基于颗粒阻尼技术的数控机床轻量化研究
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摘要
随着数控机床向高精度、高速度和绿色化发展,轻量化数控机床的优势越来越明显。以ZN-XK2840数控龙门镗铣床为例,提出一种基于颗粒阻尼技术的数控机床轻量化设计方法。首先通过有限元法对常规数控机床结构的静态性能进行分析,对其壁厚进行优化,对轻量化的机床结构的静态性能进行分析,确保其最大变形量和强度满足使用要求;然后对常规数控机床的动特性如模态特性、谐响应进行分析。颗粒阻尼技术能够在振动传递路径有效降低机床结构振动,通过建立颗粒系统-龙门铣床动力学模型,采用自主开发的离散元动力学软件分析安装颗粒阻尼器后的机床结构动态特性,与常规机床进行动特性对比。对按轻量化的设计方案制造安装颗粒阻尼器的龙门镗铣床,在空运转和铣削加工过程中测量其加速度幅值与位移幅值,发现两者均小于常规机床;经检测,其重量相比同类产品减少53.8%,有效实现了轻量化。
With the development of CNC machine tools toward high-precision, high-speed and greening, the advantages of lightweight CNC machines become more and more obvious. Taking ZN-XK2840 CNC gantry boring and milling machine as an example, this paper presents a lightweight design method of CNC machine tools based on particle damping technology. Firstly, the static property of the conventional CNC machine tool structure is analyzed by finite element method, the wall thickness is optimized, and the static property of the lightweight machine tool structure is analyzed to ensure that the maximum deformation and strength meet the requirements. Then analyze the dynamic property of conventional CNC machine tools such as modal characteristics, harmonic response. The particle damping technology can effectively reduce the vibration of the machine tool structure in the vibration transfer path. In this paper, through the establishment of particle system-gantry milling machine dynamics model, using discrete elemental dynamics software developed by ourselves to analyze the dynamic property of the machine tool with particle damper installed. By comparing with the dynamic property of conventional machine tools, it is found that the dynamic property of lightweight machine tool is better than conventional machine tools. According to the lightweight design, the gantry boring and milling machine with particle damper is installed. The acceleration amplitude and displacement amplitude are measured during the idling and milling process, which are all smaller than the conventional machine tools. Its weight is 53.8% lower than similar products, effectively reducing the weight.
With the development of CNC machine tools toward high-precision, high-speed and greening, the advantages of lightweight CNC machines become more and more obvious. Taking ZN-XK2840 CNC gantry boring and milling machine as an example, this paper presents a lightweight design method of CNC machine tools based on particle damping technology. Firstly, the static property of the conventional CNC machine tool structure is analyzed by finite element method, the wall thickness is optimized, and the static property of the lightweight machine tool structure is analyzed to ensure that the maximum deformation and strength meet the requirements. Then analyze the dynamic property of conventional CNC machine tools such as modal characteristics, harmonic response. The particle damping technology can effectively reduce the vibration of the machine tool structure in the vibration transfer path. In this paper, through the establishment of particle system-gantry milling machine dynamics model, using discrete elemental dynamics software developed by ourselves to analyze the dynamic property of the machine tool with particle damper installed. By comparing with the dynamic property of conventional machine tools, it is found that the dynamic property of lightweight machine tool is better than conventional machine tools. According to the lightweight design, the gantry boring and milling machine with particle damper is installed. The acceleration amplitude and displacement amplitude are measured during the idling and milling process, which are all smaller than the conventional machine tools. Its weight is 53.8% lower than similar products, effectively reducing the weight.
引文
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[9]张学玲,徐燕申,钟伟泓.基于有限元分析的数控机床床身结构动态优化设计方法研究[J].机械强度,2005(3):353-357.ZHANG Xueling,XU Yanshen,ZHONG Weihong.Research on structural optimization method in design of NC machine tool bed based on dynamic analysis by FEM[J].Journal of Mechanical Strength,2005(3):353-357.
[10]彭文.基于灵敏度分析的机床立柱结构动态优化设计[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2006(3):29-31.PENG Wen.The structure dynamic optimum design of machine tool column based on sensitivity analysis[J].Modular Machine Tool&Automatic Manufacturing Technique,2006(3):29-31.
[11]谢志坤,路平,史科科,等.轻量化技术在机床设计中的应用[J].制造技术与机床,2012(12):56-59.XIE Zhikun,LU Ping,SHI Keke,et al.The application of the lightweight technology in machine tool design field[J].Manufacturing Technology&Machine Tool,2012(12):56-59.
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[13]LU Z,MASRI S F,LU X L.Studies of the performance of particle dampers attached to a two-degrees-of-freedom system under random excitation[J].Journal of Vibration and Control,2011,17(10):1454-1471.
[14]肖望强,黄玉祥,李威,等.颗粒阻尼器配置对齿轮传动系统动特性影响[J].机械工程学报,2017,53(7):1-12.XIAO Wangqiang,HUANG Yuxiang,LI Wei,et al.Influence of particle damper configurations on the dynamic characteristic for gear transmission system[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,53(7):1-12.
