不同放牧方式对大针茅草原啮齿动物群落多样性的影响
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摘要
2013-2015年,采用标志重捕法对内蒙古呼伦贝尔大针茅草原,季节轮牧区、按月轮牧区、连续放牧区和过牧区4种不同放牧方式及禁牧区(对照区)下啮齿动物进行了专门调查,对啮齿动物群落结构、啮齿动物群落相似性和多样性特征进行了研究.结果表明:1.不同放牧使啮齿动物群落结构发生了一定的变化.放牧增加了啮齿动物数量,使优势种出现了差异.连续放牧区和过牧区优势种为草原黄鼠;按月轮牧、季节轮牧和禁牧区优势种为黑线仓鼠.2.不同的放牧方式导致了啮齿动物群落相似性不同。按月轮牧与季节轮牧相似性指数最大,连续放牧与过牧相似性指数最大;禁牧与过牧相似性指数最大.3.连续放牧和过牧增加了啮齿动物群落多样性,按月轮牧和季节轮牧降低了群落多样性.本研究认为,季节轮牧能够控制啮齿动物个体数量的同时可以降低啮齿动物群落多样性.
A field experiment with four grazing patterns,including continuous grazing,monthly grazing,seasonal grazing and over grazing,and grazing prohibition(control area),was conducted to study the effect of different grazing patterns on rodent community structure,community similarity and diversity in the Stipa grandis steppe in HulunBuir from 2013 to 2015,using live trap method.This study showed that:1)The rodent community structure was influenced by grazing patterns.Grazing increased the number of rodents and changed the dominant species.In continuous grazing and over grazing sites,the dominant specie was Spermophilus dauricus,while in monthly grazing,seasonal grazing and grazing prohibition sites the dominant specie was Cricetulus barabensis.2)Different grazing patterns lead to different rodent community similarity.Community similarity between monthly grazing and seasonal grazing,over grazing and continuous grazing,overgrazing and forbidden grazing sites were significant lager than other combinations.3)Over grazing and continuous grazing increased the rodent community diversity,while monthly grazing and seasonal grazing reduced community diversity.These results suggested that seasonal grazing can control the number of rodents and reduce the community diversity.
A field experiment with four grazing patterns,including continuous grazing,monthly grazing,seasonal grazing and over grazing,and grazing prohibition(control area),was conducted to study the effect of different grazing patterns on rodent community structure,community similarity and diversity in the Stipa grandis steppe in HulunBuir from 2013 to 2015,using live trap method.This study showed that:1)The rodent community structure was influenced by grazing patterns.Grazing increased the number of rodents and changed the dominant species.In continuous grazing and over grazing sites,the dominant specie was Spermophilus dauricus,while in monthly grazing,seasonal grazing and grazing prohibition sites the dominant specie was Cricetulus barabensis.2)Different grazing patterns lead to different rodent community similarity.Community similarity between monthly grazing and seasonal grazing,over grazing and continuous grazing,overgrazing and forbidden grazing sites were significant lager than other combinations.3)Over grazing and continuous grazing increased the rodent community diversity,while monthly grazing and seasonal grazing reduced community diversity.These results suggested that seasonal grazing can control the number of rodents and reduce the community diversity.
引文
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[3]董全民,赵新全,李世雄,等.草地放牧系统中土壤-植被系统各因子对放牧响应的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(8):2255-2265.
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[6]Zhou X R,Guo Z G,Guo X H.The role of plateaupika and plateau zokor in alpine meadow[J].Practacultural Science,2010,27(5):38-44.
[7]Liu J S,Zhang W G,Jiang X L et al.Effects of burrow space of plateauzokoron vegetation characters on alpine meadows[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(6):927-932.
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[12]Liu W,Yan H Y,Wang X,et al.Effects of plateau pikas on restoring succession of degraded grassland and plant community structure[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2014,34(1):54-61.
[13]Bian J H,Fan N C,Jing Z C,et al.Studies on the successive relation between small mammal community and plant community in alpine meadow[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,1994,14(3):209-216.
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[15]Hayward B,Heske E J,Painter C W.Effects of livestock grazing on small mammals at a desert cienaga[J].The Journal of Wildlife Management,1997,61(1):123-129.
[16]白萨如拉,袁帅,满都呼,等.呼伦贝尔典型草原的利用方式对地上啮齿动物群落多样性的影响[J].草业科学,2016,02:305-312.
[17]付和平,杨泽龙,武晓东,等.不同干扰和尺度下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,01:51-56.
[18]Jones Z F,Bock C E,Bock J H.Rodent communities in a grazed and ungrazed Arizona grassland,and a model of habitat relationships among rodents in southwestern grass/shrublands[J].The American Midland Naturalist,2003,149(2):384-394.
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[20]董维惠,侯希贤,杨玉平.锡林郭勒草原布氏田鼠种群数量预测[J].中国草地学报,2006,04:115-117.
[21]武晓东,付和平.人为干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局—变动趋势与敏感性反应[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):849-861.
[22]Tabeni S,Ojedar A.Assessing mammal responses to perturbations in temperate arid lands of Argentina[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2003,55:715-726.
[23]Hodgson J.Grazing Management:Science into Practice[M].New York:Longman Scientific&Teehnieal,1990.
[24]白永飞,李德新,许志信,等.放牧梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响[J].生态学报,1999,19(4):479-484.
