3D打印个体化器械操作在全膝关节置换术中的应用现状
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摘要
当今关节置换术已经逐渐成为骨科常见手术,关节置换手术的相关研究亦成为热点,其研究程度也逐渐加深。3D打印技术应用于髋膝关节置换的相关报道逐渐增多,如基于3D打印技术的患者个体化器械操作,其手术辅助作用可观,尤其对于复杂病例的关节置换更为重要,但总体来说个体化器械操作在关节置换术中的运用还处于发展阶段。本文通过回顾相关文献,分析、整理3D打印个体化器械操作在全膝关节置换术中应用的研究现状,主要从个体化术前规划、术中操作、术后功能恢复等方面总结其在膝关节置换术中应用的有效性及在肥胖、膝关节畸形等特殊复杂的膝关节手术病例中应用的必要性,并简述其在当前的临床应用中存在的问题和争议,以期为今后的研究方向及临床应用提供参考。
Recently,the joint replacement has gradually become a common operation of orthopedics. It 's also the hot spot in current investigations. The increasing number of reports about the 3D printing technology such as patient specific instrumentation(PSI) is applied to hip and knee replacement. It plays an important role in supporting operation especially for complex cases. However,it is still at the primary stage. This article reviews the relevant literature,analyzes and collates the research status of the application of 3D printing PSI in total knee arthroplasty,and summarizes its effectiveness in the application of knee arthroplasty from the aspects of individual preoperative planning,intraoperative operation and postoperative functional recovery,especially complex knee surgery such as obesity and knee deformity. The necessity of clinical application is discussed,and the existing problems and controversies in the current clinical application are summarized in order to provide references for the future research direction and clinical application.
Recently,the joint replacement has gradually become a common operation of orthopedics. It 's also the hot spot in current investigations. The increasing number of reports about the 3D printing technology such as patient specific instrumentation(PSI) is applied to hip and knee replacement. It plays an important role in supporting operation especially for complex cases. However,it is still at the primary stage. This article reviews the relevant literature,analyzes and collates the research status of the application of 3D printing PSI in total knee arthroplasty,and summarizes its effectiveness in the application of knee arthroplasty from the aspects of individual preoperative planning,intraoperative operation and postoperative functional recovery,especially complex knee surgery such as obesity and knee deformity. The necessity of clinical application is discussed,and the existing problems and controversies in the current clinical application are summarized in order to provide references for the future research direction and clinical application.
引文
[1]Kim GB,Lee S,Kim H,et al.Three dimensional printing:basic principles and applications in medicine and radiology[J].Korean JRadiol,2016,17(2):182-197.
[2]Chae MP,Rozen WM,McMenamin PG,et al.Emerging applications of bedside 3D printing in plastic surgery[J].Front Surg,2015,2:25.
[3]Liu ZJ,Jia J,Zhang YG,et al.Internal fixation of complicated acetabular fractures directed by preoperative surgery with 3D printing models[J].Orthop Surg,2017,9(2):257-260.
[4]Xu J,Li D,Ma RF,et al.Application of rapid prototyping pelvic model for patients with DDH to facilitate arthroplasty planning:a pilot study[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(11):1963-1970.
[5]Ferrara F,Cipriani A,Magarelli N,et al.Implant positioning in TKA:comparison between conventional and patient specific instrumentation[J].Orthopedics,2015,38(4):e271-280.
[6]Marczak D,Synder M,Sibiński M,et al.One stage total knee arthroplasty with pre existing fracture deformity:post fracture total knee arthroplasty[J].J Arthroplasty,2014,29(11):2104-2108.
[7]Kim EG,Patel NK,Chughtai M,et al.Tantalum cones in revision total knee arthroplasty[J].J Knee Surg,2016,29(8):621-626.
[8]Mahfouz MR,ElHak Abdel Fatah E,Bowers L,et al.A new method for calculating femoral anterior cortex point location and its effect on component sizing and placement[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2015,473(1):126-132.
[9]Norton AA,Callaghan JJ,Amendola A,et al.Correlation of knee and hindfoot deformities in advanced knee OA:compensatory hindfoot alignment and where it occurs[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2015,473(1):166-174.