[15]鲁正,吕西林,闫维明.颗粒阻尼技术研究综述[J].振动与冲击,2013,32(7):1-7.LU Zheng,LüXilin,YAN Weiming.A survey of particle damping technology[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2013,32(7):1-7.
[16]XU Z W,WANG M Y,CHEN T N.Particle damping for passive vibration suppression:numerical modelling and experimental investigation[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2005,279(3-5):1097-1120.
[17]PANOSSIAN H V.Structural damping enhancement via non-obstructive particle damping technique[J].Journal of Vibration and Acoustics-Transactions of the ASME,1992,114(1):101-105.
[18]GUYOMAR D,BADEL A.Nonlinear semi-passive multimodal vibration damping:an efficient probabilistic approach[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2006,294(1/2):249-268.
[19]段勇,陈前,周宏伟.垂直简谐激励下颗粒阻尼耗能特性的仿真研究[J].振动与冲击,2009,28(2):28-31.DUAN Yong,CHEN Qian,ZHOU Hongwei.Simulation investigation on particle damping for its characteristic of loss power under vertical excitation[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2009,28(2):28-31.
[20]闫维明,黄韵文,何浩祥,等.颗粒阻尼技术及其在土木工程中的应用展望[J].世界地震工程,2010,26(4):18-24.YAN Weiming,HUANG Yunwen,HE Haoxiang,et al.Particle damping technology and its application prospect in civil engineering[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2010,26(4):18-24.
[21]赵岭,王婷,梁明,等.机床结构件轻量化设计的研究现状与进展[J].机床与液压,2012,40(15):145-147.ZHAO Ling,WANG Ting,LIANG Ming,et al.Status and advance of the lightweight design of machine tool structures[J].Machine Tool&Hydraulics,2012,40(15):145-147.
[22]卢秉恒.机械制造技术基础[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.LU Bingheng.Mechanism manufacture technology basis[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2007.
[23]苟文选.材料力学(I)[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.GOU Wenxuan.Mechanics of materials(I)[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[24]程耀东.机械振动学[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2011.CHENG Yaodong.Mechanical vibration[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University Press,2011.
[25]郭志全,徐燕申,张学玲,等.基于有限元的加工中心立柱结构静、动态设计[J].机械强度,2006(2):287-291.GUO Zhiquan,XU Yanshen,ZHANG Xueling,et al.Research on structure static and dynamic design based on FEA of machining center columns[J].Journal of Mechanical Strength,2006(2):287-291.
[26]杨永亮.基于有限元的车床床身结构优化[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006.YANG Yongliang.The structural optimization of lathe-bed based on finite element[D].Dalian:Dalian University ofTechnology,2006.
[27]刘成颖,谭锋,王立平,等.面向机床整机动态性能的立柱结构优化设计研究[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(3):161-168.LIU Chengying,TAN Feng,WANG Liping,et al.Research on optimization of column structure design for dynamic performance of machine tool[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2016,52(3):161-168.
[2]刘大炜,汤立民.国产高档数控机床的发展现状及展望[J].航空制造技术,2014,57(3):40-43.LIU Dawei,TANG Limin.Cur rent situation and prospect of domestic advanced NC machine tool[J].Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology,2014,57(3):40-43.
[3]骆金威,龚清洪.面向飞机结构件加工的数控机床的发展方向[J].航空制造技术,2015,58(5):54-57.LUO Jing wei,GONG Qinghong.Development direction of CNC machine tool for aircraft structure part processing[J].Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology,2015,58(5):54-57.
[4]黄韶娟,盛伯浩.未来机床制造业发展探析[J].航空制造技术,2014,57(11):42-46.HUANG Shaojuan,SHENG Bohao.Resolve of development of future machine tool manufacturing industry[J].Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology,2014,57(11):42-46.
[5]翟华,王玉山,李贵闪,等.锻压机床轻量化研究现状和发展趋势[J].机床与液压,2011,39(20):113-117.ZHAI Hua,WANG Yushan,LI Guishan,et al.Research status quo and development trends on light-weight design of metal forming tool[J].Machine Tool&Hydraulics,2011,39(20):113-117.
[6]张建明,庞长涛.超精密加工机床系统研究与未来发展[J].航空制造技术,2014,57(11):47-51.ZHANG Jianming,PANG Changtao.Research and development of ultra-precision machining system[J].Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology,2014,57(11):47-51.
[7]唐朋飞.基于拓扑优化的重型机床立柱轻量化设计[D].苏州:苏州大学,2012.TANG Pengfei.The lightweight design of heavy machine column based on topology optimization[D].Suzhou:Soochow University,2012.
[8]赵岭,陈五一,马建峰.基于结构仿生的高速机床工作台轻量化设计[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2008(1):1-4.ZHAO Ling,CHEN Wuyi,MA Jianfeng.Lightweight design of high-speed working table based on structural bionic[J].Modular Machine Tool&Automatic Manufacturing Technique,2008(1):1-4.
