柏拉图完美城邦的“相”论——哲人为王
|
摘要
柏拉图不仅在个人视域更是在社会政治生活中阐释了自己的"相"论问题。在柏拉图看来,完美政制构型是基于幸福生活的理性分析所获得的社会生活最高的型相;完美的政制需要城邦整体和谐,完美城邦的建立则需要哲人为王;而哲人为王的根本目的即是不仅要哲人自身而且使得整个城邦都过一种哲学式的爱智生活,爱智是哲人最高的相。哲学是对智慧的爱,而完美城邦作为"相",其根本的任务在于爱欲教化。
Plato interprets his forms theory in social and political aspects. Beautiful city is the highest form of social life. Thus, the beautiful city requires harmony as a whole, with philosopher as king. The fundamental purpose of the philosopher as king is not only to make the philosopher live a philosophical life himself but also the whole city. Loving wisdom is the highest form of the philosopher. Philosophy is a love of wisdom, while the fundamental task of beautiful city as form lies in the education of love.
Plato interprets his forms theory in social and political aspects. Beautiful city is the highest form of social life. Thus, the beautiful city requires harmony as a whole, with philosopher as king. The fundamental purpose of the philosopher as king is not only to make the philosopher live a philosophical life himself but also the whole city. Loving wisdom is the highest form of the philosopher. Philosophy is a love of wisdom, while the fundamental task of beautiful city as form lies in the education of love.
引文
[1] Platonis Opera[M] Vol.I-VI. ed. By J.Burnet. Oxford.1899-1906.
[2] The Collected Dialogues of Plato[M]. Edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. Princeton: Princeton University Press.1961.
[3] Plato Complete Works[M]. Edited by John M. Cooper and D.S. Hutchinson (Associate Editor). Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.1997.
[4] Richard Kraut.The Cambridge Companion to Plato[M]. Cambridge University Press. 1992.
[5] Werner Jaeger.Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture[M]. translated by Gilbert Highet. Oxford University Press. 1939(vol.1), 1943(vol.2), 1944(vol.3).
[6] Catherine H. Zuckert. Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues[M].London and Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009.
[7] C. D. C. Reeve. Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic,[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
[8] Rosamond Kent Sprague. Plato's Philosopher-King: A Study of the Theoretical Background[M].Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1976.
[9] George Klosko. The Development of Plato's Political Theory[M]. Second Edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
[10] Leo Strauss. The City and Man[M].Chicago and London: The university of Chicago press, 1964.
[11] 汪子嵩等.希腊哲学史(二)[M].北京:人民出版社,1997.
[12] 柏拉图.理想国[M].王扬译.北京:华夏出版社,2012.
① Catherine H. Zuckert. Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues[M].London and Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009, P.858.
② 参见Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile: or On Education, Translate and Notes by Allen Bloom. New York: Basic Books,1979,P.40.汉译参见卢梭《爱弥儿》,李平沤译,北京商务印书馆,2004年版第11页。有关柏拉图《理想国》的爱欲教化思想,参见本书第一章第四节第三部分:“《理想国》:爱欲教化的灵魂下降过程研究”。
③ Leo Strauss. Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy.with an Introduction by Thomas L. Pangle, Chicago and London: the University of Chicago Press, 1983, 29. 汉译参见施特劳斯《柏拉图式政治哲学研究》,张缨等译,华夏出版社,2012年版第42页。
④ Aristotle. Politics. Translate by H. Rackham, Cambridge and Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1932, P8-9.汉译参见亚里士多德《政治学》1263a2,吴寿彭译,北京商务印书馆, 1965年版第7页。
⑤ Richard Kraut.The Cambridge Companion to Plato.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, P.465.
⑥ Gregory Vlastos. Justice and Happiness in the Republic, Plato: a Collection of Critical Essays, II: Ethic, Politics, and Philosophy of Art and Religion. Edited by Gregory Vlastos, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1971, P.80.
⑦ Leo Strauss. The city and man.Chicago and London: The university of Chicago press, 1964, P.93.
⑧ C. D. C. Reeve.Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, P. 41-42.
⑨ David Roochnik. Beautiful City: the Dialectical Character of Plato's Republic.Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003, P.69.
⑩ (德)马克斯·韦伯:《社会科学方法论》,韩水法、莫茜译,中央编译出版社,1998年版,第39页。
(11) George Klosko. the Development of Plato's Political Theory. Second Edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, P.145.
(12) C. D. C. Reeve. Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, P.198, 204.
(13) Leo Strauss. The city and man.Chicago and London: The university of Chicago press, 1964, P.124.
(14) David Hume. An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding.Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Peter Millican, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, P.18.
(15) (德)马克斯·韦伯:《学术与政治:韦伯的两篇演说》,冯克利译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998年版,第34,55,41页。
(16) 汉译参见马克斯·韦伯《社会科学方法论》,韩水法、莫茜译,中央编译出版社,1998年版第182页;或李秋零、田薇译,中国人民大学出版社,1999年版第123页。
(17) George Klosko. the Development of Plato's Political Theory.Second Edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, P.138, 204-205.
