马铁菊头蝠幼蝠能够辨别种群间回声定位声波差异
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摘要
蝙蝠的回声定位声波普遍存在地理变化,然而尚不清楚幼蝠在扩散前能否辨别不同种群间的声波差异。本文采用"双选择声学回放实验",研究马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)幼蝠(1月龄)对回声定位声波地理变化的辨别能力及行为反应。采用4个行为参数衡量幼蝠对本种群(CC)与外种群(JN)回声定位声波的行为反应:每一回放室飞入的次数、飞行时间、停留次数、探测时间。Mann-Whitney U tests表明,马铁菊头蝠1月龄个体对回放声波的行为反应,除每一回放室停留的次数外,其他3个参数均存在显著差异(P<0.05),且在本种群声波回放室(CC)的飞行次数和时间以及探测时间均高于外种群声波回放室(JN)。对4个行为参数进行主成分分析,Mann-Whitney U tests表明,回放本种群声波(CC)与外种群声波(JN)之间,第一主成分得分(PC1)存在显著差异(P<0.01)。配对T检验表明,幼蝠对本种群声波反应更加强烈(PC1:t10=5.25,P<0.001;PC2:t10=2.34,P<0.05)。本研究说明马铁菊头蝠幼蝠能够辨别不同种群间回声定位声波的差异。
The geographical variation in bat echolocation calls is common. However, it is not clear whether juveniles of bats are able to discriminate the echolocation differences between populations before the juveniles′ diffusion. In this study, we used two-choice playback experiments to detect the discrimination ability and behavioural response of juveniles(one-month old) to geographical variation in echolocation calls of the Greater Horseshoe Bats(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We used four response parameters to measure the behaviour of juveniles towards to either local or foreign echolocation calls: number of flights, time spent in flight, number of landings, and time spent in detection. The result showed that there was a significant difference in number of flights, time spent in flight and time spent in detection by Mann-Whitney U test(P < 0.05), but no any significant difference in number of landings(Fig. 2) was detected. Overall, the juveniles flew more often and spent more time in flying to detect the calls made by local population than those made by the foreign populations(Fig. 2, Table 1). We performed a principal component analysis for the four response parameters of juveniles and found out that there were statistically significant differences in the PC1 scores between playback treatments(P < 0.01) for the result of Mann-Whitney U tests. The juveniles responded more strongly to local than to foreign echolocation calls(PC1: t10 = 5.25, P < 0.001; PC2: t10 = 2.34, P < 0.05) by the paired samples Student′s t tests. This study showed that the juveniles of the Greater Horseshoe Bats was capable to discriminate the acoustic difference between their own population and other population.
The geographical variation in bat echolocation calls is common. However, it is not clear whether juveniles of bats are able to discriminate the echolocation differences between populations before the juveniles′ diffusion. In this study, we used two-choice playback experiments to detect the discrimination ability and behavioural response of juveniles(one-month old) to geographical variation in echolocation calls of the Greater Horseshoe Bats(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We used four response parameters to measure the behaviour of juveniles towards to either local or foreign echolocation calls: number of flights, time spent in flight, number of landings, and time spent in detection. The result showed that there was a significant difference in number of flights, time spent in flight and time spent in detection by Mann-Whitney U test(P < 0.05), but no any significant difference in number of landings(Fig. 2) was detected. Overall, the juveniles flew more often and spent more time in flying to detect the calls made by local population than those made by the foreign populations(Fig. 2, Table 1). We performed a principal component analysis for the four response parameters of juveniles and found out that there were statistically significant differences in the PC1 scores between playback treatments(P < 0.01) for the result of Mann-Whitney U tests. The juveniles responded more strongly to local than to foreign echolocation calls(PC1: t10 = 5.25, P < 0.001; PC2: t10 = 2.34, P < 0.05) by the paired samples Student′s t tests. This study showed that the juveniles of the Greater Horseshoe Bats was capable to discriminate the acoustic difference between their own population and other population.
引文
Baker M C,Cunningham M A.1985.The biology of bird-song dialects.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,8(1):85-133.
Bastian A,Jacobs D S.2015.Listening carefully:increased perceptual acuity for species discrimination in multispecies signalling assemblages.Animal Behaviour,101:141-154.
Bohn K M,Schmidt-French B,Ma S T,et al.2008.Syllable acoustics,temporal patterns,and call composition vary with behavioral context in Mexican free-tailed bats.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,124(3):1838-1848.