[9]张学玲,徐燕申,钟伟泓.基于有限元分析的数控机床床身结构动态优化设计方法研究[J].机械强度,2005(3):353-357.ZHANG Xueling,XU Yanshen,ZHONG Weihong.Research on structural optimization method in design of NC machine tool bed based on dynamic analysis by FEM[J].Journal of Mechanical Strength,2005(3):353-357.
[10]彭文.基于灵敏度分析的机床立柱结构动态优化设计[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术,2006(3):29-31.PENG Wen.The structure dynamic optimum design of machine tool column based on sensitivity analysis[J].Modular Machine Tool&Automatic Manufacturing Technique,2006(3):29-31.
[11]谢志坤,路平,史科科,等.轻量化技术在机床设计中的应用[J].制造技术与机床,2012(12):56-59.XIE Zhikun,LU Ping,SHI Keke,et al.The application of the lightweight technology in machine tool design field[J].Manufacturing Technology&Machine Tool,2012(12):56-59.
[12]NAYERI R D,MASRI S F,CAFFREY J P.Studies of the performance of multi-unit impact dampers under stochastic excitation[J].Journal of Vibration and Acoustics-Transactions of the ASME,2007,129(2):239-251.
[13]LU Z,MASRI S F,LU X L.Studies of the performance of particle dampers attached to a two-degrees-of-freedom system under random excitation[J].Journal of Vibration and Control,2011,17(10):1454-1471.
[14]肖望强,黄玉祥,李威,等.颗粒阻尼器配置对齿轮传动系统动特性影响[J].机械工程学报,2017,53(7):1-12.XIAO Wangqiang,HUANG Yuxiang,LI Wei,et al.Influence of particle damper configurations on the dynamic characteristic for gear transmission system[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2017,53(7):1-12.
[15]鲁正,吕西林,闫维明.颗粒阻尼技术研究综述[J].振动与冲击,2013,32(7):1-7.LU Zheng,LüXilin,YAN Weiming.A survey of particle damping technology[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2013,32(7):1-7.
[16]XU Z W,WANG M Y,CHEN T N.Particle damping for passive vibration suppression:numerical modelling and experimental investigation[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2005,279(3-5):1097-1120.
[17]PANOSSIAN H V.Structural damping enhancement via non-obstructive particle damping technique[J].Journal of Vibration and Acoustics-Transactions of the ASME,1992,114(1):101-105.
[18]GUYOMAR D,BADEL A.Nonlinear semi-passive multimodal vibration damping:an efficient probabilistic approach[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2006,294(1/2):249-268.
[19]段勇,陈前,周宏伟.垂直简谐激励下颗粒阻尼耗能特性的仿真研究[J].振动与冲击,2009,28(2):28-31.DUAN Yong,CHEN Qian,ZHOU Hongwei.Simulation investigation on particle damping for its characteristic of loss power under vertical excitation[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2009,28(2):28-31.
[20]闫维明,黄韵文,何浩祥,等.颗粒阻尼技术及其在土木工程中的应用展望[J].世界地震工程,2010,26(4):18-24.YAN Weiming,HUANG Yunwen,HE Haoxiang,et al.Particle damping technology and its application prospect in civil engineering[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2010,26(4):18-24.
[21]赵岭,王婷,梁明,等.机床结构件轻量化设计的研究现状与进展[J].机床与液压,2012,40(15):145-147.ZHAO Ling,WANG Ting,LIANG Ming,et al.Status and advance of the lightweight design of machine tool structures[J].Machine Tool&Hydraulics,2012,40(15):145-147.
[22]卢秉恒.机械制造技术基础[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.LU Bingheng.Mechanism manufacture technology basis[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2007.
[23]苟文选.材料力学(I)[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.GOU Wenxuan.Mechanics of materials(I)[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[24]程耀东.机械振动学[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2011.CHENG Yaodong.Mechanical vibration[M].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University Press,2011.
[25]郭志全,徐燕申,张学玲,等.基于有限元的加工中心立柱结构静、动态设计[J].机械强度,2006(2):287-291.GUO Zhiquan,XU Yanshen,ZHANG Xueling,et al.Research on structure static and dynamic design based on FEA of machining center columns[J].Journal of Mechanical Strength,2006(2):287-291.
[26]杨永亮.基于有限元的车床床身结构优化[D].大连:大连理工大学,2006.YANG Yongliang.The structural optimization of lathe-bed based on finite element[D].Dalian:Dalian University ofTechnology,2006.
[27]刘成颖,谭锋,王立平,等.面向机床整机动态性能的立柱结构优化设计研究[J].机械工程学报,2016,52(3):161-168.LIU Chengying,TAN Feng,WANG Liping,et al.Research on optimization of column structure design for dynamic performance of machine tool[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2016,52(3):161-168.