京新高速公路(临白段)野生动物通道监测研究
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摘要
京新高速公路(临白段)穿越和毗邻3个保护区,为此设置了多处野生动物通道,但其利用效果还缺乏跟踪监测。2016年11月—2017年10月,采用红外相机技术对18处野生动物通道开展监测。结果表明:1)至少5种兽类和14种鸟类利用通道,包括国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物野猫Felis silvestris和兔狲Otocolobus manul; 2)从相对丰富度指数看,兽类中,赤狐Vulpes vulpes(119. 94)最高,蒙古兔Lepus tolai为53. 31,野猫及兔狲均为26. 73,猪獾Arctonyx collaris(5. 25)最低;鸟类中,喜鹊Pica pica(140. 30)最高,其次为石鸡Alectoris chukar(95. 57),其他12种鸟类为148. 04;赤狐利用了绝大多数的通道,穿越了10座桥梁中的8座,8个涵洞中的6个;赤狐、蒙古兔、野猫和兔狲对桥梁利用率高于涵洞,从兽类和鸟类总体利用率看,桥梁优于涵洞; 3)通道尺寸是鸟兽利用通道的主要影响因素,水体和植被覆盖也对野生动物利用通道起重要引导作用。因此,建议未来在我国干旱半干旱区公路建设中尽量将大型、开阔的通道纳入设计中,在通道出入口营造永久或季节性水体以及类型丰富和覆盖度高的植被景观以诱导野生动物利用通道。
The Beijing-Xinjiang Expressway( Linbai Section) traverses and adjacent to 3 reserves,and many wildlife crossing structures have been set up to mitigate the barrier effect,however,their utilization effects still remain unclear.From November 2016 to October 2017,18 wildlife crossing structures were monitored using infrared camera technology. The results showed that: 1) At least 5 species of mammals and 14 species of birds were active using wildlife crossing structures,including the class Ⅱ nationally protected species wildcat( Felis silvestris) and Pallas' cat( Otocolobus manul); 2) Red fox( Vulpes vulpes) had a maximum relative abundance index( RAI) of 119. 94,followed by Tolai hare( Lepus tolai)( RAI =53. 31),wildcat and Pallas' cat( RAI = 26. 73),and hog badger( Arctonyx collaris)( RAI = 5. 25); among birds,blackbilled magpie( Pica pica) had a RAI of 140. 30,followed by chukar( Alectoris chukar)( RAI = 95. 57),and 12 other bird species( RAI = 148. 04); red fox crossed 8 of 10 bridges and 6 of 8 culverts,indicating the adaptation of red fox to the bridges and culverts; the utilization rates of bridges for red fox,Tolai hare,wildcat and Pallas' cat were higher than those of culverts. Therefore,bridges might be superior to culverts according to the overall utilization rate of mammals and birds;3) Structure size was found to be the main factor influencing the crossing structures of birds and mammals. Water and vegetation also played an important role in guiding the movement of wildlife. This study suggested that future road design schemes including large and open crossing structures with permanent or temporal water and rich vegetation types might benefit the utilization of crossing structures by wildlife along the Beijing-Xinjiang Expressway.
The Beijing-Xinjiang Expressway( Linbai Section) traverses and adjacent to 3 reserves,and many wildlife crossing structures have been set up to mitigate the barrier effect,however,their utilization effects still remain unclear.From November 2016 to October 2017,18 wildlife crossing structures were monitored using infrared camera technology. The results showed that: 1) At least 5 species of mammals and 14 species of birds were active using wildlife crossing structures,including the class Ⅱ nationally protected species wildcat( Felis silvestris) and Pallas' cat( Otocolobus manul); 2) Red fox( Vulpes vulpes) had a maximum relative abundance index( RAI) of 119. 94,followed by Tolai hare( Lepus tolai)( RAI =53. 31),wildcat and Pallas' cat( RAI = 26. 73),and hog badger( Arctonyx collaris)( RAI = 5. 25); among birds,blackbilled magpie( Pica pica) had a RAI of 140. 30,followed by chukar( Alectoris chukar)( RAI = 95. 57),and 12 other bird species( RAI = 148. 04); red fox crossed 8 of 10 bridges and 6 of 8 culverts,indicating the adaptation of red fox to the bridges and culverts; the utilization rates of bridges for red fox,Tolai hare,wildcat and Pallas' cat were higher than those of culverts. Therefore,bridges might be superior to culverts according to the overall utilization rate of mammals and birds;3) Structure size was found to be the main factor influencing the crossing structures of birds and mammals. Water and vegetation also played an important role in guiding the movement of wildlife. This study suggested that future road design schemes including large and open crossing structures with permanent or temporal water and rich vegetation types might benefit the utilization of crossing structures by wildlife along the Beijing-Xinjiang Expressway.