[10]Rocca G,Spina M,Carpeggiani G,et al.Correction of multiple complex lower limb deformities by intramedullary nailing[J].Injury,2015,46(Suppl 7):S35-39.
[11]Sikorski JM.Alignment in total knee replacement[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,2008,90(9):1121-1127.
[12]Minns RJ,Bibb R,Banks R,et al.The use of a reconstructed three dimensional solid model from CT to aid the surgical management of a total knee arthroplasty:a case study[J].Med Eng Phys,2003,25(6):523-526.
[13]吴鹏,陈雷,郎俊哲.人工全膝关节置换术股骨假体矢状位位置的影响因素[J].中国骨伤,2016,29(4):340-344.WU P,CHEN L,LANG JZ.Influencing factors on sagittal position of femoral prosthesis after total knee arthroplasty[J].Zhongguo Gu Shang/China J Orthop Trauma,2016,29(4):340-344.Chinese with abstract in English.
[14]邱冰,张明娇,唐本森,等.基于3D打印个性化手术导航模板辅助下的人工全膝关节置换[J].中国组织工程研究,2015,(48):7731-7735.QIU B,ZHANG MJ,TANG BS,et al.Total knee arthroplasty based on the assistance of three dimensional printing personalized surgical navigation template[J].Zhongguo Zu Zhi Gong Cheng Yan Jiu,2015,(48):7731-7735.Chinese.
[15]Manrique J,Gomez MM,Parvizi J.Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty[J].J Knee Surg,2015,28(2):119-126.
[16]Ettinger M,Claassen L,Paes P,et al.2D versus 3D templating in total knee arthroplasty[J].Knee,2016,23(1):149-151.
[17]Ollivier M,Tribot Laspiere Q,Amzallag J,et al.Abnormal rate of intraoperative and postoperative implant positioning outliers using"MRI based patient specific"compared to"computer assisted"instrumentation in total knee replacement[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2016,24(11):3441-3447.
[18]Fasel JH,Aguiar D,Kiss Bodolay D,et al.Adapting anatomy teaching to surgical trends:a combination of classical dissection,medical imaging,and 3D printing technologies[J].Surg Radiol Anat,2016,38(3):361-367.
[19]Kievit AJ,Dobbe JGG,Streekstra GJ,et al.Predicted osteotomy planes are accurate when using patient specific instrumentation for total knee arthroplasty in cadavers:a descriptive analysis[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2018,26(6):1751-1758.
[20]Rathod PA,Deshmukh AJ,Cushner FD.Reducing blood loss in bilateral total knee arthroplasty with patient specific instrumentation[J].Orthop Clin North Am,2015,46(3):343-350.
[21]Cerquiglini A,Henckel J,Hothi H,et al.3D patient imaging and retrieval analysis help understand the clinical importance of rotation in knee replacements[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arth rosc,2018,26(11):3351-3361.
[22]Ritter MA,Davis KE,Meding JB,et al.The effect of alignment and BMI on failure of total knee replacement[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2011,93(17):1588-1596.
[23]Heyse TJ,Tibesku CO.Improved femoral component rotation in TKA using patient specific instrumentation[J].Knee,2014,21(1):268-271.
[24]Gan Y,Ding J,Xu Y,et al.Accuracy and efficacy of osteotomy in total knee arthroplasty with patient specific navigational template[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(8):12192-12201.
[25]牛鸣,马飞,马菊蓉,等.基于3D打印的个性化截骨技术与传统方式行全膝关节表面置换的临床对比[J].南方医科大学学报,2017,37(11):1467-1475.NIU M,MA F,MA JR,et al.Total knee arthroplasty with 3Dprinting technique versus conventional surgery:comparison of the outcomes[J].Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao,2017,37(11):1467-1475.Chinese.
[26]Schotanus MGM,Schoenmakers DAL,Sollie R,et al.Patient specific instruments for total knee arthroplasty can accurately predict the component size as used peroperative[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2017,25(12):3844-3848.
[27]Bagheri F,Sharifi SR,Mirzadeh NR,et al.Clinical outcome of ream versus unream intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures[J].Iran Red Crescent Med J,2013,15(5):432-435.
[28]Zhao J,Zhang J,Ji X,et al.Does intramedullary canal irrigation reduce fat emboli?A randomized clinical trial with transesophageal echocardiography[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(3):451-455.
