青藏高原热力对四川盆地西部一次持续性暴雨影响的数值模拟
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摘要
通过对四川盆地西部一次持续性暴雨过程的半理想数值模拟,研究了青藏高原热力作用对四川盆地持续性暴雨过程的影响。研究表明,高原的热力作用对于下游地区有着显著的影响,主要表现为:(1)关闭高原地面感热和潜热后,高原地区和四川盆地西部的降水明显减弱,而盆地中东部降水却有所加强,且四川盆地降水的日变化特征稍有减弱;(2)500 hPa青藏高原上的短波槽减弱,位于四川盆地中西部的背风槽强度、范围有所减弱,但低层盆地东部的气旋性涡旋加强;(3)涡度收支的定量分析发现,关闭高原热力作用后,盆地东部对流层低层垂直风切变的增强使得夜间倾斜项的正贡献增强,从而使该区域涡旋发展加强,盆地东部降水增强。
The influence of sensible and latent heat anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) on a persistent rainfall in western Sichuan Basin is investigated via a semi-idealized mesoscale numerical model WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) simulation. Analyses of the simulation show that when the heating on the TP is turned off, rainfall decreases in the TP and western Sichuan Basin but increases in central and eastern Sichuan Basin, while the diurnal variation of precipitation weakens; the trough over the TP on 500 hPa disappears, the strength and scope of the westerly trough reduces slightly, but the meso-cyclone at low levels in eastern Sichuan Basin enhances; quantitative analysis of vorticity budget during the heavy rain period indicates that the intensification of vertical wind shear in the lower troposphere makes positive contribution to strengthening the TILT(tilting term) in eastern Sichuan Basin, and thus facilitates vortex development in the key area of Sichuan Basin, which also leads to increases in precipitation in eastern Sichuan Basin.
The influence of sensible and latent heat anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) on a persistent rainfall in western Sichuan Basin is investigated via a semi-idealized mesoscale numerical model WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) simulation. Analyses of the simulation show that when the heating on the TP is turned off, rainfall decreases in the TP and western Sichuan Basin but increases in central and eastern Sichuan Basin, while the diurnal variation of precipitation weakens; the trough over the TP on 500 hPa disappears, the strength and scope of the westerly trough reduces slightly, but the meso-cyclone at low levels in eastern Sichuan Basin enhances; quantitative analysis of vorticity budget during the heavy rain period indicates that the intensification of vertical wind shear in the lower troposphere makes positive contribution to strengthening the TILT(tilting term) in eastern Sichuan Basin, and thus facilitates vortex development in the key area of Sichuan Basin, which also leads to increases in precipitation in eastern Sichuan Basin.
引文
Bao X H,Zhang F Q.2013.Impacts of the mountain-plains solenoid and cold pool dynamics on the diurnal variation of warm-season precipitation over Northern China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,13(14):6965-6982,doi:10.5194/acp-13-6965-2013.
陈忠明,闵文彬,刘富明.2003.青藏高原地表热源异常与四川盆地夏季降水的关联[J].气象,29(5):8-12.Chen Zhongming,Min Wenbing,Liu Fuming.2003.Relationship between surface heating fields over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and precipitation in Sichuan Basin during summer[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),29(5):8-12,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.2003.05.002.
陈忠明,闵文彬,缪强,等.2004.高原涡与西南涡耦合作用的个例诊断[J].高原气象,23(1):76-80.Chen Zhongming,Min Wenbin,Miao Qiang,et al.2004.A case study on coupling interaction between plateau and southwest vortexes[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),23(1):76-80,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2004.01.011.
董敏,朱文妹,徐祥德.2001.青藏高原地表热通量变化及其对初夏东亚大气环流的影响[J].应用气象学报,12(4):458-468.Dong Min,Zhu Wenmei,Xu Xiangde.2001.The variation of surface heat flux over Tibet Plateau and its influences on the East Asia circulation in early summer[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),12(4):458-468,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2001.04.008.
Duan A M,Wang M R,Lei Y H,et al.2013.Trends in summer rainfall over China associated with the Tibetan Plateau sensible heat source during1980-2008[J].J.Climate,26(1):261-275,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00669.1.
