喀斯特地区农村能源消费特征及影响因素
|
摘要
[目的]喀斯特农村地区低值粗放的能源利用方式对原本脆弱的生态环境产生强烈胁迫,薪柴过度使用造成植被破坏,从而加剧土壤侵蚀,成为诱发石漠化的主要因素之一。明确不同喀斯特地区农村能源消费特征及影响因素以促进能源结构优化是喀斯特生态系统恢复的重要措施,也是社会—生态研究领域的一大议题。[方法]采用随机抽样的方式调查喀斯特峡谷、高原山地和槽谷3种不同地貌类型的石漠化治理示范区的能源结构特征与消费现状,利用Tobit和Logit模型对能源消费的影响因素进行回归分析。[结果](1)喀斯特地区用能结构单一,电力使用率达99. 31%,但对薪柴的替代进程缓慢,薪柴使用率仍高达83. 10%,其他能源使用率均不足50%,不同地貌区能源结构差异显著。(2)喀斯特地区农村能源消费量整体偏低且以薪柴消费为主导,人均能源消费量仅占全国人均消费量的40. 32%,薪柴消费量占总能耗的50. 69%,其余能源均不足20%,不同地貌区能源消费差异明显。(3)家庭人口数量、年纯收入、养殖牲畜数量、耕地面积、煤矿以及政策对喀斯特地区农村能源的消费具有显著影响,能源政策可以有效促进新能源使用。[结论]针对喀斯特峡谷区、高原山地区和槽谷区依次提出能源服务配套型、金融贷款合作型和企业入驻引资型3种模式建议,对优化喀斯特地区能源结构、保障石漠化治理成果具有一定的现实意义。
Low-level and extensive use of energy strongly threatens the already fragile eco-environment in karst rural area. Also,the overuse of fuelwood has led to the destruction of vegetation and therefore intensifies the erosion of soil,being one of the main factors resulting in rocky desertification issues. Clarifying the characteristics of rural energy consumption and its influential factors to optimize the structure of energy is an important measure to promote the restoration of karst ecosystems,and it is also a hot issue discussed in socio-ecological research. Random sampling method was adopted to investigate the characteristics of energy structure and the status of energy consumption in three areas demonstrating the control situation of rocky desertification issues and representing three different landforms including karst gorges,karst plateaus and mountains,as well as karst valleys. Moreover,models of Tobit and Logit were taken to perform regression analysis on factors affecting energy consumption. The results show that( 1)The utilization structure of energy in karst area is simple,with utilization ratio of electricity reaching 99. 31%.However,the process of replacing fuelwood with electricity is slow,and the use of fuelwood still accounts for 83.10%. The ratios of other utilized energies are less than 50%. The structures of energy utilization in areas with different landforms are also various.( 2) The consumption of rural energy in karst area is low and is dominated by fuelwood consumption,and per capita energy consumption there represents only 40. 32% of national per capita consumption. The consumption of fuelwood accounts for 50. 69% of total energy consumption,while other energies are less than 20%. The energy consumptions of different landforms vary obviously.( 3) The population of a family,annual net income,the number of livestock,the area of cultivated land,coal mines and policies significantly affect rural energy consumption in karst area. In addition,energy policies can promote the use of new energy. In light of the actual situations of karst gorges,karst plateaus and mountains as well as karst valleys,three suggested modes are proposed,including energy service supporting mode,financial loan cooperation mode and enterprise investment mode. It is of practical significance to the promotion of the optimization of energy structure and the conservation of the achievements of rocky desertification control in karst areas.
Low-level and extensive use of energy strongly threatens the already fragile eco-environment in karst rural area. Also,the overuse of fuelwood has led to the destruction of vegetation and therefore intensifies the erosion of soil,being one of the main factors resulting in rocky desertification issues. Clarifying the characteristics of rural energy consumption and its influential factors to optimize the structure of energy is an important measure to promote the restoration of karst ecosystems,and it is also a hot issue discussed in socio-ecological research. Random sampling method was adopted to investigate the characteristics of energy structure and the status of energy consumption in three areas demonstrating the control situation of rocky desertification issues and representing three different landforms including karst gorges,karst plateaus and mountains,as well as karst valleys. Moreover,models of Tobit and Logit were taken to perform regression analysis on factors affecting energy consumption. The results show that( 1)The utilization structure of energy in karst area is simple,with utilization ratio of electricity reaching 99. 31%.However,the process of replacing fuelwood with electricity is slow,and the use of fuelwood still accounts for 83.10%. The ratios of other utilized energies are less than 50%. The structures of energy utilization in areas with different landforms are also various.( 2) The consumption of rural energy in karst area is low and is dominated by fuelwood consumption,and per capita energy consumption there represents only 40. 32% of national per capita consumption. The consumption of fuelwood accounts for 50. 69% of total energy consumption,while other energies are less than 20%. The energy consumptions of different landforms vary obviously.( 3) The population of a family,annual net income,the number of livestock,the area of cultivated land,coal mines and policies significantly affect rural energy consumption in karst area. In addition,energy policies can promote the use of new energy. In light of the actual situations of karst gorges,karst plateaus and mountains as well as karst valleys,three suggested modes are proposed,including energy service supporting mode,financial loan cooperation mode and enterprise investment mode. It is of practical significance to the promotion of the optimization of energy structure and the conservation of the achievements of rocky desertification control in karst areas.
