Language,tr.Peter D.Hertz[M].New York:Harper&Row,1982.
[14]Martin Heidegger.“Letter on Humanism,”in Basic Writings,ed.and tr.by D.F.Krell[M].San Francisco:Harper,1993.
[15]Martin Buber.The Way of Response,ed.Nahum N.Glatzer[M].New York:Schocken Books,1966.
[16]Martin Buber.Between Man and Man[M].London:Routledge,2002.
[17]Helmuth Plessner.“Die Utopie in der Maschine”(1924),in Gesammelte Werke 10[M].Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1985.
[18]Reinhard May.Heidegger’s Hidden Sources[M].London and New York:Routledge,1996.
①关于布伯与海德格尔联系和差别的解释,参见Haim Gordon,The Heidegger-Buber Controversy:The Status of the I-Thou(Westport:Greenwood Press,2001)。研究布伯技术观念的文章比研究海德格尔技术观念的成果少很多。关于海德格尔技术观念的研究成果主要包括:Michael E.Zimmerman,Heidegger’s Confrontation with Modernity—Technology,Politics,Art(Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1990);Iain D.Thomson,Heidegger on Ontotheology:Technology and the Politics of Education(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005);Don Ihde,Heidegger’s Technologies:Postphenomenological Perspectives(New York:Fordham University Press,2010)。研究海德格尔、道家和技术的文章包括:Paul Shih-yi Hsiao,“Laotse und die Technik,”in Die Katholischen Missionen,75,1956:72-4;Graham Parkes,“Lao-Zhuang and Heidegger on Nature and Technology.”Journal of Chinese Philosophy,29:3,2003:19-38。
②参见Martin Buber,Reden und Gleichnisse des Tschuang Tse(Leipzig:Insel Verlag,1910)。该书的英文版是:Chinese Tales:Zhuangzi,Sayings and Parables and Chinese Ghost and Love Stories,tr.Alex Page(Atlantic Highlands:Humanities Press,1991)and in Jonathan R.Herman,I and Dao:Martin Buber’s Encounter with Chuang Tzu(Albany:SUNY Press,1993)。布伯为这本书写的“后记”的英文版是:Pointing the Way:Collected Essays(Amherst:Prometheus Books,1990),31-58。
③参见Martin Buber,“Lao Tzu al hashilton,”Hapo’el Hatsa’ir 35,1942:6-8。这篇短文包含了一些关于《道德经》中论述政权的段落。布伯还在“社会与政权”一文中讨论了作为政治思想家的老子。参见Buber,“Society and the State”(1951),此文的英文版参见Buber,Pointing the Way,161-176。
④参见Heidegger,GA 77,211-12/Country Path Conversations,136-37.76。也请注意另一篇文献:Martin Heidegger,GA 76 Leitgedanken zur Entstehung der Metaphysik,der neuzeitlichen Wissenschaft und der modernen Technik(Frankfurt am Main:Vittorio Klostermann,2009),c,46 -47,300。
⑤参见Paul Shih-yi Hsiao,“Heidegger and our Translation of the Tao Te Ching,”in Graham Parkes,ed.Heidegger and Asian Thought(Honolu lu:University of Hawaii Press,1990),93–101。还可参见Reinhard May,Heidegger’s Hidden Sources,54;Bret W.Davis,“Heidegger and Asian Philosophy,”in Fran ois Raffoul and Eric S.Nelson,ed.Bloomsbury Companion to Heidegger(London:Bloomsbury,2013),460-461。
⑥原文参见Helmuth Plessner,“Die Utopie in der Maschine”(1924),in Gesammelte Werke 10(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1985),31-40。这段英文来自Jan-Werner Müller,“The Soul in the Age of Society and Technology:Helmuth Plessner’s Defensive Liberalism,”in John P.McCormick,ed.Confronting Mass Democracy and Industrial Technology:Political and Social Theory from Nietzsche to Habermas(Durham:Duke University Press,2002),139。
[2]Martin Buber.Chinesische Geister-und Liebesgeschichten[M].Frankfurt am Main:Rütten und Loening,1911.
[3]Jonathan R.Herman.I and Dao:Martin Buber’s Encounter with Chuang Tzu[M].Albany:SUNY Press,1993.
[4]David L.Hall and Roger T.Ames.Thinking from the Han:Self,Truth,and Transcendence in Chinese and Western Culture[M].Albany:State University of New York Press,1998.
[5]JeeLoo Liu.An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy:From Ancient Philosophy to Chinese Buddhism[M].Malden:Blackwell,2006.
[6]Martin Buber.Pointing the Way:Collected Essays[M].Amherst:Prometheus Books,1990.
[7]Bret Davis.“Heidegger and Asian Philosophy,”from The Bloomsbury Companion to Heidegger,ed.Fran ois Raffoul and Eric Nelson[M].London:Bloomsbury,2013.
