1990-2015年唐古拉山中段冰川变化遥感监测
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摘要
基于Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像数据对唐古拉山中段冰川进行监测研究,重点分析了冰川的面积、储量、坡向变化和重心移动规律,并采用空间插值分析法揭示研究区气候变化特点及与冰川变化的关系。结果表明:近25 a来研究区冰川退缩比较严重,冰川面积减少约115.46 km~2占22.18%,冰储量预估损失6.28 km~3,且21世纪以来冰川退缩速率明显加快;研究区冰川重心有向西北偏移的趋势;空间插值显示近25 a来研究区升温比较明显而降水变化比较微弱,研究认为唐古拉山中段冰川退缩加快可能是由升温造成的。
The paper,which used the remote sensing images of Landsat data(TM/ETM +/OLI)from 1990 to2015 to study the glacier in the middle region of Tanggula Mountain,and the ratio threshold and visual interpretation to extract the boundary of glaciers in the year of 1990,2000,2015,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China,analyzed emphatically the change of glacier area,glacier volume and the glacier change rule in different slope aspects. In particular,a new mathematical method was used to calculate the glacial gravity center which was helpful to reflect the glacier characteristics in study area. Since there were no weather stations in the middle region of Tanggula Mountain,this paper used kriging interpolation method and based on 8 weather stations' data to get the accurate meteorological data and analyze the relationship between climate change and glacier variation precisely. Comparing results between the glacier variation from 1990 to 2000 and 2000 to 2015 demonstrated that the glacial retreat in the study area was very serious. In the last 25 years,it changed from 520.45 km~2 to 404.99 km~2 with 115.46 km~2(22.18%)glacier area retreated. Moreover,the rate of glacier declined after 2000 was much faster than that in the last decade of 20~(th)century,the mean value of annual rate from 1990 to 2000 and 2000 to 2015 were 3.81 km~2·a~(-1)and 5.58 km~2·a~(-1),respectively. According to the computing formula for ice reserve,the glacier volume may decreased 6.28 km~3 which occupied almost 23.3% of the total volume in 1990. In addition,the whole glacial gravity center had a movement trend towards northwest from 92°24′58″E,32°53′10″N to 92°23′19″E,32°54′03″N,and10.41% of glaciers had a particularly position change with the glacial gravity center moved over 120 m(the size of 4 pixel)or disappeared completely,most of which were small glaciers whose size was no bigger than 1 km~2.Results of glacier slope aspects showed that glaciers in the northeast,north and northwest aspects declined more quickly than that in the south and southwest,which may be due to the monsoon climate variations and the water vapor sources in the study area. Finally,results of spatial interpolation showed that the temperature of study area increased prominently,while the precipitation changed faintly. The mean annual temperature of 1980-1989,1990-1999,2000-2013 were-2.06 ℃,-1.78 ℃ and-0.93 ℃,respectively;and the mean annual precipitation were 440.50 mm,399.50 mm and 471.44 mm,respectively. The glacier change was consistent with temperature variation,indicating that the main reason for rapid glacier decrease in the middle region of Tanggula Mountain might be the rise of temperature. This paper attached great importance to the study of glacier change in recent years,especially in the area that had not been investigated(the middle region of Tanggula Mountain). The introduction of the new method is a very useful and significant attempt to study the characteristics of glacier and reveal the relationship between climate change and glacier variation.
