中国城市全球价值链嵌入程度与全要素生产率——来自230个地级市的经验研究
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摘要
区别于现有文献在企业和行业层面对全球价值链嵌入程度的测度,本文测算了2002-2013年中国230个地级市的全球价值链嵌入程度,并检验了城市全球价值链嵌入程度对全要素生产率的影响。研究发现:城市层面全球价值链嵌入程度呈现东高西低的典型特征,并且具有明显的空间正相关性。在考虑内生性问题基础上,全球价值链嵌入程度会显著促进城市全要素生产率水平的提升。虽然中西部全球价值链嵌入程度相对较低,但其对全要素生产率的促进作用却更为明显。在考虑到环境因素后,发现全球价值链嵌入程度对城市绿色全要素生产率虽然也具有显著的促进作用,但明显小于未考虑环境因素的情形。全球价值链嵌入程度对全要素生产率的溢出效应随时间逐渐减弱。进一步研究发现,城市全球价值链嵌入会通过FDI外溢效应、提高技术创新水平以及提升资源要素配置效率等路径来促进全要素生产率的提升。
Different from the measurement of the degree of embedding of global value chains in the existing literature at the enterprise and industry level, this paper measures the degree of global value chain embedding in 230 prefecture-level cities in China from 2002 to 2013, and tests the impact of the degree of global value chain embeddedness on total factor productivity.The study finds that the degree of global value chain embeddedness in the urban level shows the typical characteristics of high east and low west,and has a clear positive spatial correlation. Considering the endogenous problem, the embeddedness of global value chains will significantly improve the total factor productivity of cities. Though the embeddedness degree of the global value chain in the central and Western China is relatively low, its role in promoting total factor productivity is more obvious. After considering environmental factors, it is found that the degree of global value chain embeddedness also has a significant effect on urban green total factor productivity, but it is obviously less than the situation without consideration of environmental factors.The spillover effect of global value chain embedding on total factor productivity gradually weakened with time. Further research has found that the embedding of urban global value chains will promote the improvement of total factor productivity through the FDI spillover effect, the improvement of the technological innovation level and the improvement of the allocation efficiency of the resource elements.
Different from the measurement of the degree of embedding of global value chains in the existing literature at the enterprise and industry level, this paper measures the degree of global value chain embedding in 230 prefecture-level cities in China from 2002 to 2013, and tests the impact of the degree of global value chain embeddedness on total factor productivity.The study finds that the degree of global value chain embeddedness in the urban level shows the typical characteristics of high east and low west,and has a clear positive spatial correlation. Considering the endogenous problem, the embeddedness of global value chains will significantly improve the total factor productivity of cities. Though the embeddedness degree of the global value chain in the central and Western China is relatively low, its role in promoting total factor productivity is more obvious. After considering environmental factors, it is found that the degree of global value chain embeddedness also has a significant effect on urban green total factor productivity, but it is obviously less than the situation without consideration of environmental factors.The spillover effect of global value chain embedding on total factor productivity gradually weakened with time. Further research has found that the embedding of urban global value chains will promote the improvement of total factor productivity through the FDI spillover effect, the improvement of the technological innovation level and the improvement of the allocation efficiency of the resource elements.
引文
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(1)将企业名称包含“进出口”、“经贸”、“贸易”、“科贸”或“外经”的企业识别为中间贸易代理商。
(1)这里我们并没有采用一般的基期资本存量计算方法,这主要原因在于城市层面数据并不像省级层面数据那么完善,能得到的比较早的城市数据为1991年数据,如果采用一般基期资本存量计算方法由于基期年份较晚,可能会造成基期资本存量计算的偏差。本文采用较为准确的省级资本存量根据城市规模折算到市级层面,这样可以较为准确的确定城市层面的基期资本存量,并且本文估计的时间期限为1998-2013年,以1991年计算的市级基期资本存量对1998年资本存量的计算的影响也会随之变小。
(2)有关SBM模型以及Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数的测度方法在此不再赘述。
[2]Baldwin R,Lopez-Gonzalez J.Supply-chain trade:A portrait of global patterns and several test able hypotheses”[J].The World Economy.2015,38(11):1682–1721.
[3]张杰,李勇,刘志彪.出口促进中国企业生产率提高吗?——来自中国本土制造业企业的经验证据:1999～2003 [J].管理世界,2009(12):11-26.
[4]席艳乐,贺莉芳.嵌入全球价值链是企业提高生产率的更好选择吗?——基于倾向评分匹配的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2015(12):39-51.
[5]孙学敏,王杰.全球价值链嵌入的“生产率效应”——基于中国微观企业数据的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2016(3):3-14.
[6]吕越,吕云龙.全球价值链嵌入会改善制造业企业的生产效率吗——基于双重稳健倾向得分加权估计[J].财贸经济,2016(3):109-122.
[7]吕越,王艳希、陈勇兵.全球价值链嵌入的生产率效应:影响与机制分析[J].世界经济,2017(7):28-51.
[8]范剑勇,冯猛.中国制造业出口企业生产率悖论之谜[J].管理世界,2013(8):16-29.
[9] Hummels D,Ishii J YiKM.The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade[J].Journal of International Economics.2001,54(1):75-96.
[10] Javorcik S B.Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms in search of spillovers through backward linkages [J].American Economic Review.2004,94(3):605-627.
[11] Van biesebroeck.exporting raises productivity in Sub-Saharan African Manufacturing Firms [J].Journal of International Economics .2006,67(2),373-391.
[12] De Loecker J.Do exports generatehigher productivity?Evidence from Slovenia[J].Journal of International Economics,2007,23(3):69-98.
[13]陈勇兵,仉荣,曹亮.中间品进口会促进企业生产率增长吗?——基于中国企业微观数据的分析[J].财贸经济,2012(3):76-86.