[29]余华晨,张宇,Paul Wong.个性化截骨工具与传统人工全膝关节置换治疗膝骨关节炎的临床对照试验[J].中国骨伤,2016,29(6):513-516.YU HC,ZHANG Y,Paul Wong.Case control study on individual osteotomy instrument and conventional total knee arthroplasty for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis[J].Zhongguo Gu Shang/China J Orthop Trauma,2016,29(6):513-516.Chinese with abstract in English.
[30]Vertullo CJ,Lewis PL,Graves S,et al.Twelve year outcomes of an oxinium total knee replacement compared with the same cobalt chromium design:an analysis of 17,577 prostheses from the australian orthopaedic association national joint replacement registry[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2017,99(4):275-283.
[31]Calbiyik M.Clinical outcome of total knee arthroplasty performed using patient specific cutting guides[J].Med Sci Monit,2017,23:6168-6173.
[32]Schotanus MGM,Boonen B,van der Weegen W,et al.No difference in mid term survival and clinical outcome between patient specific and conventional instrumented total knee arthroplasty:a randomized controlled trial[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2018,3.doi:10.1007/s00167-018-4968-5.[Epub ahead of print]
[33]Victor J,Dujardin J,Vandenneucker H,et al.Patient specific guides do not improve accuracy in total knee arthroplasty:a prospective randomized controlled trial[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2014,472(1):263-271.
[34]Abane L,Anract P,Boisgard S,et al.A comparison of patient specific and conventional instrumentation for total knee arthroplasty:a multicentre randomised controlled trial[J].Bone Joint J,2015,97B(1):56-63.
[35]Huijbregts HJ,Khan RJ,Sorensen E,et al.Patient specific instrumentation does not improve radiographic alignment or clinical outcomes after total knee arthroplasty[J].Acta Orthop,2016,87(4):386-394.
[36]Frisch N,Wessell NM,Charters M,et al.Effect of body mass index on blood transfusion in total hip and knee arthroplasty[J].Orthopedics,2016,39(5):e844-849.
[37]Ward DT,Metz LN,Horst PK,et al.Complications of morbid obesity in total joint arthroplasty:risk stratification based on BMI[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(9 Suppl):42-46.
[38]Culliford D,Maskell J,Judge A,et al.A population based survival analysis describing the association of body mass index on time to revision for total hip and knee replacements:results from the UKgeneral practice research database[J].BMJ Open,2013,3(11):e003614.
[39]Mackie A,Muthumayandi K,Shirley M,et al.Association between body mass index change and outcome in the first year after total knee arthroplasty[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(2):206-209.
[40]Anwar R,Kini SG,Sait S,et al.Early clinical and radiological results of total knee arthroplasty using patient specific guides in obese patients[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg,2016,136(2):265-270.
[41]Thienpont E,Schwab PE,Cornu O,et al.Bone morphotypes of the varus and valgus knee[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg,2017,137(3):393-400.
[42]Lange J,Haas SB.Correcting severe valgus deformity:taking out the knock[J].Bone Joint J,2017,99B(1 Supple A):60-64.
[43]Nakahara H,Okazaki K,Hamai S,et al.Rotational alignment of the tibial component affects the kinematic rotation of a weight bearing knee after total knee arthroplasty[J].Knee,2015,22(3):201-205.
[44]Harato K,Kobayashi S,Kojima I,et al.Factors affecting one leg standing time in patients with end stage knee osteoarthritis and the age related recovery process following total knee arthroplasty[J].JOrthop Surg Res,2017,12(1):21.
[45]Ng VY,DeClaire JH,Berend KR,et al.Improved accuracy of alignment with patient specific positioning guides compared with manual instrumentation in TKA[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2012,470(1):99-107.
[46]Rahm S,Camenzind RS,Hingsammer A,et al.Postoperative alignment of TKA in patients with severe preoperative varus or valgus deformity:is there a difference between surgical techniques[J].BMC Musculoskelet Disord,2017,18(1):272.
[47]Barut N,Anract P,Babinet A,et al.Peri prosthetic fractures around tumor endoprostheses:a retrospective analysis of eighteen cases[J].Int Orthop,2015,39(9):1851-1856.