The paper,which used the remote sensing images of Landsat data(TM/ETM +/OLI)from 1990 to2015 to study the glacier in the middle region of Tanggula Mountain,and the ratio threshold and visual interpretation to extract the boundary of glaciers in the year of 1990,2000,2015,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China,analyzed emphatically the change of glacier area,glacier volume and the glacier change rule in different slope aspects. In particular,a new mathematical method was used to calculate the glacial gravity center which was helpful to reflect the glacier characteristics in study area. Since there were no weather stations in the middle region of Tanggula Mountain,this paper used kriging interpolation method and based on 8 weather stations' data to get the accurate meteorological data and analyze the relationship between climate change and glacier variation precisely. Comparing results between the glacier variation from 1990 to 2000 and 2000 to 2015 demonstrated that the glacial retreat in the study area was very serious. In the last 25 years,it changed from 520.45 km~2 to 404.99 km~2 with 115.46 km~2(22.18%)glacier area retreated. Moreover,the rate of glacier declined after 2000 was much faster than that in the last decade of 20~(th)century,the mean value of annual rate from 1990 to 2000 and 2000 to 2015 were 3.81 km~2·a~(-1)and 5.58 km~2·a~(-1),respectively. According to the computing formula for ice reserve,the glacier volume may decreased 6.28 km~3 which occupied almost 23.3% of the total volume in 1990. In addition,the whole glacial gravity center had a movement trend towards northwest from 92°24′58″E,32°53′10″N to 92°23′19″E,32°54′03″N,and10.41% of glaciers had a particularly position change with the glacial gravity center moved over 120 m(the size of 4 pixel)or disappeared completely,most of which were small glaciers whose size was no bigger than 1 km~2.Results of glacier slope aspects showed that glaciers in the northeast,north and northwest aspects declined more quickly than that in the south and southwest,which may be due to the monsoon climate variations and the water vapor sources in the study area. Finally,results of spatial interpolation showed that the temperature of study area increased prominently,while the precipitation changed faintly. The mean annual temperature of 1980-1989,1990-1999,2000-2013 were-2.06 ℃,-1.78 ℃ and-0.93 ℃,respectively;and the mean annual precipitation were 440.50 mm,399.50 mm and 471.44 mm,respectively. The glacier change was consistent with temperature variation,indicating that the main reason for rapid glacier decrease in the middle region of Tanggula Mountain might be the rise of temperature. This paper attached great importance to the study of glacier change in recent years,especially in the area that had not been investigated(the middle region of Tanggula Mountain). The introduction of the new method is a very useful and significant attempt to study the characteristics of glacier and reveal the relationship between climate change and glacier variation.
引文
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[18]李生辰,李栋梁,赵平,等.青藏高原“三江源地区”雨季水汽输送特征[J].气象学报,2009,67(4):591-598.[LI Shengchen,LI Dongliang,ZHAO Ping,et al.The climatic characteristics of vapor transportation in rainy season of the origin area of three rivers in Qinhai-Xizang Plateau[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2009,67(4):591-598.]
[19]董斯扬,薛娴,徐满厚,等.气候变化对青藏高原水环境影响初探[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(5):841-853.[DONG Siyang,XUE Xian,XU Manhou,et al.Influence of climate change on water environment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(5):841-853.]
[20]白金中,李忠勤,张明军,等.1959-2008年新疆阿尔泰山友谊峰地区冰川变化特征[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(1):116-124.[BAI Jinzhong,LI Zhongqin,ZHANG Mingjun,et al.Glacier changes in Youyi Area in the Altay Mountains of Xinjiang during 1959-2008[J].Arid Land Geography,2012,35(1):116-124.]
[21]李林,陈晓光,王振宇,等.青藏高原区域气候变化及其差异性研究[J].气候变化研究进展,2010,6(3):181-186.[LI Lin,CHEN Xiaoguang,WANG Zhenyu,et al.Climate change and its regional differences over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Advances in Climate Change Research,2010,6(3):181-186.]
[22]秦小静,孙建,陈涛,等.青藏高原温度与降水的时空变化研究[J].成都大学学报,2015,34(2):191-195.[QIN Xiaojing,SUN Jian,CHEN Tao,et al.Study on spatiotemporal variation of temperature and precipitation in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1974to 2013[J].Journal of Chengdu University,2015,34(2):191-195.]
[23]IPCC.IPCC,2007:Climate Change 2007:Synthesis Report[M]//Contribution of working groups I,II and III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Geneva,Switzerland,2007:1-104.
[24]XU J H,CHEN Y N,JI M H,et al.Climate change and effects on runoff of Kaidu River,Xinjiang,China:a multiple time-scale analysis[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2008,18(4):331-339.