[25]侯扶江,杨中艺.放牧对草地的作用[J].生态学,2006,26:245-264.
[26]李俊生,宋延龄,王学志,等.放牧压力条件下荒漠草原小型哺乳动物群落多样性的空间格局[J].生态学报,2005,25(1):51-58.
[27]EccardJ A,WaltherRB,Milton S J.How livestock grazing affects vegetation structures and small mammal distribution in the semi-arid Karoo[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2000,46:103-106.
[28]WhitfordW G.Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grassland of north America[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1997,37:709-720.
[29]Rosi M I,PuigS,Cona M I,et al.Diet of fossorial rodent(Octodontidae),above-ground food availabilityand changes related to cattle grazing in the central monte(Argentina)[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2009,73:273-279.
[30]乌云嘎,查木哈,张晓东,等.荒漠区啮齿动物群落与植物因子的冗余分析[J].草业科学,2014,12:2323-2332.
[2]Gibson D J.The relationship of sheep grazing and soil heterogeneity to plant spatial patterns in dune grassland[J].Ecology,1988,76(1):233-252.
[3]董全民,赵新全,李世雄,等.草地放牧系统中土壤-植被系统各因子对放牧响应的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(8):2255-2265.
[4]Giese M,Brueck H,Gao y z,et al.N balance and cycling of Inner Mongolia typical stepp:a comprehensive case study of grazing effects[J].Ecological Monographs,2013,83(2):195-219.
[5]江洪,张艳丽,Strittholt J R.干扰与生态系统演替的空间分析[J].生态学报,2003.23(9):1861-1876.
[6]Zhou X R,Guo Z G,Guo X H.The role of plateaupika and plateau zokor in alpine meadow[J].Practacultural Science,2010,27(5):38-44.
[7]Liu J S,Zhang W G,Jiang X L et al.Effects of burrow space of plateauzokoron vegetation characters on alpine meadows[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(6):927-932.
[8]Su J H,Aryal A,Nan Z B,et al.Climate change-induced range expansion of a subterranean rodent:implications for range-land management in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].PLOS ONE,2015,10(9):e0138969.
[9]赵梅.克拉玛依石油城啮齿动物群落结构与环境变迁研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[10]徐兴军,吕建伟,谢振丽,等.寒温带牧林交错区生境复杂度对啮齿类物种多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(6):2945-2952.
[11]Utrera A,Duno G,Ellis B A.Small mammals in agricultural areas of the western Llanos of Venezuela:Community structure habitat associations and relative densities[J].Mammalogy,2000,81(2):536-548.
[12]Liu W,Yan H Y,Wang X,et al.Effects of plateau pikas on restoring succession of degraded grassland and plant community structure[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,2014,34(1):54-61.
[13]Bian J H,Fan N C,Jing Z C,et al.Studies on the successive relation between small mammal community and plant community in alpine meadow[J].Acta Theriologica Sinica,1994,14(3):209-216.
[14]Jones A L,LonglandW S.Effects of cattle grazing on salt desert rodent communities[J].The American Midland Naturalist,1999,141(1):1-11.
[15]Hayward B,Heske E J,Painter C W.Effects of livestock grazing on small mammals at a desert cienaga[J].The Journal of Wildlife Management,1997,61(1):123-129.
[16]白萨如拉,袁帅,满都呼,等.呼伦贝尔典型草原的利用方式对地上啮齿动物群落多样性的影响[J].草业科学,2016,02:305-312.
[17]付和平,杨泽龙,武晓东,等.不同干扰和尺度下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2007,01:51-56.
[18]Jones Z F,Bock C E,Bock J H.Rodent communities in a grazed and ungrazed Arizona grassland,and a model of habitat relationships among rodents in southwestern grass/shrublands[J].The American Midland Naturalist,2003,149(2):384-394.
[19]刘书润.内蒙古锡林郭勒地区布氏田鼠与草原植被相互关系的初步研究[J].中国草原,1979.
[20]董维惠,侯希贤,杨玉平.锡林郭勒草原布氏田鼠种群数量预测[J].中国草地学报,2006,04:115-117.
[21]武晓东,付和平.人为干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局—变动趋势与敏感性反应[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):849-861.
[22]Tabeni S,Ojedar A.Assessing mammal responses to perturbations in temperate arid lands of Argentina[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2003,55:715-726.
[23]Hodgson J.Grazing Management:Science into Practice[M].New York:Longman Scientific&Teehnieal,1990.
[24]白永飞,李德新,许志信,等.放牧梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响[J].生态学报,1999,19(4):479-484.
[25]侯扶江,杨中艺.放牧对草地的作用[J].生态学,2006,26:245-264.
[26]李俊生,宋延龄,王学志,等.放牧压力条件下荒漠草原小型哺乳动物群落多样性的空间格局[J].生态学报,2005,25(1):51-58.
[27]EccardJ A,WaltherRB,Milton S J.How livestock grazing affects vegetation structures and small mammal distribution in the semi-arid Karoo[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2000,46:103-106.
[28]WhitfordW G.Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grassland of north America[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1997,37:709-720.
[29]Rosi M I,PuigS,Cona M I,et al.Diet of fossorial rodent(Octodontidae),above-ground food availabilityand changes related to cattle grazing in the central monte(Argentina)[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2009,73:273-279.
[30]乌云嘎,查木哈,张晓东,等.荒漠区啮齿动物群落与植物因子的冗余分析[J].草业科学,2014,12:2323-2332.