引文
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Xia L,Yang QS,Li ZC,et al.2007.The effect of the QinghaiTibet railway on the migration of Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii in Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve,China[J].Oryx,41(3):352-357.
Yang QS,Xia L.2008.Tibetan wildlife is getting used to the railway[J].Nature,452(7189):810-811.
Smith AT,解焱.2009.中国兽类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社.
王云,朴正吉,关磊,等.2013.环长白山旅游公路对野生动物的影响[J].生态学杂志,32(2):425-435.
王云,关磊,陈济丁,等.2017.青藏高速公路格拉段野生动物通道设计参数研究[J].公路交通科技,34(9):146-152.
吴晓民,王伟.2006.青藏铁路建设之野生动物保护[M].北京:科学出版社.
西北濒危动物研究所(陕西省动物研究所),交通运输部公路科学研究所.2012.北京至乌鲁木齐国家高速公路临河至白疙瘩(蒙甘界)段野生动物影响专题报告[R].北京.
殷宝法,淮虎银,张镱锂,等.2006.青藏铁路、公路对野生动物活动的影响[J].生态学报,26(12):3917-3923.
约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.2003.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社.
张洪峰,车利锋,封托,等.2016.秦岭林区公路野生动物通道设计与监测[J].公路,3:200-204.
朱玉峰,沈毅,董博昶,等.2013.新疆明哈高速公路野生动物通道设置[C]//中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社.
Beckmann JP,Clevenger AP,Huijser MP,et al.2010.Safe passages:highway,wildlife,and habitat connectivity[M].Covelo:Island Press.
Clevenger AP,Huijser MP.2011.Wildlife crossing structure handbook-design and evaluation in north America[R].Washington:Federal Highway Administration.
Clevenger AP,Waltho N.2005.Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals[J].Biological Conservation,121(3):453-464.
Forman RTT,Sperling D,Bissonette JA,et al.2003.Road ecology:science and solutions[M].Washington:Island Press.
Glista DJ,Devault TL,Dewoody JA.2009.A review of mitigation measures for reducing wildlife mortality on roadways[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,91(1):1-7.
Ng SJ,Dole JW,Sauvajot RM,et al.2004.Use of highway undercrossing by wildlife in southern California[J].Biological Conservation,115(3):499-507.
O'Connell AF,Nichols JD,Karanth KU.2010.Camera traps in animal ecology:methods and analyses[M].Switzerland:Springer.
Pan WJ,Lin L,Luo AD,et al.2009.Corridor used by Asian elephants[J].Integrative Zoology,4(2):220-231.
van derree R,Smith DJ,Grilo C.2015.Handbook of road ecology[M].Oxford:John Wiley&Sons.
Wang Y,Guan L,Chen JD,et al.2018.Influences on mammals frequency of use of small bridges and culverts along the Qinghai-Tibet railway,China[J].Ecological Research,33(5):879-887.
Wang Y,Guan L,Piao ZJ,et al.2017.Monitoring wildlife crossing structures along highways in Changbai Mountain,China[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,50:119-128.
Xia L,Yang QS,Li ZC,et al.2007.The effect of the QinghaiTibet railway on the migration of Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii in Hoh-xil National Nature Reserve,China[J].Oryx,41(3):352-357.
Yang QS,Xia L.2008.Tibetan wildlife is getting used to the railway[J].Nature,452(7189):810-811.