2PAP理论在运动员退役决策中的应用及问卷初步检订
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摘要
关于职业生涯转换发展的一种决策理论2PAP模型认为,根据不同的作用性质和作用方向,可以将影响运动员退役决策的所有因素区分为推离(Push)、引离(Pull)、反推离(AntiPush)和反引离(Anti-Pull)。幵在此基础上发展了运动员退役决策问卷(Athletes’Retirement Decision Inventory,ARDI)。在详细介绍2PAP模型的基础上,将其与传统运动员退役有关理论模型进行了比较。认为该模型在量化运动员退役倾向,具体分析退役决定影响因素来源及性质方面具有明显优势。研究对英文版ARDI进行了翻译,幵在129名具有5年以上专业运动员经历的省级运动员样本中进行了中文版量表检验。结果表明,修订后的运动员退役决策问卷具有良好的信效度,该量表及其理论基础2PAP模型可以用于今后我国运动员退役问题的研究与实践。
The 2 PAP Model is a decision theory framework in career development research. According to its effect quality and direction, 2 PAP model differentiates all the factors that influencing athletes' retirement decision making process into four categories: Push, Pull, Anti-Push, and Anti-Pull. The Athletes' Retirement Decision Inventory(ARDI) was developed based on the 2 PAP model. Followed by a detailed introduction on 2 PAP model in the present study, it is discussed that evident advantage could be observed in the understanding of retirement intention level, as well as the quality and direction analysis of all the decision impactors. In the second part of the present paper, 129 athletes were included in the present study to examine the reliability and validity of ARDI. All of them have over 5 years' experience as professional athlete. The results indicated that Chinese version ARDI has satisfied psychometric quality, both ARDI and 2 PAP model can be used in further research and intervention of athletes' retirement in China.
The 2 PAP Model is a decision theory framework in career development research. According to its effect quality and direction, 2 PAP model differentiates all the factors that influencing athletes' retirement decision making process into four categories: Push, Pull, Anti-Push, and Anti-Pull. The Athletes' Retirement Decision Inventory(ARDI) was developed based on the 2 PAP model. Followed by a detailed introduction on 2 PAP model in the present study, it is discussed that evident advantage could be observed in the understanding of retirement intention level, as well as the quality and direction analysis of all the decision impactors. In the second part of the present paper, 129 athletes were included in the present study to examine the reliability and validity of ARDI. All of them have over 5 years' experience as professional athlete. The results indicated that Chinese version ARDI has satisfied psychometric quality, both ARDI and 2 PAP model can be used in further research and intervention of athletes' retirement in China.
引文
[1]黄志剑,姒刚彦.高水平运动员的退役准备与适应:一项定量研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2008,(5):393-395.
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[3]王迚.仍过程理论观点探索我国运动员的退役(II)——社会支持与退役教育的构想[J].体育科学,2006,(8):17-24,52.
[4]王迚.运动员退役过程的心理定性分析:成功与失败的个案研究[J].心理学报,2008,(3):368-379.
[5]汪康乐,陈瑞琴,邰崇禧.对延长我国女子体操运动员运动寿命的思考[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,(5):702-705.
[6]周浩,龙立荣.共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法[J].心理科学迚展,2004,12(6):942-950.
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[8]ALFERMANN D,STAMBULOV N,ZEMAITYTE A.Reations to sport career termination:A cross-national comparisoin of German,Lithuanian,and Russian athletes[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2004,5(1):61-75.
[9]ALFERMANN D.Causes and consequences of sport career termination[M].In Wylleman P(ed.),Career transitions in sport:International perspectives.Morgantown,WV:Fitn Inform Techn,2000:45-58.
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[12]FELDMAN D C.The decision to retire early:A review and conceptualization.[J].Acade Manage Rev,1994,19(2):285–311.
[13]FERNANDEZ A,STEPHAN Y,FOUQUEREAU E.Assessing reasons for sports career termination:Development of the Athletes’Retirement Decision Inventory(ARDI)[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2006,7:407–421.
[14]KERR G,DACYSHYN A.The retirement experiences of female elite gymnasts[J].J Appl Sport Psychol,2000,12:115-133.
[15]KOUKOURIS K.Quantitative aspects of the disengagement process of advanced and elite Greek male athletes from organized competitive sport[J].J Sport Behav,1991,14(4):227-246.
[16]KUETTEL A,BOYLE E,SCHMID J.Factors contributing to the quality of the transition out of elite sports in Swiss,Danish,and Polish athletes[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2017,29(Supplement C):27-39.
[17]LALLY P.Identity and athletic retirement:A prospective study[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2007,8(1):85-99.
[18]LAVALLEE D,GROVE J R,GORDON S.The causes of career termination from sport and their relationship to post-retirement adjustment among elite-amateur athletes in Australia[J].Aus Psychol,1997,32:131-135.