段海霞,陆维松,毕高贵.2008.凝结潜热与地表热通量对一次西南低涡暴雨影响分析[J].高原气象,27(6):1315-1323.Duan Haixia,Lu Weisong,Bi Gaogui.2008.Impact of the condensation heating and surface heat flux on a rainstorm event of southwest vortex[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),27(6):1315-1323.
Flohn H.1957.Large-scale aspects of the“summer monsoon”in South and East Asia[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,75:180-186.
Flohn H.1960.Recent investigations on the mechanism of the“summer monsoon”of southern and eastern Asia[C]//Proceedings of Monsoon of the World.New Delhi:Hindu Union Press,75-88.
傅慎明,孙建华,赵思雄,等.2011.梅雨期青藏高原东移对流系统影响江淮流域降水的研究[J].气象学报,69(4):581-600.Fu Shenming,Sun Jianhua,Zhao Sixiong,et al.2011.A study of the impacts of the eastward propagation of convective cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau on the rainfall of the Yangtze Huai River basin[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),69(4):581-600,doi:10.11676/qxxb2011.051.
何光碧.2006.高原东侧陡峭地形对一次盆地中尺度涡旋及暴雨的数值试验[J].高原气象,25(3):430-441.He Guangbi.2006.Simulation of impact of steep terrain on east side of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on mesoscale vortex and rain storm over the basin[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),25(3):430-441,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2006.03.011.
Huang W R,Wang S Y.2014.Impact of land-sea breezes at different scales on the diurnal rainfall in Taiwan[J].Climate Dyn.,43(7-8):1951-1963,doi:10.1007/s00382-013-2018-z.
李雪松,罗亚丽,管兆勇.2014.2010年6月中国南方持续性强降水过程:天气系统演变和青藏高原热力作用的影响[J].气象学报,72(3):428-446.Li Xuesong,Luo Yali,Guan Zhaoyong.2014.The persistent severe rainfall over southern China in June 2010:The evolution of synoptic systems and the Tibetan Plateau’s heating effect[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),72(3):428-446,doi:10.11676/qxxb2014.035.
李永华,卢楚翰,徐海明,等.2011.夏季青藏高原大气热源与西南地区东部旱涝的关系[J].大气科学,35(5):422-434.Li Yonghua,Lu Chuhan,Xu Haiming,et al.2011.Contemporaneous relationships between summer atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau and drought/flood in eastern Southwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Science(in Chinese),35(5):422-434,doi:0.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.03.04.
梁玲,李跃清,胡豪然,等.2013.青藏高原夏季感热异常与川渝地区降水关系的数值模拟[J].高原气象,32(6):1538-1545.Liang Ling,Li Yueqing,Hu Haoran,et al.Numerical study of influence of sensible heat anomalies in summer over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on rainfall in SichuanChongqing regions[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),32(6):1538-1545.
刘新,吴国雄,李伟平,等.2001.夏季青藏高原加热和大尺度流场的热力适应[J].大气科学,11(1):33-39.Liu Xin,Wu Guoxiong,Li Weiping,et al.2001.Thermal adaptation of the large-scale circulation to the summer heating over the Tibet an Plateau[J].Progress in Nature Science(in Chinese),11(1):33-39,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1002-008X.2001.01.006.
罗四维,何梅兰,刘晓东.1993.关于青藏高原低涡的研究[J].中国科学(B辑),23(7):778-784.Luo Siwei,He Meilan,Liu Xiaodong.1994.Study on the vortex of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Platean in summer[J].Science in China.Series B,Chemistry,Life Sciences&Earth Sciences,37(5):601-612.
孙建华,李娟,沈新勇,等.2015.2013年7月四川盆地一次特大暴雨的中尺度系统演变特征[J].气象,41(5):533-543.Sun Jianhua,Li Juan,Shen Xinyong,et al.2015.Mesoscale system study of extreme rainfall over Sichuan basin in July 2013[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),41(5):533-543,doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2015.05.002.
Sun,J.H.,and Zhang,F.Q.,2012.Impacts of mountain-plains solenoid on diurnal variations of rainfalls along the Mei-yu front over the East China plains[J].Monthly Weather Review,140,379-397.