[14]钱学锋,王菊蓉,黄云湖,等.出口与中国工业企业的生产率——自我选择效应还是出口学习效应?[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2011(2):37-52.
[15] Coe D T,Helpman E.International R&D spillovers[J].European Economic Review.1995,39(5):859-887.
[16] Wagner J.Exports and productivity:A survey o f the evidence from firm level data [J].The World Economy,2008,31(1):60-82.
[17] Amiti and Konings J.Trade liberalization,intermediate inputs and productivity [J].American Economic Review,2007,97(5):1611-1638.）
[18] Kasahara H,Rodriguez.Does the use of imported intermediates increase productivity?[J].Journal of Develop￣ment Economics,2008,87(1):106- 118.
[19]毛其淋,盛斌.对外经济开放、区域市场整合与全要素生产率[J].经济学季刊,2011(10):181-230.
[20]Sharma C,Mishra R K.International trade and perfor￣mance of firms:Unraveling export,import and productivity puzzle [J].The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance,2015,2(1):1-14.
[21]钱学锋,王胜,黄云湖,等.进口种类与中国制造业全要素生产率[J].世界经济,2011(5):3-25.
[22]张翊,陈雯,骆时雨.中间品进口对中国制造业全要素生产率的影响[J].世界经济,2015(9):107-130.
[23] Stone,SMikic M,Agyeben M.Asia-Pacific trade and investment report [M].Supporting Participation in Value Chains,2015.
[24] Demidova S.Productivity improvements and falling trade costs:Boon or bane?[J].International Economics Review,2008,49(4):1434- 1462.
[25] Melitz M.The impact of trade on aggregate industry productivity and intra-industry reallocation [J].Econometrica,2003,71(6):1695-1725.
[26]邱斌,叶龙凤,孙少勤.参与全球生产网络对我国制造业价值链提升影响的实证研究——基于出口复杂度的分析[J].中国工业经济,2012(9):57-67.
[27]张少军,刘志彪.国内价值链是否对接了全球价值链[J].国际贸易问题,2013(2):14-27.
[28]程大中.中国参与全球价值链分工的程度及演变趋势——基于跨国投人-产出分析[J].经济研究,2015(9):4-18.
[29]高凌云,王洛林.进口贸易与工业行业全要素生产率[J].经济学季刊,2010(2):391-414.
[30] Falk M.International outsourcing and productivity growth [J].American Economic Review,2012,3(1) :1-19.
[31] Schwre T.Offshoring,domestic outsourcing and productivity:Evidence for a number of European countries [J].Review of World Economics,2013,149(1) :131-149.
[32]刘洪愧,谢谦.新兴经济体参与全球价值链的生产率效应[J].财经研究,2017(8):18-33.
[33] Romer P M.Endogenous technological change[J].Journal of Political Economy,1990,98(5):71-102.
[34] Chiarvesio M,Di Maria E,Micelli S.Global value chains and open networks:The Case of Italian industrial districts [J].European Planning Studies,2010,18( 3) :333-350.
[35]谢建国,姜珮珊.中国进出口贸易隐含能源消耗的测算与分解——基于投入产出模型的分析[J].经济学( 季刊) ,2014 (4):1365-1392.
[36]吕越,罗伟,刘斌.异质性企业与全球价值链嵌入:基于效率和融资的视角[J].世界经济,2015(8):29-55.
[37]王玉燕,林汉川,吕臣.全球价值链嵌入的技术进步效应——来自中国工业面板数据的经验研究[J].中国工业经济,2014(9):65-78.
[38]刘维林,李兰冰、刘玉海.全球价值链嵌入对中国出口技术复杂度的影响[J].中国工业经济,2014(6):83-95.
[39]邵朝对,苏丹妮.全球价值链生产率效应的空间溢出[J].中国工业经济2017(4):94-114.
[40] Upward R,Wang Z,Zheng J.Weighing China’s export basket:The domestic content and technology intensity of Chinese exports[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2013,41(2):527-543.
[41]张杰,陈志远,刘元春.中国出口国内附加值的测算与变化机制[J].经济研究,2013(10):124-137.
[42]余泳泽,刘大勇.我国区域创新效率的空间外溢效应与价值链外溢效应——创新价值链视角下的多维空间面板模型研究[J].管理世界,2013(7):6-20.
[43] Head K,Mayer T.Non-Europe:The magnitude and causes of market fragmentation in the EU[J].Weltwirt-schaftliches Archive,2000,(136):285-314.
[44] Kumbhakar S,Lovell C.Stochastic frontier analysis[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[45]张军,吴桂英,张吉鹏.中国省级物质资本存量估算:1952-2000[J].经济研究,2004(10):35-44.
[46]范子英,张军.财政分权与中国经济增长的效率——基于非期望产出模型的分析[J].管理世界,2009(7):15-25。
[47]邓明.财政支出、支出竞争与中国地区经济增长效率[J].财贸经济,2013(10):27-37.
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(1)将企业名称包含“进出口”、“经贸”、“贸易”、“科贸”或“外经”的企业识别为中间贸易代理商。
(1)这里我们并没有采用一般的基期资本存量计算方法,这主要原因在于城市层面数据并不像省级层面数据那么完善,能得到的比较早的城市数据为1991年数据,如果采用一般基期资本存量计算方法由于基期年份较晚,可能会造成基期资本存量计算的偏差。本文采用较为准确的省级资本存量根据城市规模折算到市级层面,这样可以较为准确的确定城市层面的基期资本存量,并且本文估计的时间期限为1998-2013年,以1991年计算的市级基期资本存量对1998年资本存量的计算的影响也会随之变小。
(2)有关SBM模型以及Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数的测度方法在此不再赘述。