论中世纪晚期西欧上层家庭哺育方式的嬗变
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摘要
中世纪晚期,西欧上层家庭哺育方式发生显著变化,奶妈代替母亲成为哺乳主体,该细微现象的出现,根源于经济关系的变化与生活观念的变革。商品经济的发展,加剧了社会贫富分化,迫使贫困妇女以出卖生理哺乳功能为生;世俗享乐风气兴起,使上层妇女放弃传统家庭责任投身社交,为催生奶妈群体提供了市场;重商主义理论使贵族家庭人口繁衍加剧,这为奶妈哺育提供了重要契机。西欧上层家庭哺育方式的嬗变,直接冲击了家庭关系,有助于改善妇女地位,使转型时期的社会关系更为复杂。
The rising professional group of wet-nurses is the thing new in late medieval western-Europe,which means the traditional feeding pattern to be changed.The reason is complex that rooted in dual change of production relation and life concept.Economic development is increasing the gap between rich and poor that is forced the poor women making a living in selling physiological function;The worldly customs of hedonism make many upper-middle-class women give up feeding,which open market for profession nurse.The nuclear family with many children is appearing by the concept of natural fertility,which provides an important opportunity for breast-feed.The pattern evolution reflects the production relations in the field of family feeding.
The rising professional group of wet-nurses is the thing new in late medieval western-Europe,which means the traditional feeding pattern to be changed.The reason is complex that rooted in dual change of production relation and life concept.Economic development is increasing the gap between rich and poor that is forced the poor women making a living in selling physiological function;The worldly customs of hedonism make many upper-middle-class women give up feeding,which open market for profession nurse.The nuclear family with many children is appearing by the concept of natural fertility,which provides an important opportunity for breast-feed.The pattern evolution reflects the production relations in the field of family feeding.
引文
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[16]詹娜.近代法国贵族沙龙与女性教育[J].湖北社会科学,2011(07):181-184.
[2]Miriam Slater.Family Life in the Seventeenth Century:The Verneys of Claydon House[M].London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1984.
[3]David I.Kertzer,Richard P.Saller.The Family in Italy from Antiquity to the Present[M].Yale:Yale University Press,1991.
[4]薄洁萍.上帝作证:中世纪基督教文化中的婚姻[M].北京:学林出版社,2005.
[5][英]劳伦斯·斯通.英国的家庭、性与婚姻1500-1800[M].刁筱华,译.北京:商务印书馆,2001.
[6]Carlo M.Cipolla,Before the industrial Revolution:European Society and Economy 1000-1700(3nd)[M].London:Routledge,2003.
[7]Brian Pullan,Poverty and Charity:Europe,Italy,Venice,1400-1700[M].Venice:Variorum,1994.
[8]J.Micheler.The People[M].New York:University of Lllinois Press,1973.
[9]Christopher F.Black.Early Modern Italy:A Social History[M].London:London-New York,2001.
[10][德]福珂斯.情爱的觉醒:文艺复兴时代[M].孙晓宁,译.北京:中国盲文出版社,2002.
[11][英]托马斯·曼.英国得自对外贸易的财富[M].袁南宇,译.北京:商务印书馆,1978.
[12][以色列]苏拉密斯·萨哈.第四等级---中世纪欧洲妇女史[M].林英,译.广州:广东人民出版社,2003.
[13]Kathryn R.McPherson.The Countesse of Lincolnes Nurserie and the New Motherhood in Early Modern England[J].Journal of Modern History,2011(01):31-52.
[14][法]阿利埃斯·杜比.私人生活史(Ⅲ):激情[M].杨家勤等,译.长春:北方文艺出版社,2007.
[15]David Hunt.Parents and Children in History:The Psychology of Family Life in Early Modern France.[M].New York:Basic Books,1970.
[16]詹娜.近代法国贵族沙龙与女性教育[J].湖北社会科学,2011(07):181-184.