Brunet-Rossinni A,Wilkinson G,Kunz T,et al.2009.Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats.Maryland:The Johns Hopkins University Press,315-325.
Fernandez A A,Fasel N,Kn?rnschild M,et al.2014.When bats are boxing:aggressive behaviour and communication in male Seba′s short-tailed fruit bat.Animal Behaviour,98:149-156.
Flanders J,Wei L,Rossiter S J,et al.2011.Identifying the effects of the Pleistocene on the greater horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum,in East Asia using ecological niche modelling and phylogenetic analyses.Journal of Biogeography,38(3):439-452.
Greenwood P J.1980.Mating systems,philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals.Animal Behavior,28(4):1140-1162.
Grilliot M E,Burnett S C,Mendon?a M T.2014.Sex and season differences in the echolocation pulses of big brown bats(Eptesicus fuscus)and their relation to mating activity.Acta Chiropterol,16(2):379-386.
Grilliot M E,Burnett S C,Mendon?a M T.2015.Choice experiments demonstrate that male big brown bats(Eptesicus fuscus)prefer echolocation calls of high copulatory females.Acta Chiropterol,17(2):411-417.
Helm B,Fiedler W,Callion J.2006.Movements of European Stonechats(Saxicola torquata)according to ringing recoveries.Ardea,94(1):33-44.
Hiryu S,Katsura K,Nagato T,et al.2006.Intra-individual variation in the vocalized frequency of the Taiwanese leaf-nosed bat,Hipposideros terasensis,influenced by conspecific colony members.Journal of Comparative Physiology A,192(8):807-815.
Jiang T,Wu H,Feng J.2015.Patterns and causes of geographic variation in bat echolocation pulses.Integrative Zoology,10(3):241-256.
Jones G,Ransome R D.1993.Echolocation calls of bats are influenced by maternal effects and change over a lifetime.Proceedings Biological Sciences,252(1334):125-128.
Jones G,Siemers B M.2011.The communicative potential of bat echolocation pulses.Journal of Comparative Physiology A,197(5):447-457.
Kazial K A,Pacheco S,Zielinski K N.2008.Information content of sonar calls of little brown bats(Myotis lucifugus):potential for communication.Journal of Mammalogy,89(1):25-33.
Kiefer S,Spiess A,Kipper S,et al.2006.First-year Common Nightingales(Lusciniameg arhynchos)have smaller song-type repertoire sizes than older males.Ethology,112(12):1217-1224.
Kingston T,Rossiter S J.2004.Harmonic-hopping in Wallacea′s bats.Nature,429(6992):654-657.
Kn?rnschild M,Feifel M,Kalko E K V.2014.Male courtship displays and vocal communication in the polygynous bat Carollia perspicillata.Behaviour,151(6):781-798.
Leader N,Geffen E,Mokady O,et al.2008.Song dialects do not restrict gene flow in an urban population of the orange-tufted sunbird,Nectarinia osea.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,62(8):1299-1305.
Lin A,Liu H,Chang Y,et al.2016.Behavioural response of the greater horseshoe bat to geographical variation in echolocation calls.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,70(10):1765-1776.
Liu Y,Feng J,Jiang Y L,et al.2007.Vocalization development of greater horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum(Rhinolophidae,Chiroptera).Folia Zoologica,56(2):126-136.
Liu Y,Jin L R,Metzner W,et al.2009.Postnatal growth and age estimation in big-footed myotis,Myotis macrodactylus.Acta Chiropterologica,11(1):105-111.
Liu Y,Metzner W,Feng J.2013.Vocalization during copulation behavior in greater horseshoe bats,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum.Science Bulletin,58(18):2179-2184.
Mc Arthur P D.1986.Similarity of playback songs to self song as a determinant of response strength in song sparrows(Melospiza melodia).Animal Behaviour,34(1):199-207.
Mortega K G,Flinks H,Helm B.2014.Behavioural response of a migratory songbird to geographic variation in song and morphology.Frontiers in Zoology,11(1):85.
Newton I,Marquiss M.1983.Dispersal of sparrow hawks between birthplace and breeding place.Journal of Animal Ecology,52(2):463-477.
Nilsson J A.1989.Causes and consequences of natal dispersal in the marsh tit,Parus palustris.Journal of Animal Ecology,58(2):619-636.