引文
[1]朱四海.中国农村能源政策:回顾与展望.农业经济问题,2007,28(9):3-8.
[2] Li F,Cheng S,Yu H,et al. Waste from livestock and poultry breeding and its potential assessment of biogas energy in rural China. Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,126(126):451-460.
[3]耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究.农业工程学报,2013,29(1):171-179.
[4] Yang Y,Zhang P,Zhang W,et al. Quantitative appraisal and potential analysis for primary biomass resources for energy utilization in China.Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010,14(9):3050-3058.
[5]刘刚,沈镭.中国生物质能源的定量评价及其地理分布.自然资源学报,2007,22(1):9-19.
[6]韩鲁佳,闫巧娟,刘向阳,等.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状.农业工程学报,2002,18(3):87-91.
[7]方如康.我国能源资源的现状及其合理利用问题.地理研究,1984,3(4):25-38.
[8]盈斌,王琦,熊康宁,等.典型喀斯特山区农业生物质能潜力估算———以贵州省为例.生态学报,2018,38(21):7688-7698.
[9]赵盼弟,熊康宁,肖时珍,等.喀斯特山区农村生活能源利用现状及对策———以贵州毕节撒拉溪示范区为例.信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2015,28(2):209-213.
[10]唐亮,刘肇军,熊康宁,等.喀斯特地区农村家庭能源消费结构及效应分析———以贵州毕节撒拉溪示范区为例.贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,31(2):96-102.
[11]李国柱,于歌,卢万合,等.陇中黄土丘陵区农村生活能源消费的村落差异研究.资源科学,2012,34(10):1839-1844.
[12]石祖梁,李想,王飞,等.我国东北地区农村生活能源消费结构与变化趋势分析.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(8):122-127.
[13]魏楚,王丹,吴宛忆,等.中国农村居民煤炭消费及影响因素研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(9):178-185.
[14]肖红波,李军,李宗泰,等.北京农村能源消费现状及影响因素分析———基于北京市1866个农村住户的调研.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(10):127-137.
[15]郑顺安,李想,石祖梁,等.我国西北平原区农村生活能源消费和供需结构分析.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(10):112-120.
[16]王飞,石祖梁,李想,等.东南丘陵区农村生活能源消费结构时空变异分析.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(10):121-126.
[17]仇焕广,严健标,李登旺,等.我国农村生活能源消费现状、发展趋势及决定因素分析———基于四省两期调研的实证研究.中国软科学,2015(11):28-38.
[18]梁育填,樊杰,孙威,等.西南山区农村生活能源消费结构的影响因素分析———以云南省昭通市为例.地理学报,2012,67(2):221-229.
[19] Wang R,Jiang Z. Energy consumption in China's rural areas:A study based on the village energy survey. Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,143:452-461.
[20]翟紫含,付军.西部少数民族地区农村生活能源消费特征———基于四川凉山州住户调查数据的分析.资源科学,2016,38(4):622-630.
[21]孙威,胡望舒,闫梅,等.限制开发区域农户薪柴消费的影响因素分析———以云南省怒江州为例.地理研究,2014,33(9):1694-1705.
[22]王效华,胡晓燕.农村家庭能源消费的影响因素.农业工程学报,2010,26(3):294-297.
[23]周曙东,崔奇峰,王翠翠.农牧区农村家庭能源消费数量结构及影响因素分析———以内蒙古为例.资源科学,2009,31(4):696-702.
[24]何威风,阎建忠,花晓波.不同类型农户家庭能源消费差异及其影响因素———以重庆市“两翼”地区为例.地理研究,2014,33(11):2043-2055.
[25]韩锋,王昌海,侯一蕾,等.自然保护区周边社区薪柴消费影响因素分析.资源科学,2014,36(5):971-978.