(18) Mary Louise Gill. Philosophos: Plato's Missing Dialogue.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, P.1, 6-17.
(19) Roslyn Weiss. Philosophers in the Republic: Plato’s Two Paradigms.Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2012, P.1-3.
(20) Rosamond Kent Sprague. Plato's Philosopher-King: A Study of the Theoretical Background.Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1976, Preface xiv.
(21) Stanley Rosen. the Role of Eros in Plato's “Republic”.The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Mar., 1965), P.453.
(22) Laurence D. Cooper. Eros in Plato, Rousseau, and Nietzsche: The Politics of Infinity. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008, P.34.
(23) C. D. C. Reeve. Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, P.50.
[2] The Collected Dialogues of Plato[M]. Edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. Princeton: Princeton University Press.1961.
[3] Plato Complete Works[M]. Edited by John M. Cooper and D.S. Hutchinson (Associate Editor). Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.1997.
[4] Richard Kraut.The Cambridge Companion to Plato[M]. Cambridge University Press. 1992.
[5] Werner Jaeger.Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture[M]. translated by Gilbert Highet. Oxford University Press. 1939(vol.1), 1943(vol.2), 1944(vol.3).
[6] Catherine H. Zuckert. Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues[M].London and Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009.
[7] C. D. C. Reeve. Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic,[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
[8] Rosamond Kent Sprague. Plato's Philosopher-King: A Study of the Theoretical Background[M].Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1976.
[9] George Klosko. The Development of Plato's Political Theory[M]. Second Edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
[10] Leo Strauss. The City and Man[M].Chicago and London: The university of Chicago press, 1964.
[11] 汪子嵩等.希腊哲学史(二)[M].北京:人民出版社,1997.
[12] 柏拉图.理想国[M].王扬译.北京:华夏出版社,2012.
① Catherine H. Zuckert. Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues[M].London and Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009, P.858.
② 参见Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile: or On Education, Translate and Notes by Allen Bloom. New York: Basic Books,1979,P.40.汉译参见卢梭《爱弥儿》,李平沤译,北京商务印书馆,2004年版第11页。有关柏拉图《理想国》的爱欲教化思想,参见本书第一章第四节第三部分:“《理想国》:爱欲教化的灵魂下降过程研究”。
③ Leo Strauss. Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy.with an Introduction by Thomas L. Pangle, Chicago and London: the University of Chicago Press, 1983, 29. 汉译参见施特劳斯《柏拉图式政治哲学研究》,张缨等译,华夏出版社,2012年版第42页。
④ Aristotle. Politics. Translate by H. Rackham, Cambridge and Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1932, P8-9.汉译参见亚里士多德《政治学》1263a2,吴寿彭译,北京商务印书馆, 1965年版第7页。
⑤ Richard Kraut.The Cambridge Companion to Plato.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, P.465.
⑥ Gregory Vlastos. Justice and Happiness in the Republic, Plato: a Collection of Critical Essays, II: Ethic, Politics, and Philosophy of Art and Religion. Edited by Gregory Vlastos, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1971, P.80.
⑦ Leo Strauss. The city and man.Chicago and London: The university of Chicago press, 1964, P.93.
⑧ C. D. C. Reeve.Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, P. 41-42.
⑨ David Roochnik. Beautiful City: the Dialectical Character of Plato's Republic.Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003, P.69.
⑩ (德)马克斯·韦伯:《社会科学方法论》,韩水法、莫茜译,中央编译出版社,1998年版,第39页。
(11) George Klosko. the Development of Plato's Political Theory. Second Edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, P.145.
(12) C. D. C. Reeve. Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, P.198, 204.
(13) Leo Strauss. The city and man.Chicago and London: The university of Chicago press, 1964, P.124.
(14) David Hume. An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding.Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Peter Millican, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, P.18.
(15) (德)马克斯·韦伯:《学术与政治:韦伯的两篇演说》,冯克利译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998年版,第34,55,41页。
(16) 汉译参见马克斯·韦伯《社会科学方法论》,韩水法、莫茜译,中央编译出版社,1998年版第182页;或李秋零、田薇译,中国人民大学出版社,1999年版第123页。
(17) George Klosko. the Development of Plato's Political Theory.Second Edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, P.138, 204-205.
(18) Mary Louise Gill. Philosophos: Plato's Missing Dialogue.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, P.1, 6-17.
(19) Roslyn Weiss. Philosophers in the Republic: Plato’s Two Paradigms.Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2012, P.1-3.
(20) Rosamond Kent Sprague. Plato's Philosopher-King: A Study of the Theoretical Background.Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1976, Preface xiv.
(21) Stanley Rosen. the Role of Eros in Plato's “Republic”.The Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Mar., 1965), P.453.
(22) Laurence D. Cooper. Eros in Plato, Rousseau, and Nietzsche: The Politics of Infinity. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008, P.34.
(23) C. D. C. Reeve. Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, P.50.