Puechmaille S J,Borissov I M,Zsebok S,et al.2014.Female mate choice can drive the evolution of high frequency echolocation in bats:a case study with Rhinolophus mehelyi.PLo S One,9(7):e103452.
Ruczynski I,Kalko E K,Siemers B M.2007.The sensory basis of roost finding in a forest bat,Nyctalus noctula.The Journal of Experimental Biology,210(Pt 20):3607-3615.
Schuchmann M,Puechmaille S J,Siemers B M.2012.Horseshoe bats recognise the sex of conspecifics from their echolocation calls.Acta Chiropterol,14(1):161-166.
Sharifi M.2004.Postnatal growth and age estimation in the Mehely′s horseshoe bat(Rhinolophus mehelyi).Acta Chiropterologica,6(1):155-161.
Shizuka D.2014.Early song discrimination by nestling sparrows in the wild.Animal Behaviour,92:19-24.
Sun K,Luo L,Kimball R T,et al.2013.Geographic variation in the acoustic traits of greater horseshoe bats:testing the importance of drift and ecological selection in evolutionary processes.PLo SOne,8(8):653-661.
Todt D,Geberzahn N.2003.Age-dependent effects of song exposure:song crystallization sets a boundary between fast and delayed vocal imitation.Animal Behaviour,65(5):971-979.
Voigt-Heucke S L,Taborsky M,Dechmann D K N.2010.A dual function of echolocation:bats use echolocation calls to identify familiar and unfamiliar individuals.Animal Behaviour,80(1):59-67.
Wilkins M R,Seddon N,Safran R J.2013.Evolutionary divergence in acoustic signals:causes and consequences.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,28(3):156-166.
Wright T F,Rodriguez A M,Fleischer R C.2005.Vocal dialects,sexbiased dispersal,and microsatellite population structure in the parrot Amazona auropalliata.Molecular Ecology,14(4):1197-1205.
Yovel Y,Melcon M L,Franz M O,et al.2009.The voice of bats:how greater mouse-eared bats recognize individuals based on their echolocation calls.Plos Computational Biology,5(6):e1000400.
Bastian A,Jacobs D S.2015.Listening carefully:increased perceptual acuity for species discrimination in multispecies signalling assemblages.Animal Behaviour,101:141-154.
Bohn K M,Schmidt-French B,Ma S T,et al.2008.Syllable acoustics,temporal patterns,and call composition vary with behavioral context in Mexican free-tailed bats.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,124(3):1838-1848.
Brunet-Rossinni A,Wilkinson G,Kunz T,et al.2009.Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats.Maryland:The Johns Hopkins University Press,315-325.
Fernandez A A,Fasel N,Kn?rnschild M,et al.2014.When bats are boxing:aggressive behaviour and communication in male Seba′s short-tailed fruit bat.Animal Behaviour,98:149-156.
Flanders J,Wei L,Rossiter S J,et al.2011.Identifying the effects of the Pleistocene on the greater horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum,in East Asia using ecological niche modelling and phylogenetic analyses.Journal of Biogeography,38(3):439-452.
Greenwood P J.1980.Mating systems,philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals.Animal Behavior,28(4):1140-1162.
Grilliot M E,Burnett S C,Mendon?a M T.2014.Sex and season differences in the echolocation pulses of big brown bats(Eptesicus fuscus)and their relation to mating activity.Acta Chiropterol,16(2):379-386.
Grilliot M E,Burnett S C,Mendon?a M T.2015.Choice experiments demonstrate that male big brown bats(Eptesicus fuscus)prefer echolocation calls of high copulatory females.Acta Chiropterol,17(2):411-417.
Helm B,Fiedler W,Callion J.2006.Movements of European Stonechats(Saxicola torquata)according to ringing recoveries.Ardea,94(1):33-44.
Hiryu S,Katsura K,Nagato T,et al.2006.Intra-individual variation in the vocalized frequency of the Taiwanese leaf-nosed bat,Hipposideros terasensis,influenced by conspecific colony members.Journal of Comparative Physiology A,192(8):807-815.
Jiang T,Wu H,Feng J.2015.Patterns and causes of geographic variation in bat echolocation pulses.Integrative Zoology,10(3):241-256.
Jones G,Ransome R D.1993.Echolocation calls of bats are influenced by maternal effects and change over a lifetime.Proceedings Biological Sciences,252(1334):125-128.
Jones G,Siemers B M.2011.The communicative potential of bat echolocation pulses.Journal of Comparative Physiology A,197(5):447-457.
