小学儿童分享的发展及反馈信息的促进效应
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摘要
研究以独裁者博弈任务为载体,考查了小学儿童分享行为的发展趋势,并探讨了不同来源的正向反馈信息对于儿童分享行为的促进效应。研究随机选取了小学二、四、六年级的学生共386名,每个年级的三个实验组在自然分享条件后分别接受来自权威、同伴和自我的正向反馈信息,继而完成后续任务。结果表明:(1)在自然分享情况下,六年级儿童的分享数量显著多于二、四年级儿童的分享数量;随着年级升高,儿童从倾向于利己分享逐渐转为以平分为主;(2)来自同伴和权威的正向反馈可以提高二、四年级儿童的分享数量;自我评价的正向反馈明显提高四、六年级儿童的分享数量。结论:小学儿童的分享数量和进行平分的人数比例都随年级升高而增加,来自同伴、权威和自我的正向反馈分别适用于特定年龄阶段儿童的分享行为促进。
Sharing is one of the typical prosocial behaviors. This study explored the development of children's sharing during primary school and the effects of positive feedbacks from oneself,partner and authority. Double-anonymous dictator games were conducted to 386 students from 2-6 grades that randomly assigned as 3 experimental groups and control group. The experimental groups received positive feedback from self,partner or authority after the first session separately. The results showed:( a) most of children were willing to share with their partners in classic dictator game,and they shared more coins as growing up; the mainly sharing type changed from self-interested sharing to equal sharing.( b) feedbacks from partner and authority increased follow sharing of children in grade 2 and grade 4; however the feedback of self-evaluation increased follow sharing of children in grade 4 and grade 6. These results suggested that children's sharing increased during primary school,the positive feedbacks from different information sources had promoting effects on children's sharing varying with the age stage.
Sharing is one of the typical prosocial behaviors. This study explored the development of children's sharing during primary school and the effects of positive feedbacks from oneself,partner and authority. Double-anonymous dictator games were conducted to 386 students from 2-6 grades that randomly assigned as 3 experimental groups and control group. The experimental groups received positive feedback from self,partner or authority after the first session separately. The results showed:( a) most of children were willing to share with their partners in classic dictator game,and they shared more coins as growing up; the mainly sharing type changed from self-interested sharing to equal sharing.( b) feedbacks from partner and authority increased follow sharing of children in grade 2 and grade 4; however the feedback of self-evaluation increased follow sharing of children in grade 4 and grade 6. These results suggested that children's sharing increased during primary school,the positive feedbacks from different information sources had promoting effects on children's sharing varying with the age stage.
引文
Bosacki,S.L.(2015).Children’s theory of mind,self-perceptions,and peer relations:A longitudinal study.Infant and Child Development.24(2),175-188.
Caputi,M.,Lecce,S.,Pagnin,A.,&Banerjee,R.(2012).Longitudinal effects of theory of mind on later peer relations:The role of prosocial behavior.Developmental Psychology,48(1),257-270.
Christoph Engel.(2011).Dictator games:A meta study,Experimental Economics,14(4),583-610.
Colman,A.(2003).Cooperation,psychological game theory,and limitations of rationality in social interaction.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,26(2),139-153.
Dunsmore,J.C.(2015).Effects of Person-and Process-focused Feedback on Prosocial Behavior in Middle Childhood.Social Development.24(1),57-75.
Eisenberg,N.,Fabes,R.A.,&Spinrad,T.L.(2006).Prosocial development.In W.Damon&R.M.Lerner(Eds.),Handbook of child psychology(Vol.Social,emotional,and personality development.Hopoken:wiley,646-718.
Gummerum,M.,Hanoch,Y.,&Keller,M.(2008).When child development meets economic game theory:An interdisciplinary approach to investigating social development.Human Development,51(4),235-261.
Harbaugh,W.,&Krause,K.(2000).Children’s altruism in public good and dictator experiments.Economic Inquiry,38(1),95-109.
Hoorn,J.,Dijk,E.,Meuwese,R.,Rieffe,C.,&Crone,E.A.(2014).Peer Influence on Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence.Journal of Research on Adolescence.In press.doi:10.1111/jora.12173
Kauten,R.,&Barry,C.T.(2014).Do you think I’m as kind as Ido?The relation of adolescent narcissism with self-and peer-perceptions of prosocial and aggressive behavior.Personality and individual differences,61,69-73.
Kupersmidt,J.B.,Stelter,R.,&Dodge,K.A.(2011).Development and validation of the social information processing application:a Web-based measure of social information processing patterns in elementary school-age boys.Psychological assessment,23(4),834-847.
Leman,P.,Keller,M.,Takezawa,M.,&Gummerum,M.(2009).Children’s and adolescents decisions about sharing money with others.Social Development,18(3),711-727.
Lemerise,E.,Gregory,D.,&Fredstrom,B.(2005).The influence of provocateurs’emotion displays on the social information processing of children varying in social adjustment and age.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,90(4),344-366.
Malti,T.,Gummerum,M.,Keller,M.,Chaparro,M.P.,&Buchmann,M.(2012).Early sympathy and social acceptance predict the development of sharing in children.PloS one,7(12),293-297.
