塔中隆起中—下奥陶统岩溶水文地貌条件及控储机制
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摘要
塔里木盆地塔中隆起中—下奥陶统古岩溶储层是深层碳酸盐岩油气勘探的重点目标。基于地震数据分析和地震属性提取,对塔中隆起的岩溶古地貌和古水文结构进行了精细刻画;通过钻井和成像测井对比、岩心和岩石学薄片观察,揭示了古岩溶储层空间分布的差异性;探讨了水文地貌条件对储层发育的控制作用。研究结果表明:(1)塔中隆起的中央主垒带位于古地形平坦的岩溶高地,发育以裂隙—扩散流为代表的流场结构;北斜坡带位于地势相对陡的岩溶斜坡,有利于形成顺层—径流的水流样式。(2)中央主垒带储层以裂缝—孔洞系统为主,为表层岩溶带的产物,其平面分布受控于NE和NWW向断裂;北斜坡带发育规模不一的孤立洞穴和多层溶蚀孔洞,其岩溶垂向结构相对完整。(3)由于水文地貌条件的差异,中央主垒带和北斜坡带分别形成了"裂隙—渗流"和"顺层—径流"表生岩溶储层发育模式,为储层预测提供了理论依据。
Mid-Lower Ordovician paleo-karst reservoirs in the Tazhong uplift of Tarim Basin are the key targets of hydrocarbon exploration in deep-buried carbonate.Based on seismic volume analysis and seismic attribute extraction,the karst paleo-geomorphology and paleo-hydrological architecture of the Tazhong uplift were precisely delineated.Moreover,the variation in the spatial distribution of paleo-karst reservoirs was revealed by a correlation cross section of drilling and imaging logging,and core and thin-section petrological observations.Then the control effect of hydrogeomorphologic conditions on reservoir development was investigated in this study.The research results indicate that the central horst belt of the Tazhong uplift is located in karst highland with gentle paleo-terrain,where the flow field structure represented by fracture and diffuse flow is developed;the north-slope zone is located in karst slope with relatively steep terrain,which is beneficial for the formation of stratiform-runoff flow pattern.The reservoirs in the central horst zone are dominated by fissure-vug system produced in the epikarst zone,showing planar distribution controlled by NE and NWW-trending faults;the multi-layered corrosion vugs and isolated caves with different scales are developed in the north slope zone,showing a complete karst vertical structure.Because of the differences in hydrogeomorphologic conditions,the development patterns of"fissure-seepage"and"stratiform-runoff"epigenic karst reservoirs were established in the central horst zone and north slope zone respectively,providing theoretical references for reservoir prediction.
Mid-Lower Ordovician paleo-karst reservoirs in the Tazhong uplift of Tarim Basin are the key targets of hydrocarbon exploration in deep-buried carbonate.Based on seismic volume analysis and seismic attribute extraction,the karst paleo-geomorphology and paleo-hydrological architecture of the Tazhong uplift were precisely delineated.Moreover,the variation in the spatial distribution of paleo-karst reservoirs was revealed by a correlation cross section of drilling and imaging logging,and core and thin-section petrological observations.Then the control effect of hydrogeomorphologic conditions on reservoir development was investigated in this study.The research results indicate that the central horst belt of the Tazhong uplift is located in karst highland with gentle paleo-terrain,where the flow field structure represented by fracture and diffuse flow is developed;the north-slope zone is located in karst slope with relatively steep terrain,which is beneficial for the formation of stratiform-runoff flow pattern.The reservoirs in the central horst zone are dominated by fissure-vug system produced in the epikarst zone,showing planar distribution controlled by NE and NWW-trending faults;the multi-layered corrosion vugs and isolated caves with different scales are developed in the north slope zone,showing a complete karst vertical structure.Because of the differences in hydrogeomorphologic conditions,the development patterns of"fissure-seepage"and"stratiform-runoff"epigenic karst reservoirs were established in the central horst zone and north slope zone respectively,providing theoretical references for reservoir prediction.
引文
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[2]FRITZ R D,WILSON J L,YUREWICZ D A.Paleokarst related hydrocarbon reservoirs[M].SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology,1993.
[3]LOUCKS R G.Paleocave carbonate reservoirs:origins,burial-depth modifications,spatial complexity,and reservoir implications[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(11):1795-1834.
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[5]付金华,白海峰,孙六一,等.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集体类型及特征[J].石油学报,2012,33(增刊2):110-117.FU Jinhua,BAI Haifeng,SUN Liuyi,et al.Types and characteristics of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Ordos Basin,China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(S2):110-117.
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[7]TIAN Fei,JIN Qiang,LU Xinbian,et al.Multi-layered ordovician paleokarst reservoir detection and spatial delineation:a case study in the Tahe oilfield,Tarim Basin,Western China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2016,69:53-73.