Trier S B,Davis C A,Ahijevych D A.2010.Environmental controls on the simulated diurnal cycle of warm-season precipitation in the continental United States[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,67(4)1066-1090,doi:0.1175/2009JAS3247.1.
Trier S B,Davis C A,Carbone R E.2014.Mechanisms governing the persistence and diurnal cycle of a heavy rainfall corridor[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,71(11):4102-4126,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0134.1.
吴国雄,刘屹岷,刘新,等.2005.青藏高原加热如何影响亚洲夏季的气候格局[J].大气科学,29(1):47-56.Wu Guoxiong,Liu Yimin,Liu Xin,et al.2005.How the heating over the Tibetan Plateau affects the Asian climate in summer[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),29(1):47-56,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2005.01.06.
Xu X D,Lu C G,Shi X H,et al.2010.Large-scale topography of China:Afactor for the seasonal progression of the Meiyu rainband?[J].J.Geophys.Res.,115(D2):D02110,doi:10.1029/2009JD012444.
叶笃正,罗四维,朱抱真.1957.西藏高原及其附近的流场结构和对流层大气的热量平衡[J].气象学报,28(2):108-121.Ye Duzheng,Luo Siwei,Zhu Baozhen.1957.The wind structure and heat balance in the lower troposphere over Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),28(2):108-121,doi:10.11676/qxxb1957.010.
叶笃正,高由禧.1979.青藏高原气象学[M].北京:科学出版社,278pp.Ye Duzheng,Gao Youxi.1979.Meteorology of the Qinghai-Xizhang Plateau[M](in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,278pp.
章基嘉,徐祥德,苗俊峰.1995.青藏高原地面热力异常对夏季江淮流域持续暴雨形成作用的数值试验[J].大气科学,19(3):270-276.Zhang Jijia,Xu Xiangde,Miao Junfeng.1995.A numerical experiment of the effect of anomalous thermal forcing of Tibetan Plateau ground surface on the formation of persistent heavy rain in summer over the YangtzeHuaihe basin[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),19(3):270-276,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1995.03.02.
张顺利,陶诗言,张庆云,等.2002.长江中下游致洪暴雨的多尺度条件[J].科学通报,47(6):467-473.Zhang Shunli,Tao Shiyan,Zhang Qingyun,et al.2002.Large and meso-αscale characteristics of intense rainfall in the mid-and lower reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,47(9):779-786,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2002.06.017.
Zhang Y C,Sun J H,Fu S M.2014.Impacts of diurnal variation of mountain-plain solenoid circulations on precipitation and vortices East of the Tibetan Plateau during the Mei-yu season[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,31(1):139-153,doi:10.1007/s00376-013-2052-0.
赵春玉,王叶红.2010.高原涡诱生西南涡特大暴雨成因的个例研究[J].高原气象,29(4):819-831.Zhao Chunyu,Wang Yehong.2010.A case study on Plateau vortex inducing southwest vortex and producing extremely heavy rain[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),29(4):819-831.
赵勇,钱永甫.2009.青藏高原地区地表热力异常与夏季东亚环流和江淮降水的关系[J].气象学报,67(3):397-406.Zhao Yong,Qian Yongfu.2009.Relationship between the Tibetan Plateau surface thermal anomalies and the summer circulation over East Asia and rainfall in the Yangtze and Huaihe River areas[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),67(3):397-406,doi:10.11676/qxxb2009.039.
陈忠明,闵文彬,刘富明.2003.青藏高原地表热源异常与四川盆地夏季降水的关联[J].气象,29(5):8-12.Chen Zhongming,Min Wenbing,Liu Fuming.2003.Relationship between surface heating fields over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and precipitation in Sichuan Basin during summer[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),29(5):8-12,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.2003.05.002.
陈忠明,闵文彬,缪强,等.2004.高原涡与西南涡耦合作用的个例诊断[J].高原气象,23(1):76-80.Chen Zhongming,Min Wenbin,Miao Qiang,et al.2004.A case study on coupling interaction between plateau and southwest vortexes[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),23(1):76-80,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2004.01.011.