[25]许君利,张世强,上官冬辉.30 a来长江源区冰川变化遥感监测[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(5):919-926.[XU Junli,ZHANG Shiqiang,SHANGGUAN Donghui,et al.Glacier change in headwaters of the Yangtze River in recent three decades[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(5):919-926.]
[26]谯程骏.唐古拉山冬克玛底地区冰川变化遥感监测[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(14):7703-7705.[QIAO Chengjun.Remote sensing monitoring of glacier changes in Dongkemadi Region of Tanggula Mountain[J].Journal of Anhui Agri,2010,38(14):7703-7705.]
[27]怀保娟,李忠勤,孙美平,等.近50年黑河流域的冰川变化遥感分析[J].地理学报,2014,69(3):365-367.[HUAI Baojuan,LI Zhongqin,SUN Meiping,et al.RS analysis of glaciers change in the Heihe River Basin in the last 50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(3):365-367.]
[28]于国斌,李忠勤,王璞玉.近50 a祁连山西段大雪山和党河南山的冰川变化[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(2):299-309.[YU Guobin,LI Zhongqin,WANG Puyu.Glacier changes at the Daxue Mountain and Danghenan Mountain of west Qilian Mountains in recent 50 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(2):299-309.]
[2]HAEBERLI W,CIHLAR J,BARRY R G.Glacier monitoring within the Global Climate Observing System[J].Annals of Glaciology,2000:241-246.
[3]QIAN K Z,WAN L,WANG X S,et al.Periodical characteristics of baseflow in the source region of the Yangtze River[J].Journal of Arid Land,2012,4(2):113-122.
[4]高闻宇,李忠勤,李开明,等.基于遥感与GIS的库克苏河流域冰川变化研究[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(2):252-261.[GAO Wenyu,LI Zhongqin,LI Kaiming,et al.Glacier variation in the Kukesu River Basin during 1963-2004 based on remote sensing data and GIS techniques[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(2):252-261.]
[5]张明军,王圣杰,李忠勤,等.近50年气候变化背景下中国冰川面积状况分析[J].地理学报,2011,66(9):1155-1165.[ZHANG Mingjun,WANG Shengjie,LI Zhongqin,et al.Variation of glacier area in China against the warming in the past 50 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(9):1155-1165.]
[6]张立芸,唐亚,杨欣.1969-2012年长江源各拉丹冬地区主要冰川整体和局部变化及其对气候变化的响应[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(2):212-221.[ZHANG Liyun,TANG Ya,YANG Xin,et al.Overall and local changing patterns of main glaciers and their responses to climate change in Geladandong area of Yangtze Headwater region during 1969-2012[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(2):212-221.]
[7]鲁安新,姚檀栋,刘时银,等.青藏高原各拉丹冬地区冰川变化的遥感监测[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(5):559-562.[LU Anxin,YAO Tandong,LIU Shiyin,et al.Glacier change in the Geladandong area of the Tibetan Plateau monitored by remote sensing[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(5):559-562.]
[8]金姗姗,张永红,吴宏安.近40 a长江源各拉丹冬冰川进退变化研究[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(12):2095-2104.[JIN Shanshan,ZHANG Yonghong,WU Hongan.Study on glacial advancement and retreatment in Geladandong Region of Changjiangyuan in recent 40 years[J].Journal of Natural Resources.2013,28(12):2095-2104.]
[9]杨建平,丁永建,叶柏生,等.长江源区小冬克玛底冰川区积雪消融特征及对气候的响应[J].冰川冻土,2007,29(2):258-264.[YANG Jianping,DING Yongjian,YE Baisheng,et al.Snowmelt process on the Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier in the source region of the Yangtze River and its responses to meteorological factors[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2007,29(2):258-264.]
[10]张健,何晓波,叶柏生,等.近期小冬克玛底冰川物质平衡变化及其影响因素分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(2):263-271.[ZHANG Jian,HE Xiaobo,YE Baisheng,et al.Recent variation of mass balance of the Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier in the Tanggula Range and its influencing factors[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(2):263-271.]