[8]ZHAO Wenzhi,SHEN Anjiang,QIAO Zhanfeng,et al.Carbonate karst reservoirs of the Tarim Basin,northwest China:types,features,origins,and implications for hydrocarbon exploration[J].Interpretation,2014,2(3):SF65-SF90.
[9]WRIGHT V P,BACETA J I,LAPOINTE P A.Paleokarstic macroporosity development at platform margins:lessons from the Paleocene of north Spain[J].Interpretation,2014,2(3):SF1-SF16.
[10]李源,蔡忠贤.塔里木盆地塔河油田主体区海西早期岩溶台面划分及洞穴层对比[J].古地理学报,2016,18(4):560-568.LI Yuan,CAI Zhongxian.Division of karst platform architecture and cave levels correlation in the early Hercynian,Tahe oilfield,Tarim Basin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2016,18(4):560-568.
[11]LU Xinbian,WANG Yan,TIAN Fei,et al.New insights into the carbonate karstic fault system and reservoir formation in the Southern Tahe area of the Tarim Basin[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2017,86:587-605.
[12]MYLROIE J E,MYLROIE J R,NELSON C S.Flank margin cave development in telogenetic limestone of New Zealand[J].ActaCarsologica,2008,37(1):15-40.
[13]WHITE W B.Science of caves and karst:a half century of progress[M]∥FEINBERG J M,GAO Y L,ALEXANDER JR E C.Caves and karst across time.Boulder,Colorado:Geological Society of America Special Paper,2015,516:3.
[14]KLIMCHOUK A B,AULER A S,BEZERRA F H R,et al.Hypogenic origin,geologic controls and functional organization of a giant cave system in Precambrian carbonates,Brazil[J].Geomorphology,2016,253:385-405.
[15]杨明德.岩溶峡谷区溶洞发育特征及水动力条件[J].贵州地质,1998,15(1):17-25.YANG Mingde.Development of cavities in Karstic valley in respondent to hydodynamics[J].Guizhou Geology,1998,15(1):17-25.
[16]梁虹,杨明德.喀斯特峰丛洼地(谷地)流域产汇流特性分析[J].贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,1992,10(1):10-17.LIANG Hong,YANG Mingde.Analysis of the characteristics of runoff-yield and flow-concentration in the drainage basin of the karst fengcong-depression district[J].Journal of Guizhou Normal University:Natural Sciences,1992,10(1):10-17.
[17]闫福贵,梁永平,张翼龙,等.鄂尔多斯盆地周边地区岩溶发育模式及岩溶地下水开发利用探讨[J].地学前缘,2010,17(6):227-234.YAN Fugui,LIANG Yongping,ZHANG Yilong,et al.Discussion about development mode of karst and exploitation of karst water around the Ordos Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2010,17(6):227-234.
[18]PARISE M.Surface and subsurface karst geomorphology in the Murge(Apulia,Southern Italy)[J].Acta Carsologica,2011,40(1):79-93.
[19]WHITE W B.Conceptual models for carbonate aquifers.1969[J].Ground Water,2012,50(2):180-186.
[20]FORD D C,WILLIAMS P W.Karst Hydrogeology and geomorphology[M].Chichester:Wiley,2007,562.
[21]彭建,梁虹,王剑.贵州普定后寨河流域喀斯特水文地貌空间耦合分析[J].贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2000,18(2):1-5.PENG Jian,LIANG Hong,WANG Jian.Karst hydro-geomorphological spatial coupling analysis of the Houzhaihe drainage area in Puding county,Guizhou province[J].Journal of Guizhou Normal University:Natural Science,2000,18(2):1-5.
[22]王在高,徐萍莉.浅析喀斯特流域水文地貌过程—响应系统[J].贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2002,20(1):36-39.WANG Zaigao,XU Pingli.An elementary analysis of hydro-geomorphological process-response system[J].Journal of Guizhou Normal University:Natural Science,2002,20(1):36-39.
[23]杨明德,谭明,梁虹.喀斯特流域水文地貌系统[M].北京:地质出版社,1988.YANG Mingde,TAN Ming,LIANG Hong.Hydrogeomorphologic system of karst drainage basin[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1998.
[24]张恒,蔡忠贤,漆立新,等.塔中地区西北部鹰山组成岩早期岩溶作用类型及其特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2016,37(3):291-303.ZHANG Heng,CAI Zhongxian,QI Lixin,et al.Types and characteristics of eogenetic karst in the Yingshan Formation in northwestern Tazhong area,Tarim Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2016,37(3):291-303.
[25]潘建国,卫平生,蔡忠贤,等.塔中地区中-下奥陶统碳酸盐岩孔洞-裂缝储集系统划分及其特征[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2012,37(4):751-762.PAN Jianguo,WEI Pingsheng,CAI Zhongxian,et al.Reservoir architectural system in the Middle-Lower Ordovician carbonate rock of Tazhong areas in Tarim[J].Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences,2012,37(4):751-762.
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