[48]Choy WS,Kim KJ,Lee SK,et al.Surgical treatment of pathological fractures occurring at the proximal femur[J].Yonsei Med J,2015,56(2):460-465.
[49]Pala E,Trovarelli G,CalabròT,et al.Survival of modern knee tumor megaprostheses:failures,functional results,and a comparative statistical analysis[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2015,473(3):891-899.
[50]Sevelda F,Schuh R,Hofstaetter JG,et al.Total femur replacement after tumor resection:limb salvage usually achieved but complications and failures are common[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2015,473(6):2079-2087.
[51]Kerens B,Boonen B,Schotanus M,et al.Patient specific guide for revision of medial unicondylar knee arthroplasty to total knee arthroplasty:beneficial first results of a new operating technique performed on 10 patients[J].Acta Orthop,2013,84(2):165-169.
[52]Borrego Paredes E,Barrena Sánchez P,Serrano Toledano D,et al.Total knee arthroplasty after failed unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.Clinical results,Radiologic findings,and technical tips[J].J Arthroplasty,2017,32(1):193-196.
[53]Schotanus MGM,Thijs E,Boonen B,et al.Revision of partial knee to total knee arthroplasty with use of patient specific instruments results in acceptable femoral rotation[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2018,26(6):1656-1661.
[2]Chae MP,Rozen WM,McMenamin PG,et al.Emerging applications of bedside 3D printing in plastic surgery[J].Front Surg,2015,2:25.
[3]Liu ZJ,Jia J,Zhang YG,et al.Internal fixation of complicated acetabular fractures directed by preoperative surgery with 3D printing models[J].Orthop Surg,2017,9(2):257-260.
[4]Xu J,Li D,Ma RF,et al.Application of rapid prototyping pelvic model for patients with DDH to facilitate arthroplasty planning:a pilot study[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(11):1963-1970.
[5]Ferrara F,Cipriani A,Magarelli N,et al.Implant positioning in TKA:comparison between conventional and patient specific instrumentation[J].Orthopedics,2015,38(4):e271-280.
[6]Marczak D,Synder M,Sibiński M,et al.One stage total knee arthroplasty with pre existing fracture deformity:post fracture total knee arthroplasty[J].J Arthroplasty,2014,29(11):2104-2108.
[7]Kim EG,Patel NK,Chughtai M,et al.Tantalum cones in revision total knee arthroplasty[J].J Knee Surg,2016,29(8):621-626.
[8]Mahfouz MR,ElHak Abdel Fatah E,Bowers L,et al.A new method for calculating femoral anterior cortex point location and its effect on component sizing and placement[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2015,473(1):126-132.
[9]Norton AA,Callaghan JJ,Amendola A,et al.Correlation of knee and hindfoot deformities in advanced knee OA:compensatory hindfoot alignment and where it occurs[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2015,473(1):166-174.
[10]Rocca G,Spina M,Carpeggiani G,et al.Correction of multiple complex lower limb deformities by intramedullary nailing[J].Injury,2015,46(Suppl 7):S35-39.
[11]Sikorski JM.Alignment in total knee replacement[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,2008,90(9):1121-1127.
[12]Minns RJ,Bibb R,Banks R,et al.The use of a reconstructed three dimensional solid model from CT to aid the surgical management of a total knee arthroplasty:a case study[J].Med Eng Phys,2003,25(6):523-526.
[13]吴鹏,陈雷,郎俊哲.人工全膝关节置换术股骨假体矢状位位置的影响因素[J].中国骨伤,2016,29(4):340-344.WU P,CHEN L,LANG JZ.Influencing factors on sagittal position of femoral prosthesis after total knee arthroplasty[J].Zhongguo Gu Shang/China J Orthop Trauma,2016,29(4):340-344.Chinese with abstract in English.
[14]邱冰,张明娇,唐本森,等.基于3D打印个性化手术导航模板辅助下的人工全膝关节置换[J].中国组织工程研究,2015,(48):7731-7735.QIU B,ZHANG MJ,TANG BS,et al.Total knee arthroplasty based on the assistance of three dimensional printing personalized surgical navigation template[J].Zhongguo Zu Zhi Gong Cheng Yan Jiu,2015,(48):7731-7735.Chinese.