Kazial K A,Pacheco S,Zielinski K N.2008.Information content of sonar calls of little brown bats(Myotis lucifugus):potential for communication.Journal of Mammalogy,89(1):25-33.
Kiefer S,Spiess A,Kipper S,et al.2006.First-year Common Nightingales(Lusciniameg arhynchos)have smaller song-type repertoire sizes than older males.Ethology,112(12):1217-1224.
Kingston T,Rossiter S J.2004.Harmonic-hopping in Wallacea′s bats.Nature,429(6992):654-657.
Kn?rnschild M,Feifel M,Kalko E K V.2014.Male courtship displays and vocal communication in the polygynous bat Carollia perspicillata.Behaviour,151(6):781-798.
Leader N,Geffen E,Mokady O,et al.2008.Song dialects do not restrict gene flow in an urban population of the orange-tufted sunbird,Nectarinia osea.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,62(8):1299-1305.
Lin A,Liu H,Chang Y,et al.2016.Behavioural response of the greater horseshoe bat to geographical variation in echolocation calls.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,70(10):1765-1776.
Liu Y,Feng J,Jiang Y L,et al.2007.Vocalization development of greater horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum(Rhinolophidae,Chiroptera).Folia Zoologica,56(2):126-136.
Liu Y,Jin L R,Metzner W,et al.2009.Postnatal growth and age estimation in big-footed myotis,Myotis macrodactylus.Acta Chiropterologica,11(1):105-111.
Liu Y,Metzner W,Feng J.2013.Vocalization during copulation behavior in greater horseshoe bats,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum.Science Bulletin,58(18):2179-2184.
Mc Arthur P D.1986.Similarity of playback songs to self song as a determinant of response strength in song sparrows(Melospiza melodia).Animal Behaviour,34(1):199-207.
Mortega K G,Flinks H,Helm B.2014.Behavioural response of a migratory songbird to geographic variation in song and morphology.Frontiers in Zoology,11(1):85.
Newton I,Marquiss M.1983.Dispersal of sparrow hawks between birthplace and breeding place.Journal of Animal Ecology,52(2):463-477.
Nilsson J A.1989.Causes and consequences of natal dispersal in the marsh tit,Parus palustris.Journal of Animal Ecology,58(2):619-636.
Puechmaille S J,Borissov I M,Zsebok S,et al.2014.Female mate choice can drive the evolution of high frequency echolocation in bats:a case study with Rhinolophus mehelyi.PLo S One,9(7):e103452.
Ruczynski I,Kalko E K,Siemers B M.2007.The sensory basis of roost finding in a forest bat,Nyctalus noctula.The Journal of Experimental Biology,210(Pt 20):3607-3615.
Schuchmann M,Puechmaille S J,Siemers B M.2012.Horseshoe bats recognise the sex of conspecifics from their echolocation calls.Acta Chiropterol,14(1):161-166.
Sharifi M.2004.Postnatal growth and age estimation in the Mehely′s horseshoe bat(Rhinolophus mehelyi).Acta Chiropterologica,6(1):155-161.
Shizuka D.2014.Early song discrimination by nestling sparrows in the wild.Animal Behaviour,92:19-24.
Sun K,Luo L,Kimball R T,et al.2013.Geographic variation in the acoustic traits of greater horseshoe bats:testing the importance of drift and ecological selection in evolutionary processes.PLo SOne,8(8):653-661.
Todt D,Geberzahn N.2003.Age-dependent effects of song exposure:song crystallization sets a boundary between fast and delayed vocal imitation.Animal Behaviour,65(5):971-979.
Voigt-Heucke S L,Taborsky M,Dechmann D K N.2010.A dual function of echolocation:bats use echolocation calls to identify familiar and unfamiliar individuals.Animal Behaviour,80(1):59-67.
Wilkins M R,Seddon N,Safran R J.2013.Evolutionary divergence in acoustic signals:causes and consequences.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,28(3):156-166.
Wright T F,Rodriguez A M,Fleischer R C.2005.Vocal dialects,sexbiased dispersal,and microsatellite population structure in the parrot Amazona auropalliata.Molecular Ecology,14(4):1197-1205.
Yovel Y,Melcon M L,Franz M O,et al.2009.The voice of bats:how greater mouse-eared bats recognize individuals based on their echolocation calls.Plos Computational Biology,5(6):e1000400.