Malti,T.,Gummerum,M.,Ongley,S.,Chaparro,M.,Nola,M.,&Bae,N.Y.(2015).“Who is worthy of my generosity?”Recipient characteristics and the development of children’s sharing.International Journal of Behavioral Development,in press,doi:0165025414567007.
Nelson,D.,&Crick,N.(1999).Rose-colored glasses:Examining the social information-processing of prosocial young adolescents.The Journal of Early Adolescence,19(1),17-38.
Ongley,S.F.,&Malti,T.(2014).The role of moral emotions in the development of children’s sharing behavior.Developmental psychology,50(4),1148-1159
Takezawa,M.,Gummerum,M.,&Keller,M.(2006).A stage for the rational tail of the emotional dog:Roles of moral reasoning in group decision making.Journal of Economic Psychology,27(1),117-139.
Van Hoorn,J.,van Dijk,E.,Meuwese,R.,Rieffe,C.,&Crone,E.A.(2014).Peer Influence on Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence.Journal of Research on Adolescence,in press,doi:10.1111/jora.12173
寇彧,马艳.(2004).儿童社会适应的社会信息加工模型及其特殊应用,心理与行为研究,2(1),388-393.
于静,朱莉琪.(2010).儿童公平行为的发展———来自博弈实验的证据,心理科学进展,18(7),1182-1188.
朱莉琪,皇甫刚,M.Keller,牟毅,陈单枝.(2008).从博弈游戏看儿童经济决策行为的发展,心理学报,40(4),402-408.
Caputi,M.,Lecce,S.,Pagnin,A.,&Banerjee,R.(2012).Longitudinal effects of theory of mind on later peer relations:The role of prosocial behavior.Developmental Psychology,48(1),257-270.
Christoph Engel.(2011).Dictator games:A meta study,Experimental Economics,14(4),583-610.
Colman,A.(2003).Cooperation,psychological game theory,and limitations of rationality in social interaction.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,26(2),139-153.
Dunsmore,J.C.(2015).Effects of Person-and Process-focused Feedback on Prosocial Behavior in Middle Childhood.Social Development.24(1),57-75.
Eisenberg,N.,Fabes,R.A.,&Spinrad,T.L.(2006).Prosocial development.In W.Damon&R.M.Lerner(Eds.),Handbook of child psychology(Vol.Social,emotional,and personality development.Hopoken:wiley,646-718.
Gummerum,M.,Hanoch,Y.,&Keller,M.(2008).When child development meets economic game theory:An interdisciplinary approach to investigating social development.Human Development,51(4),235-261.
Harbaugh,W.,&Krause,K.(2000).Children’s altruism in public good and dictator experiments.Economic Inquiry,38(1),95-109.
Hoorn,J.,Dijk,E.,Meuwese,R.,Rieffe,C.,&Crone,E.A.(2014).Peer Influence on Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence.Journal of Research on Adolescence.In press.doi:10.1111/jora.12173
Kauten,R.,&Barry,C.T.(2014).Do you think I’m as kind as Ido?The relation of adolescent narcissism with self-and peer-perceptions of prosocial and aggressive behavior.Personality and individual differences,61,69-73.
Kupersmidt,J.B.,Stelter,R.,&Dodge,K.A.(2011).Development and validation of the social information processing application:a Web-based measure of social information processing patterns in elementary school-age boys.Psychological assessment,23(4),834-847.
Leman,P.,Keller,M.,Takezawa,M.,&Gummerum,M.(2009).Children’s and adolescents decisions about sharing money with others.Social Development,18(3),711-727.
Lemerise,E.,Gregory,D.,&Fredstrom,B.(2005).The influence of provocateurs’emotion displays on the social information processing of children varying in social adjustment and age.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,90(4),344-366.
Malti,T.,Gummerum,M.,Keller,M.,Chaparro,M.P.,&Buchmann,M.(2012).Early sympathy and social acceptance predict the development of sharing in children.PloS one,7(12),293-297.
Malti,T.,Gummerum,M.,Ongley,S.,Chaparro,M.,Nola,M.,&Bae,N.Y.(2015).“Who is worthy of my generosity?”Recipient characteristics and the development of children’s sharing.International Journal of Behavioral Development,in press,doi:0165025414567007.
Nelson,D.,&Crick,N.(1999).Rose-colored glasses:Examining the social information-processing of prosocial young adolescents.The Journal of Early Adolescence,19(1),17-38.
Ongley,S.F.,&Malti,T.(2014).The role of moral emotions in the development of children’s sharing behavior.Developmental psychology,50(4),1148-1159
Takezawa,M.,Gummerum,M.,&Keller,M.(2006).A stage for the rational tail of the emotional dog:Roles of moral reasoning in group decision making.Journal of Economic Psychology,27(1),117-139.
Van Hoorn,J.,van Dijk,E.,Meuwese,R.,Rieffe,C.,&Crone,E.A.(2014).Peer Influence on Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence.Journal of Research on Adolescence,in press,doi:10.1111/jora.12173
寇彧,马艳.(2004).儿童社会适应的社会信息加工模型及其特殊应用,心理与行为研究,2(1),388-393.
于静,朱莉琪.(2010).儿童公平行为的发展———来自博弈实验的证据,心理科学进展,18(7),1182-1188.
朱莉琪,皇甫刚,M.Keller,牟毅,陈单枝.(2008).从博弈游戏看儿童经济决策行为的发展,心理学报,40(4),402-408.