[8]Heinrich Wiegand Petzet.Encounters and Dialogues with Martin Heidegger 1929-1976,tr.Parvis Emad and Kenneth Maly[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1993.
[9]Martin Heidegger.Country Path Conversations,tr.Bret W.Davis[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press,2010.
[10]Martin Heidegger.überlieferte Sprache und technische Sprache[M].St.Gallen:Erker,1989.
[11]Martin Heidegger.Gesamtausgabe volume 75:Zu Hlderlin/Griechenlandreisen,ed.Curd Ochwadt[M].Frankfurt am Main:Vittorio Klostermann,2000.
[12]Martin Heidegger.“The Thing,”Poetry,Language,Thought,tr.A.Hofstadter[M].New York:Harper&Row,1971.
[13]Martin Heidegger.On the Way to Language,tr.Peter D.Hertz[M].New York:Harper&Row,1982.
[14]Martin Heidegger.“Letter on Humanism,”in Basic Writings,ed.and tr.by D.F.Krell[M].San Francisco:Harper,1993.
[15]Martin Buber.The Way of Response,ed.Nahum N.Glatzer[M].New York:Schocken Books,1966.
[16]Martin Buber.Between Man and Man[M].London:Routledge,2002.
[17]Helmuth Plessner.“Die Utopie in der Maschine”(1924),in Gesammelte Werke 10[M].Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1985.
[18]Reinhard May.Heidegger’s Hidden Sources[M].London and New York:Routledge,1996.
①关于布伯与海德格尔联系和差别的解释,参见Haim Gordon,The Heidegger-Buber Controversy:The Status of the I-Thou(Westport:Greenwood Press,2001)。研究布伯技术观念的文章比研究海德格尔技术观念的成果少很多。关于海德格尔技术观念的研究成果主要包括:Michael E.Zimmerman,Heidegger’s Confrontation with Modernity—Technology,Politics,Art(Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1990);Iain D.Thomson,Heidegger on Ontotheology:Technology and the Politics of Education(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005);Don Ihde,Heidegger’s Technologies:Postphenomenological Perspectives(New York:Fordham University Press,2010)。研究海德格尔、道家和技术的文章包括:Paul Shih-yi Hsiao,“Laotse und die Technik,”in Die Katholischen Missionen,75,1956:72-4;Graham Parkes,“Lao-Zhuang and Heidegger on Nature and Technology.”Journal of Chinese Philosophy,29:3,2003:19-38。
②参见Martin Buber,Reden und Gleichnisse des Tschuang Tse(Leipzig:Insel Verlag,1910)。该书的英文版是:Chinese Tales:Zhuangzi,Sayings and Parables and Chinese Ghost and Love Stories,tr.Alex Page(Atlantic Highlands:Humanities Press,1991)and in Jonathan R.Herman,I and Dao:Martin Buber’s Encounter with Chuang Tzu(Albany:SUNY Press,1993)。布伯为这本书写的“后记”的英文版是:Pointing the Way:Collected Essays(Amherst:Prometheus Books,1990),31-58。
③参见Martin Buber,“Lao Tzu al hashilton,”Hapo’el Hatsa’ir 35,1942:6-8。这篇短文包含了一些关于《道德经》中论述政权的段落。布伯还在“社会与政权”一文中讨论了作为政治思想家的老子。参见Buber,“Society and the State”(1951),此文的英文版参见Buber,Pointing the Way,161-176。
④参见Heidegger,GA 77,211-12/Country Path Conversations,136-37.76。也请注意另一篇文献:Martin Heidegger,GA 76 Leitgedanken zur Entstehung der Metaphysik,der neuzeitlichen Wissenschaft und der modernen Technik(Frankfurt am Main:Vittorio Klostermann,2009),c,46 -47,300。
⑤参见Paul Shih-yi Hsiao,“Heidegger and our Translation of the Tao Te Ching,”in Graham Parkes,ed.Heidegger and Asian Thought(Honolu lu:University of Hawaii Press,1990),93–101。还可参见Reinhard May,Heidegger’s Hidden Sources,54;Bret W.Davis,“Heidegger and Asian Philosophy,”in Fran ois Raffoul and Eric S.Nelson,ed.Bloomsbury Companion to Heidegger(London:Bloomsbury,2013),460-461。
⑥原文参见Helmuth Plessner,“Die Utopie in der Maschine”(1924),in Gesammelte Werke 10(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1985),31-40。这段英文来自Jan-Werner Müller,“The Soul in the Age of Society and Technology:Helmuth Plessner’s Defensive Liberalism,”in John P.McCormick,ed.Confronting Mass Democracy and Industrial Technology:Political and Social Theory from Nietzsche to Habermas(Durham:Duke University Press,2002),139。