药食同源品种中重金属及有害元素的风险评估
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摘要
目的测定9种药食同源品种中重金属及有害元素,通过风险评估制订其限量。方法采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法对全国范围内收集到的鱼腥草等299批9种药食同源品种中重金属及有害元素的残留量进行测定和分析,按照风险评估的基本步骤,对其重金属及有害元素的风险进行确定性评估,并计算其重金属及有害元素的最大限量理论值。结果 299批药食同源品种中,整体合格率为75. 25%;其中,枸杞子、木瓜、酸枣仁、玉竹和乌梢蛇全部合格,菊花、肉桂、鱼腥草和山银花合格率分别为91. 12%,46. 23%,15. 02%和9. 74%;除了鱼腥草外,其他8个药食同源品种风险可控,鱼腥草作为膳食的健康风险需要被关注;最大限量理论值的计算结果表明,2015年版《中国药典》中枸杞子铅和砷的限量大于其最大限量理论值,食品国标GB2762-2017中菊花和山银花中铅的限量大于最大限量理论值,其余限量合理。结论该方法可用于药食同源品种中重金属及有害元素的风险评估,建议以风险评估为指导,建立适用于药食同源品种使用特点的残留限量标准。
Objective To determine the heavy metals and harmful elements in 9 types of medicine and food homologous varieties,and to guide the formulation of their limits by risk assessment. Methods Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry( ICP-MS) was used to determine and analyze the residues of heavy metals and harmful elements in 299 batches of 9 types of medicine and food homologous varieties such as Houttuynia cordata collected nationwide. At the same time,according to the basic steps of risk assessment,the risks of heavy metals and harmful elements were assessed deterministically,and the maximum theoretical limits of heavy metals and harmful elements were calculated. Results The qualified rate of the 299 batches of medicine and food homologous varieties was75. 25%,among them,the qualified rate of Lycii Fructus,Fructus Chaenomelis,Ziziphi Spinosae Semen,Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma,and Zaocys was 100. 00%,the qualified rates of Chrysanthemi Flos,Cinnamomi Cortex,Houttuyniae Herba and Lonicerae Flos were91. 12%,46. 23%,15. 02% and 9. 74%,respectively. The results of risk assessment showed that except Houttuynia cordata,the risks of other 8 types of medicine and food homologous varieties were controllable. The health risk of Houttuynia cordata was needed to be concerned when used as food. The results of the maximum theoretical limits showed that the limits of lead and arsenic for Lycii Fructus in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 edition) were higher than the maximum theoretical limits. And the limits of lead for Chrysanthemi Flos and Lonicerae Flos in national food standard GB2762-2017 were higher than the maximum theoretical limits,the rest of heavy metal and harmful element limits were reasonable. Conclusion This method can be used for risk assessment of heavy metals and harmful elements in medicine and food homologous varieties. It is suggested that the residue limit standard suitable for the use characteristics of medicine and food homologous varieties should be established with the guidance of risk assessment.
Objective To determine the heavy metals and harmful elements in 9 types of medicine and food homologous varieties,and to guide the formulation of their limits by risk assessment. Methods Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry( ICP-MS) was used to determine and analyze the residues of heavy metals and harmful elements in 299 batches of 9 types of medicine and food homologous varieties such as Houttuynia cordata collected nationwide. At the same time,according to the basic steps of risk assessment,the risks of heavy metals and harmful elements were assessed deterministically,and the maximum theoretical limits of heavy metals and harmful elements were calculated. Results The qualified rate of the 299 batches of medicine and food homologous varieties was75. 25%,among them,the qualified rate of Lycii Fructus,Fructus Chaenomelis,Ziziphi Spinosae Semen,Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma,and Zaocys was 100. 00%,the qualified rates of Chrysanthemi Flos,Cinnamomi Cortex,Houttuyniae Herba and Lonicerae Flos were91. 12%,46. 23%,15. 02% and 9. 74%,respectively. The results of risk assessment showed that except Houttuynia cordata,the risks of other 8 types of medicine and food homologous varieties were controllable. The health risk of Houttuynia cordata was needed to be concerned when used as food. The results of the maximum theoretical limits showed that the limits of lead and arsenic for Lycii Fructus in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 edition) were higher than the maximum theoretical limits. And the limits of lead for Chrysanthemi Flos and Lonicerae Flos in national food standard GB2762-2017 were higher than the maximum theoretical limits,the rest of heavy metal and harmful element limits were reasonable. Conclusion This method can be used for risk assessment of heavy metals and harmful elements in medicine and food homologous varieties. It is suggested that the residue limit standard suitable for the use characteristics of medicine and food homologous varieties should be established with the guidance of risk assessment.
引文
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[12]左甜甜,李耀磊,陈沛,等.西洋参、山楂、枸杞子中重金属及有害元素残留量测定及初步风险评估[J].药物分析杂志,2016,36(11):2019-2024.
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[14] GB 2762-2017,食品安全国家标准:食品中污染物限量[S].
[15]周良云,岳红,李璇,等.野生青蒿体内重金属的生物可给性及风险评估[J].中国中药杂志,2015,40(10):1904-1907.
[2]左甜甜,张磊,金红宇,等.中药材提取前后重金属及有害元素转移率和分级别风险评估的研究[J].药物分析杂志,2017,37(8):1399-1406.
[3] CHUNG CJ,HUANG YL,HUANG YK,et al. Urinary arsenic profiles and the risks of cancer mortality:A population-based 20-year follow-up study in arseniasis-endemic areas in Taiwan[J].Environ Res,2013,122(2):25-30.
[4] ZUO TT,LI YL,JIN HY,et al. HPLC-ICP-MS speciation analysis and risk assessment of arsenic in Cordyceps sinensis[J]. Chin Med,2018,13:19-28.
[5] CHERFI A,ABDOUN S,GACI O. Food survey:levels and potential health risks of chromium,lead,zinc and copper content in fruits and vegetables consumed in Algeria[J]. Food Chem Toxicol,2014,70(5):48-53.
[6] KHAN S,CAO Q,ZHENG YM,et al. Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soil and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing,China. Environ Pollut,2008,152(3):686-692.
[7]王绪卿,吴永宁,陈君石.食品污染监测低水平数据处理问题[J].中华预防医学杂志,2002,36(4):278-279.
[8]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(一部)[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2015:84,249.
[9] FAO,WHO. Environmental Health Criteria 240:Principles and Methods for the Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food[EB/OL].[2018-10-15]. http://www. who. int/foodsafety/publications/ch emical?food/en/.
[10] WHO. Geneva:Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on FoodAdditives Summary Report of the Seventy-Third Meeting of JECFA[EB/OL].(2010-06-24)[2018-10-09]. http://www. who. int/foo dsafety/publications/jecfa-reports/en/.
[11] WHO. Rome:Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives SummaryReportoftheSeventy-SecondMeetingofJECFA[EB/OL].(2010-02-16)[2018-10-04]. http://www. who. int/foodsafety/publications/chem/summary72. pdf? ua=1.
[12]左甜甜,李耀磊,陈沛,等.西洋参、山楂、枸杞子中重金属及有害元素残留量测定及初步风险评估[J].药物分析杂志,2016,36(11):2019-2024.
[13]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典(四部)[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2015:402.
[14] GB 2762-2017,食品安全国家标准:食品中污染物限量[S].
[15]周良云,岳红,李璇,等.野生青蒿体内重金属的生物可给性及风险评估[J].中国中药杂志,2015,40(10):1904-1907.