[15]Manrique J,Gomez MM,Parvizi J.Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty[J].J Knee Surg,2015,28(2):119-126.
[16]Ettinger M,Claassen L,Paes P,et al.2D versus 3D templating in total knee arthroplasty[J].Knee,2016,23(1):149-151.
[17]Ollivier M,Tribot Laspiere Q,Amzallag J,et al.Abnormal rate of intraoperative and postoperative implant positioning outliers using"MRI based patient specific"compared to"computer assisted"instrumentation in total knee replacement[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2016,24(11):3441-3447.
[18]Fasel JH,Aguiar D,Kiss Bodolay D,et al.Adapting anatomy teaching to surgical trends:a combination of classical dissection,medical imaging,and 3D printing technologies[J].Surg Radiol Anat,2016,38(3):361-367.
[19]Kievit AJ,Dobbe JGG,Streekstra GJ,et al.Predicted osteotomy planes are accurate when using patient specific instrumentation for total knee arthroplasty in cadavers:a descriptive analysis[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2018,26(6):1751-1758.
[20]Rathod PA,Deshmukh AJ,Cushner FD.Reducing blood loss in bilateral total knee arthroplasty with patient specific instrumentation[J].Orthop Clin North Am,2015,46(3):343-350.
[21]Cerquiglini A,Henckel J,Hothi H,et al.3D patient imaging and retrieval analysis help understand the clinical importance of rotation in knee replacements[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arth rosc,2018,26(11):3351-3361.
[22]Ritter MA,Davis KE,Meding JB,et al.The effect of alignment and BMI on failure of total knee replacement[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2011,93(17):1588-1596.
[23]Heyse TJ,Tibesku CO.Improved femoral component rotation in TKA using patient specific instrumentation[J].Knee,2014,21(1):268-271.
[24]Gan Y,Ding J,Xu Y,et al.Accuracy and efficacy of osteotomy in total knee arthroplasty with patient specific navigational template[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(8):12192-12201.
[25]牛鸣,马飞,马菊蓉,等.基于3D打印的个性化截骨技术与传统方式行全膝关节表面置换的临床对比[J].南方医科大学学报,2017,37(11):1467-1475.NIU M,MA F,MA JR,et al.Total knee arthroplasty with 3Dprinting technique versus conventional surgery:comparison of the outcomes[J].Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao,2017,37(11):1467-1475.Chinese.
[26]Schotanus MGM,Schoenmakers DAL,Sollie R,et al.Patient specific instruments for total knee arthroplasty can accurately predict the component size as used peroperative[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2017,25(12):3844-3848.
[27]Bagheri F,Sharifi SR,Mirzadeh NR,et al.Clinical outcome of ream versus unream intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures[J].Iran Red Crescent Med J,2013,15(5):432-435.
[28]Zhao J,Zhang J,Ji X,et al.Does intramedullary canal irrigation reduce fat emboli?A randomized clinical trial with transesophageal echocardiography[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(3):451-455.
[29]余华晨,张宇,Paul Wong.个性化截骨工具与传统人工全膝关节置换治疗膝骨关节炎的临床对照试验[J].中国骨伤,2016,29(6):513-516.YU HC,ZHANG Y,Paul Wong.Case control study on individual osteotomy instrument and conventional total knee arthroplasty for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis[J].Zhongguo Gu Shang/China J Orthop Trauma,2016,29(6):513-516.Chinese with abstract in English.
[30]Vertullo CJ,Lewis PL,Graves S,et al.Twelve year outcomes of an oxinium total knee replacement compared with the same cobalt chromium design:an analysis of 17,577 prostheses from the australian orthopaedic association national joint replacement registry[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2017,99(4):275-283.
[31]Calbiyik M.Clinical outcome of total knee arthroplasty performed using patient specific cutting guides[J].Med Sci Monit,2017,23:6168-6173.
[32]Schotanus MGM,Boonen B,van der Weegen W,et al.No difference in mid term survival and clinical outcome between patient specific and conventional instrumented total knee arthroplasty:a randomized controlled trial[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2018,3.doi:10.1007/s00167-018-4968-5.[Epub ahead of print]
[33]Victor J,Dujardin J,Vandenneucker H,et al.Patient specific guides do not improve accuracy in total knee arthroplasty:a prospective randomized controlled trial[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2014,472(1):263-271.