董敏,朱文妹,徐祥德.2001.青藏高原地表热通量变化及其对初夏东亚大气环流的影响[J].应用气象学报,12(4):458-468.Dong Min,Zhu Wenmei,Xu Xiangde.2001.The variation of surface heat flux over Tibet Plateau and its influences on the East Asia circulation in early summer[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),12(4):458-468,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2001.04.008.
Duan A M,Wang M R,Lei Y H,et al.2013.Trends in summer rainfall over China associated with the Tibetan Plateau sensible heat source during1980-2008[J].J.Climate,26(1):261-275,doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00669.1.
段海霞,陆维松,毕高贵.2008.凝结潜热与地表热通量对一次西南低涡暴雨影响分析[J].高原气象,27(6):1315-1323.Duan Haixia,Lu Weisong,Bi Gaogui.2008.Impact of the condensation heating and surface heat flux on a rainstorm event of southwest vortex[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),27(6):1315-1323.
Flohn H.1957.Large-scale aspects of the“summer monsoon”in South and East Asia[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,75:180-186.
Flohn H.1960.Recent investigations on the mechanism of the“summer monsoon”of southern and eastern Asia[C]//Proceedings of Monsoon of the World.New Delhi:Hindu Union Press,75-88.
傅慎明,孙建华,赵思雄,等.2011.梅雨期青藏高原东移对流系统影响江淮流域降水的研究[J].气象学报,69(4):581-600.Fu Shenming,Sun Jianhua,Zhao Sixiong,et al.2011.A study of the impacts of the eastward propagation of convective cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau on the rainfall of the Yangtze Huai River basin[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),69(4):581-600,doi:10.11676/qxxb2011.051.
何光碧.2006.高原东侧陡峭地形对一次盆地中尺度涡旋及暴雨的数值试验[J].高原气象,25(3):430-441.He Guangbi.2006.Simulation of impact of steep terrain on east side of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on mesoscale vortex and rain storm over the basin[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),25(3):430-441,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2006.03.011.
Huang W R,Wang S Y.2014.Impact of land-sea breezes at different scales on the diurnal rainfall in Taiwan[J].Climate Dyn.,43(7-8):1951-1963,doi:10.1007/s00382-013-2018-z.
李雪松,罗亚丽,管兆勇.2014.2010年6月中国南方持续性强降水过程:天气系统演变和青藏高原热力作用的影响[J].气象学报,72(3):428-446.Li Xuesong,Luo Yali,Guan Zhaoyong.2014.The persistent severe rainfall over southern China in June 2010:The evolution of synoptic systems and the Tibetan Plateau’s heating effect[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),72(3):428-446,doi:10.11676/qxxb2014.035.
李永华,卢楚翰,徐海明,等.2011.夏季青藏高原大气热源与西南地区东部旱涝的关系[J].大气科学,35(5):422-434.Li Yonghua,Lu Chuhan,Xu Haiming,et al.2011.Contemporaneous relationships between summer atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau and drought/flood in eastern Southwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Science(in Chinese),35(5):422-434,doi:0.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.03.04.
梁玲,李跃清,胡豪然,等.2013.青藏高原夏季感热异常与川渝地区降水关系的数值模拟[J].高原气象,32(6):1538-1545.Liang Ling,Li Yueqing,Hu Haoran,et al.Numerical study of influence of sensible heat anomalies in summer over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on rainfall in SichuanChongqing regions[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),32(6):1538-1545.
刘新,吴国雄,李伟平,等.2001.夏季青藏高原加热和大尺度流场的热力适应[J].大气科学,11(1):33-39.Liu Xin,Wu Guoxiong,Li Weiping,et al.2001.Thermal adaptation of the large-scale circulation to the summer heating over the Tibet an Plateau[J].Progress in Nature Science(in Chinese),11(1):33-39,doi:10.3321/j.issn:1002-008X.2001.01.006.
罗四维,何梅兰,刘晓东.1993.关于青藏高原低涡的研究[J].中国科学(B辑),23(7):778-784.Luo Siwei,He Meilan,Liu Xiaodong.1994.Study on the vortex of the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Platean in summer[J].Science in China.Series B,Chemistry,Life Sciences&Earth Sciences,37(5):601-612.