[26]何威风,阎建忠,周洪,等.农户薪柴消费的理论模型及实证研究.生态学报,2016,36(5):1369-1379.
[27]王天穷,顾海英.我国农村能源政策以及收入水平对农户生活能源需求的影响研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(8):1286-1297.
[28]熊康宁,池永宽.中国南方喀斯特生态系统面临的问题及对策.生态经济,2015,31(1):23-30.
[29]杨明德.论喀斯特环境的脆弱性.云南地理环境研究,1990(1):21-29.
[30]刘肇军.转变农村经济发展方式与贵州石漠化治理.贵州社会科学,2008,224(8):100-104.
[31] Yuan D X. Rock desertification in the subtropical Karst of South China. 1997. Z. Geomorph. N. F,1997,108:81-90.
[32] Jiang Z,Lian Y,Qin X. Rocky desertification in Southwest China:Impacts,causes,and restoration. Earth-Science Reviews,2014,132(3):1-12.
[33]熊康宁,黎平,周忠发,等.喀斯特石漠化的遥感GIS典型研究———以贵州省为例.北京:地质出版社. 2002. 18-18.
[34]王世杰.喀斯特石漠化———中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题.矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(2):120-126.
[35]牛叔文,王志锋,李国柱,等.陇中黄土丘陵地区农村生活能源资源潜力的估算和利用结构分析———以通渭县李店乡祁咀村为例.资源科学,2007,29(3):105-110.
[36]熊伟,付宗平,王鹏.论生态环境建设下农村能源供给侧改革的推进.农村经济,2017(12):94-99.
[37]国家林业局.岩溶地区石漠化状况公报. http://www. gov. cn/ztzl/fszs/content_650610. htm,2007-06-15.
[38]安显金,李维.基于WOS数据库和CSCD的全球喀斯特研究动态.贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2018,36(3):14-22.
[39] Li Z,Tang R,Xia C,et al. Towards green rural energy in Yunnan,China. Renewable Energy,2005,30(2):99-108.
[40]赵萍.消费经济学理论溯源.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011. 179-182.
[41]熊康宁,袁家榆,方伊.贵州省喀斯特石漠化综合防治图集(2006—2050)贵阳:贵州人民出版社. 2007. 10-11.
[42]周华林,李雪松. Tobit模型估计方法与应用.经济学动态,2012(5):105-119.
[43]王济川,郭志刚. Logistic回归模型:方法与应用.北京:高等教育出版社,2001. 6-6.
[44]国家统计局能源统计司.中国能源统计年鉴-2016.北京:中国统计出版社,2016. 9-9.
[45]赵雪雁,陈欢欢,马艳艳,等. 2000—2015年中国农村能源贫困的时空变化与影响因素.地理研究,2018,37(6):1115-1126.
[2] Li F,Cheng S,Yu H,et al. Waste from livestock and poultry breeding and its potential assessment of biogas energy in rural China. Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,126(126):451-460.
[3]耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究.农业工程学报,2013,29(1):171-179.
[4] Yang Y,Zhang P,Zhang W,et al. Quantitative appraisal and potential analysis for primary biomass resources for energy utilization in China.Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010,14(9):3050-3058.
[5]刘刚,沈镭.中国生物质能源的定量评价及其地理分布.自然资源学报,2007,22(1):9-19.
[6]韩鲁佳,闫巧娟,刘向阳,等.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状.农业工程学报,2002,18(3):87-91.
[7]方如康.我国能源资源的现状及其合理利用问题.地理研究,1984,3(4):25-38.
[8]盈斌,王琦,熊康宁,等.典型喀斯特山区农业生物质能潜力估算———以贵州省为例.生态学报,2018,38(21):7688-7698.
[9]赵盼弟,熊康宁,肖时珍,等.喀斯特山区农村生活能源利用现状及对策———以贵州毕节撒拉溪示范区为例.信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2015,28(2):209-213.
[10]唐亮,刘肇军,熊康宁,等.喀斯特地区农村家庭能源消费结构及效应分析———以贵州毕节撒拉溪示范区为例.贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,31(2):96-102.
[11]李国柱,于歌,卢万合,等.陇中黄土丘陵区农村生活能源消费的村落差异研究.资源科学,2012,34(10):1839-1844.
[12]石祖梁,李想,王飞,等.我国东北地区农村生活能源消费结构与变化趋势分析.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(8):122-127.
[13]魏楚,王丹,吴宛忆,等.中国农村居民煤炭消费及影响因素研究.中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(9):178-185.
[14]肖红波,李军,李宗泰,等.北京农村能源消费现状及影响因素分析———基于北京市1866个农村住户的调研.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(10):127-137.