[34]Abane L,Anract P,Boisgard S,et al.A comparison of patient specific and conventional instrumentation for total knee arthroplasty:a multicentre randomised controlled trial[J].Bone Joint J,2015,97B(1):56-63.
[35]Huijbregts HJ,Khan RJ,Sorensen E,et al.Patient specific instrumentation does not improve radiographic alignment or clinical outcomes after total knee arthroplasty[J].Acta Orthop,2016,87(4):386-394.
[36]Frisch N,Wessell NM,Charters M,et al.Effect of body mass index on blood transfusion in total hip and knee arthroplasty[J].Orthopedics,2016,39(5):e844-849.
[37]Ward DT,Metz LN,Horst PK,et al.Complications of morbid obesity in total joint arthroplasty:risk stratification based on BMI[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(9 Suppl):42-46.
[38]Culliford D,Maskell J,Judge A,et al.A population based survival analysis describing the association of body mass index on time to revision for total hip and knee replacements:results from the UKgeneral practice research database[J].BMJ Open,2013,3(11):e003614.
[39]Mackie A,Muthumayandi K,Shirley M,et al.Association between body mass index change and outcome in the first year after total knee arthroplasty[J].J Arthroplasty,2015,30(2):206-209.
[40]Anwar R,Kini SG,Sait S,et al.Early clinical and radiological results of total knee arthroplasty using patient specific guides in obese patients[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg,2016,136(2):265-270.
[41]Thienpont E,Schwab PE,Cornu O,et al.Bone morphotypes of the varus and valgus knee[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg,2017,137(3):393-400.
[42]Lange J,Haas SB.Correcting severe valgus deformity:taking out the knock[J].Bone Joint J,2017,99B(1 Supple A):60-64.
[43]Nakahara H,Okazaki K,Hamai S,et al.Rotational alignment of the tibial component affects the kinematic rotation of a weight bearing knee after total knee arthroplasty[J].Knee,2015,22(3):201-205.
[44]Harato K,Kobayashi S,Kojima I,et al.Factors affecting one leg standing time in patients with end stage knee osteoarthritis and the age related recovery process following total knee arthroplasty[J].JOrthop Surg Res,2017,12(1):21.
[45]Ng VY,DeClaire JH,Berend KR,et al.Improved accuracy of alignment with patient specific positioning guides compared with manual instrumentation in TKA[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2012,470(1):99-107.
[46]Rahm S,Camenzind RS,Hingsammer A,et al.Postoperative alignment of TKA in patients with severe preoperative varus or valgus deformity:is there a difference between surgical techniques[J].BMC Musculoskelet Disord,2017,18(1):272.
[47]Barut N,Anract P,Babinet A,et al.Peri prosthetic fractures around tumor endoprostheses:a retrospective analysis of eighteen cases[J].Int Orthop,2015,39(9):1851-1856.
[48]Choy WS,Kim KJ,Lee SK,et al.Surgical treatment of pathological fractures occurring at the proximal femur[J].Yonsei Med J,2015,56(2):460-465.
[49]Pala E,Trovarelli G,CalabròT,et al.Survival of modern knee tumor megaprostheses:failures,functional results,and a comparative statistical analysis[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2015,473(3):891-899.
[50]Sevelda F,Schuh R,Hofstaetter JG,et al.Total femur replacement after tumor resection:limb salvage usually achieved but complications and failures are common[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2015,473(6):2079-2087.
[51]Kerens B,Boonen B,Schotanus M,et al.Patient specific guide for revision of medial unicondylar knee arthroplasty to total knee arthroplasty:beneficial first results of a new operating technique performed on 10 patients[J].Acta Orthop,2013,84(2):165-169.
[52]Borrego Paredes E,Barrena Sánchez P,Serrano Toledano D,et al.Total knee arthroplasty after failed unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.Clinical results,Radiologic findings,and technical tips[J].J Arthroplasty,2017,32(1):193-196.
[53]Schotanus MGM,Thijs E,Boonen B,et al.Revision of partial knee to total knee arthroplasty with use of patient specific instruments results in acceptable femoral rotation[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2018,26(6):1656-1661.