[11]李益敏,蒋睿.怒江大峡谷旅游扶贫研究[J].人文地理,2010,(6):131-134.[LI Yimin,JIANG Rui.A research on poverty reduction through the development of tourism in Nujiang Grand Canyon[J].Human Geography,2010,(6):131-134.]
[12]王杰,何晓波,叶柏生,等.唐古拉山冬克玛底冰川反照率变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(1):21-28.[WANG Jie,HE Xiaobo YE Baisheng,et al.Variations of albedo on the Dongkemadi Glacier,Tanggula Range[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(1):21-28.]
[13]冀琴,杨太保,李霞,等.近40年来念青唐古拉山东段则普乡地区冰川与气候变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(2):166-171.[JI Qin,YANG Taibao,LI Xia,et al.Relationship between glacier retreat and climate change in eastern Nyainqentanglha in the past 40 years[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(2):166-171.]
[14]何毅,杨太保,田洪阵,等.近23年来北天山冰川面积变化对气候的响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(3):53-60.[HE YI,YANG Taibao,TIAN Hongzhen,et al.Response of glacier area variation to climate change in Northern Tianshan Mountains in the past 23 years[J].Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(3):53-60.]
[15]HALL D K,BAYR K J,SCHNOER W,et al.Consideration of the errors inherent in mapping historical glacier positions in Austria from ground and space(1893-2001)[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,86(4):566-577.
[16]LIU Shiyin,SUN Wenxin,SHEN Yongping,et al.Glacier changes since the Little Ice Age Maximum in the western Qilian Mountains,Northwest China[J].Journal of Glaciology,2003,49(164):117-124.
[17]段玮,段旭,樊风,等.青藏高原东南侧干湿季气候特征与成因[J].干旱气象,2015,33(4):546-554.[DUAN Wei,DUAN Xu,FAN Feng,et al.Climatic characteristics of dry and wet season in the southeast side of the Tibetan Plateau and its causes[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2015,33(4):546-554.]
[18]李生辰,李栋梁,赵平,等.青藏高原“三江源地区”雨季水汽输送特征[J].气象学报,2009,67(4):591-598.[LI Shengchen,LI Dongliang,ZHAO Ping,et al.The climatic characteristics of vapor transportation in rainy season of the origin area of three rivers in Qinhai-Xizang Plateau[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2009,67(4):591-598.]
[19]董斯扬,薛娴,徐满厚,等.气候变化对青藏高原水环境影响初探[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(5):841-853.[DONG Siyang,XUE Xian,XU Manhou,et al.Influence of climate change on water environment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(5):841-853.]
[20]白金中,李忠勤,张明军,等.1959-2008年新疆阿尔泰山友谊峰地区冰川变化特征[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(1):116-124.[BAI Jinzhong,LI Zhongqin,ZHANG Mingjun,et al.Glacier changes in Youyi Area in the Altay Mountains of Xinjiang during 1959-2008[J].Arid Land Geography,2012,35(1):116-124.]
[21]李林,陈晓光,王振宇,等.青藏高原区域气候变化及其差异性研究[J].气候变化研究进展,2010,6(3):181-186.[LI Lin,CHEN Xiaoguang,WANG Zhenyu,et al.Climate change and its regional differences over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Advances in Climate Change Research,2010,6(3):181-186.]
[22]秦小静,孙建,陈涛,等.青藏高原温度与降水的时空变化研究[J].成都大学学报,2015,34(2):191-195.[QIN Xiaojing,SUN Jian,CHEN Tao,et al.Study on spatiotemporal variation of temperature and precipitation in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1974to 2013[J].Journal of Chengdu University,2015,34(2):191-195.]
[23]IPCC.IPCC,2007:Climate Change 2007:Synthesis Report[M]//Contribution of working groups I,II and III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Geneva,Switzerland,2007:1-104.
[24]XU J H,CHEN Y N,JI M H,et al.Climate change and effects on runoff of Kaidu River,Xinjiang,China:a multiple time-scale analysis[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2008,18(4):331-339.
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