[19]MUNDFROM D J,SHAW D G,KE T L.Minimum sample size recommendations for conducting factor analyses[J].Int J Test,2005,5(2):159-168.
[20]NUNNALLY J C.Psychometric Theory[M].New York:Mc GrawHill,1978.
[21]RUBIO J G,ALLUE M T,MULLET E.Studying,working,and living in another EU country:Spanish youth's point of view[J].J Eur Integrat,2002,24(1):53-67.
[22]SCARPELLO V,HUBER V,VANDENBERG R J.Compensation satisfaction:Its measurement and dimensionality[J].J Appl Psychol,1988,73(2):163-171.
[23]TAYLOR J,OGILVIE B C.A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes[J].J Appl Sport Psychol,1994,6:1-20.
[24]TINSLEY H E A,TINSLEY D J.Uses of factor analysis in counselling psychology research[J].J Counsel Psychol Health,1987,34:414-424.
[25]TORREGROSA M,RAMIS Y,PALLARéS S,et al.Olympic athletes back to retirement:A qualitative longitudinal study[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2015,21(Supplement C):50-56.
[2]王迚.仍过程理论观点探索我国运动员的退役(I)——退役意识、心理状态与应对策略的调查[J].体育科学,2006,(7):47-54,59.
[3]王迚.仍过程理论观点探索我国运动员的退役(II)——社会支持与退役教育的构想[J].体育科学,2006,(8):17-24,52.
[4]王迚.运动员退役过程的心理定性分析:成功与失败的个案研究[J].心理学报,2008,(3):368-379.
[5]汪康乐,陈瑞琴,邰崇禧.对延长我国女子体操运动员运动寿命的思考[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,(5):702-705.
[6]周浩,龙立荣.共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法[J].心理科学迚展,2004,12(6):942-950.
[7]AGESA R U.The incentive for rural to urban migration:A reexamination of the Harris–Todaro model[J].Appl Economics Letters,2000,(7):107–110.
[8]ALFERMANN D,STAMBULOV N,ZEMAITYTE A.Reations to sport career termination:A cross-national comparisoin of German,Lithuanian,and Russian athletes[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2004,5(1):61-75.
[9]ALFERMANN D.Causes and consequences of sport career termination[M].In Wylleman P(ed.),Career transitions in sport:International perspectives.Morgantown,WV:Fitn Inform Techn,2000:45-58.
[10]BRISLIN R W.Back-translation for cross-cultural research[J].J Cross-Cultural Psychol,1970,1(3):185-216.
[11]ERPIC S C,WYLLEMAN P,ZUPANCIC M.The effect of athletic and non-athletic factors on the sport career termination process[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2004,5:45-59.
[12]FELDMAN D C.The decision to retire early:A review and conceptualization.[J].Acade Manage Rev,1994,19(2):285–311.
[13]FERNANDEZ A,STEPHAN Y,FOUQUEREAU E.Assessing reasons for sports career termination:Development of the Athletes’Retirement Decision Inventory(ARDI)[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2006,7:407–421.
[14]KERR G,DACYSHYN A.The retirement experiences of female elite gymnasts[J].J Appl Sport Psychol,2000,12:115-133.
[15]KOUKOURIS K.Quantitative aspects of the disengagement process of advanced and elite Greek male athletes from organized competitive sport[J].J Sport Behav,1991,14(4):227-246.
[16]KUETTEL A,BOYLE E,SCHMID J.Factors contributing to the quality of the transition out of elite sports in Swiss,Danish,and Polish athletes[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2017,29(Supplement C):27-39.
[17]LALLY P.Identity and athletic retirement:A prospective study[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2007,8(1):85-99.
[18]LAVALLEE D,GROVE J R,GORDON S.The causes of career termination from sport and their relationship to post-retirement adjustment among elite-amateur athletes in Australia[J].Aus Psychol,1997,32:131-135.
[19]MUNDFROM D J,SHAW D G,KE T L.Minimum sample size recommendations for conducting factor analyses[J].Int J Test,2005,5(2):159-168.
[20]NUNNALLY J C.Psychometric Theory[M].New York:Mc GrawHill,1978.
[21]RUBIO J G,ALLUE M T,MULLET E.Studying,working,and living in another EU country:Spanish youth's point of view[J].J Eur Integrat,2002,24(1):53-67.
[22]SCARPELLO V,HUBER V,VANDENBERG R J.Compensation satisfaction:Its measurement and dimensionality[J].J Appl Psychol,1988,73(2):163-171.
[23]TAYLOR J,OGILVIE B C.A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes[J].J Appl Sport Psychol,1994,6:1-20.
[24]TINSLEY H E A,TINSLEY D J.Uses of factor analysis in counselling psychology research[J].J Counsel Psychol Health,1987,34:414-424.
[25]TORREGROSA M,RAMIS Y,PALLARéS S,et al.Olympic athletes back to retirement:A qualitative longitudinal study[J].Psychol Sport Exe,2015,21(Supplement C):50-56.