[15]郑顺安,李想,石祖梁,等.我国西北平原区农村生活能源消费和供需结构分析.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(10):112-120.
[16]王飞,石祖梁,李想,等.东南丘陵区农村生活能源消费结构时空变异分析.中国农业资源与区划,2017,38(10):121-126.
[17]仇焕广,严健标,李登旺,等.我国农村生活能源消费现状、发展趋势及决定因素分析———基于四省两期调研的实证研究.中国软科学,2015(11):28-38.
[18]梁育填,樊杰,孙威,等.西南山区农村生活能源消费结构的影响因素分析———以云南省昭通市为例.地理学报,2012,67(2):221-229.
[19] Wang R,Jiang Z. Energy consumption in China's rural areas:A study based on the village energy survey. Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,143:452-461.
[20]翟紫含,付军.西部少数民族地区农村生活能源消费特征———基于四川凉山州住户调查数据的分析.资源科学,2016,38(4):622-630.
[21]孙威,胡望舒,闫梅,等.限制开发区域农户薪柴消费的影响因素分析———以云南省怒江州为例.地理研究,2014,33(9):1694-1705.
[22]王效华,胡晓燕.农村家庭能源消费的影响因素.农业工程学报,2010,26(3):294-297.
[23]周曙东,崔奇峰,王翠翠.农牧区农村家庭能源消费数量结构及影响因素分析———以内蒙古为例.资源科学,2009,31(4):696-702.
[24]何威风,阎建忠,花晓波.不同类型农户家庭能源消费差异及其影响因素———以重庆市“两翼”地区为例.地理研究,2014,33(11):2043-2055.
[25]韩锋,王昌海,侯一蕾,等.自然保护区周边社区薪柴消费影响因素分析.资源科学,2014,36(5):971-978.
[26]何威风,阎建忠,周洪,等.农户薪柴消费的理论模型及实证研究.生态学报,2016,36(5):1369-1379.
[27]王天穷,顾海英.我国农村能源政策以及收入水平对农户生活能源需求的影响研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(8):1286-1297.
[28]熊康宁,池永宽.中国南方喀斯特生态系统面临的问题及对策.生态经济,2015,31(1):23-30.
[29]杨明德.论喀斯特环境的脆弱性.云南地理环境研究,1990(1):21-29.
[30]刘肇军.转变农村经济发展方式与贵州石漠化治理.贵州社会科学,2008,224(8):100-104.
[31] Yuan D X. Rock desertification in the subtropical Karst of South China. 1997. Z. Geomorph. N. F,1997,108:81-90.
[32] Jiang Z,Lian Y,Qin X. Rocky desertification in Southwest China:Impacts,causes,and restoration. Earth-Science Reviews,2014,132(3):1-12.
[33]熊康宁,黎平,周忠发,等.喀斯特石漠化的遥感GIS典型研究———以贵州省为例.北京:地质出版社. 2002. 18-18.
[34]王世杰.喀斯特石漠化———中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题.矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(2):120-126.
[35]牛叔文,王志锋,李国柱,等.陇中黄土丘陵地区农村生活能源资源潜力的估算和利用结构分析———以通渭县李店乡祁咀村为例.资源科学,2007,29(3):105-110.
[36]熊伟,付宗平,王鹏.论生态环境建设下农村能源供给侧改革的推进.农村经济,2017(12):94-99.
[37]国家林业局.岩溶地区石漠化状况公报. http://www. gov. cn/ztzl/fszs/content_650610. htm,2007-06-15.
[38]安显金,李维.基于WOS数据库和CSCD的全球喀斯特研究动态.贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),2018,36(3):14-22.
[39] Li Z,Tang R,Xia C,et al. Towards green rural energy in Yunnan,China. Renewable Energy,2005,30(2):99-108.
[40]赵萍.消费经济学理论溯源.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2011. 179-182.
[41]熊康宁,袁家榆,方伊.贵州省喀斯特石漠化综合防治图集(2006—2050)贵阳:贵州人民出版社. 2007. 10-11.
[42]周华林,李雪松. Tobit模型估计方法与应用.经济学动态,2012(5):105-119.
[43]王济川,郭志刚. Logistic回归模型:方法与应用.北京:高等教育出版社,2001. 6-6.
[44]国家统计局能源统计司.中国能源统计年鉴-2016.北京:中国统计出版社,2016. 9-9.
[45]赵雪雁,陈欢欢,马艳艳,等. 2000—2015年中国农村能源贫困的时空变化与影响因素.地理研究,2018,37(6):1115-1126.