中国文化传统中的自然观
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摘要
"以天为则"是中国文化传统的重要组成部分。体现在外在方面,意味着处理好四种关系,即自然与万物的和谐、人与自然的和谐、人与人的和谐、人自己身心的和谐。体现在内在方面,则上升为人的道德与伦理——小到个人的操守与修为,大到江山社稷的治理。古人自然观含有三层意涵:首先,自然是一个客观存在物,包括自然界、自然规律、自然独特存在的属性;其次,自然含万物、人类于其中;再次,天道与人道并行,自然可衍生人的心性、德性与品性,并育化出道德伦理、社会秩序。这三种意涵为认知中国古人自然观提供了基本的评价标准。一方面,古人自然观是中国哲学体系最重要的基础;另一方面,中国哲学强调实践精神,并对生活智慧和精神气象产生影响。
"Taking heaven as the case" is an important idea in Chinese cultural tradition. Externally, it means establishing harmonious relationship between nature and all other things, man and nature, man and man, and body and mind. Internally, it involves the full range of human morality and Ethics—from personal integrity and self-cultivation to the governance of the country. The ancients' view of nature has three dimensions: first of all, nature is an objective existence, including the nature, the natural law, the attributes of the unique existence of nature; secondly, nature contains all things including human beings; thirdly, heaven and humanity go hand in hand, and nature can breed human mind, virtue and personality, and cultivates ethics and social order. These three dimensions provide the basic evaluation criteria for the cognitive view of nature. On the one hand, the ancients view of nature is the most important foundation of Chinese system of philosophy; on the other hand, Chinese philosophy emphasizes the spirit of practice, and has an impact on the wisdom of life and the spiritual atmosphere.
"Taking heaven as the case" is an important idea in Chinese cultural tradition. Externally, it means establishing harmonious relationship between nature and all other things, man and nature, man and man, and body and mind. Internally, it involves the full range of human morality and Ethics—from personal integrity and self-cultivation to the governance of the country. The ancients' view of nature has three dimensions: first of all, nature is an objective existence, including the nature, the natural law, the attributes of the unique existence of nature; secondly, nature contains all things including human beings; thirdly, heaven and humanity go hand in hand, and nature can breed human mind, virtue and personality, and cultivates ethics and social order. These three dimensions provide the basic evaluation criteria for the cognitive view of nature. On the one hand, the ancients view of nature is the most important foundation of Chinese system of philosophy; on the other hand, Chinese philosophy emphasizes the spirit of practice, and has an impact on the wisdom of life and the spiritual atmosphere.
引文
[1] 唐君毅.人文精神之重建[M].台北:学生书局,1988.
[2] 王心竹.20世纪中国大陆程朱理学研究综述[J].哲学动态,2002(1).
[3] 楼宇烈.中国文化的根本精神[M].北京:中华书局,2016.
[4] 姜亮夫.屈原赋校注[M].北京:人民文学出版社,1957.
[5] 楚辞章句补注·楚辞集注[M].王逸,章句.洪兴祖,补注.夏剑钦,校点.长沙:岳麓书社,2013.
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[7] 丁四新.世硕与王充的人性论思想研究[J].文史哲,2006(5).
[8] 康中乾.董仲舒“天人感应”论的哲学意义[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2014(5).
[9] 贺业钜.中国古代城市规划史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2014.
[10] 吴良镛.中国人居史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2014.
[11] 陈元晖,等.中国古代的书院制度[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1981.
(1)参见蒋庆:《公羊学引论》,福建教育出版社,2014年。
(2)参见蒋庆:《公羊学引论》,福建教育出版社,2014年。
(3)参见柳诒徵编著:《中国文化史》,中国大百科全书出版社,1988年。
(4)参见钟嵘著、 曹旭集注:《诗评》,上海古籍出版社,2011年。
(5)参见李渔:《闲情偶寄》,中华书局,2011年,饮馔部。
[2] 王心竹.20世纪中国大陆程朱理学研究综述[J].哲学动态,2002(1).
[3] 楼宇烈.中国文化的根本精神[M].北京:中华书局,2016.
[4] 姜亮夫.屈原赋校注[M].北京:人民文学出版社,1957.
[5] 楚辞章句补注·楚辞集注[M].王逸,章句.洪兴祖,补注.夏剑钦,校点.长沙:岳麓书社,2013.
[6] 周扬,等.中国大百科全书:中国文学(第Ⅰ卷)[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1986.
[7] 丁四新.世硕与王充的人性论思想研究[J].文史哲,2006(5).
[8] 康中乾.董仲舒“天人感应”论的哲学意义[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2014(5).
[9] 贺业钜.中国古代城市规划史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2014.
[10] 吴良镛.中国人居史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2014.
[11] 陈元晖,等.中国古代的书院制度[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1981.
(1)参见蒋庆:《公羊学引论》,福建教育出版社,2014年。
(2)参见蒋庆:《公羊学引论》,福建教育出版社,2014年。
(3)参见柳诒徵编著:《中国文化史》,中国大百科全书出版社,1988年。
(4)参见钟嵘著、 曹旭集注:《诗评》,上海古籍出版社,2011年。
(5)参见李渔:《闲情偶寄》,中华书局,2011年,饮馔部。