孙建华,李娟,沈新勇,等.2015.2013年7月四川盆地一次特大暴雨的中尺度系统演变特征[J].气象,41(5):533-543.Sun Jianhua,Li Juan,Shen Xinyong,et al.2015.Mesoscale system study of extreme rainfall over Sichuan basin in July 2013[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),41(5):533-543,doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2015.05.002.
Sun,J.H.,and Zhang,F.Q.,2012.Impacts of mountain-plains solenoid on diurnal variations of rainfalls along the Mei-yu front over the East China plains[J].Monthly Weather Review,140,379-397.
Trier S B,Davis C A,Ahijevych D A.2010.Environmental controls on the simulated diurnal cycle of warm-season precipitation in the continental United States[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,67(4)1066-1090,doi:0.1175/2009JAS3247.1.
Trier S B,Davis C A,Carbone R E.2014.Mechanisms governing the persistence and diurnal cycle of a heavy rainfall corridor[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,71(11):4102-4126,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0134.1.
吴国雄,刘屹岷,刘新,等.2005.青藏高原加热如何影响亚洲夏季的气候格局[J].大气科学,29(1):47-56.Wu Guoxiong,Liu Yimin,Liu Xin,et al.2005.How the heating over the Tibetan Plateau affects the Asian climate in summer[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),29(1):47-56,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2005.01.06.
Xu X D,Lu C G,Shi X H,et al.2010.Large-scale topography of China:Afactor for the seasonal progression of the Meiyu rainband?[J].J.Geophys.Res.,115(D2):D02110,doi:10.1029/2009JD012444.
叶笃正,罗四维,朱抱真.1957.西藏高原及其附近的流场结构和对流层大气的热量平衡[J].气象学报,28(2):108-121.Ye Duzheng,Luo Siwei,Zhu Baozhen.1957.The wind structure and heat balance in the lower troposphere over Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),28(2):108-121,doi:10.11676/qxxb1957.010.
叶笃正,高由禧.1979.青藏高原气象学[M].北京:科学出版社,278pp.Ye Duzheng,Gao Youxi.1979.Meteorology of the Qinghai-Xizhang Plateau[M](in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,278pp.
章基嘉,徐祥德,苗俊峰.1995.青藏高原地面热力异常对夏季江淮流域持续暴雨形成作用的数值试验[J].大气科学,19(3):270-276.Zhang Jijia,Xu Xiangde,Miao Junfeng.1995.A numerical experiment of the effect of anomalous thermal forcing of Tibetan Plateau ground surface on the formation of persistent heavy rain in summer over the YangtzeHuaihe basin[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),19(3):270-276,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1995.03.02.
张顺利,陶诗言,张庆云,等.2002.长江中下游致洪暴雨的多尺度条件[J].科学通报,47(6):467-473.Zhang Shunli,Tao Shiyan,Zhang Qingyun,et al.2002.Large and meso-αscale characteristics of intense rainfall in the mid-and lower reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,47(9):779-786,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2002.06.017.
Zhang Y C,Sun J H,Fu S M.2014.Impacts of diurnal variation of mountain-plain solenoid circulations on precipitation and vortices East of the Tibetan Plateau during the Mei-yu season[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,31(1):139-153,doi:10.1007/s00376-013-2052-0.
赵春玉,王叶红.2010.高原涡诱生西南涡特大暴雨成因的个例研究[J].高原气象,29(4):819-831.Zhao Chunyu,Wang Yehong.2010.A case study on Plateau vortex inducing southwest vortex and producing extremely heavy rain[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),29(4):819-831.
赵勇,钱永甫.2009.青藏高原地区地表热力异常与夏季东亚环流和江淮降水的关系[J].气象学报,67(3):397-406.Zhao Yong,Qian Yongfu.2009.Relationship between the Tibetan Plateau surface thermal anomalies and the summer circulation over East Asia and rainfall in the Yangtze and Huaihe River areas[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),67(3):397-406,doi:10.11676/qxxb2009.039.