产前体况对围产期奶牛脂肪动员的影响
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摘要
体况评分(BCS)是一种评估奶牛体脂储备、推测牛群生产力的关键指标。产前BCS以及BCS变化量(△BCS)对奶牛产后的脂肪动员、生产性能和免疫性能均有重要影响。本文总结了围产期奶牛脂肪代谢的特点,结合脂肪动员相关产物、脂肪酶和脂肪因子的调控作用,阐述了产前BCS对围产期奶牛脂肪代谢的调控作用及调控机制,为开展围产期奶牛脂肪代谢调控研究和生产上预防围产期奶牛能量代谢病的发生提供理论依据和实践指导。
Body condition score(BCS) is a key indicator for assessing body fat reserves and estimating herd productivity in dairy cows.BCS prior to parturition and BCS changes(△BCS) have important effects on fat mobilization,production performance and immune performance during the postpartum period in dairy cows.This article summarized the characteristics of fat metabolism in dairy cows during the perinatal period,combined the regulation of fat mobilization-related products,lipase and adipokines,and elaborated the mechanism of prenatal conditions on regulating fat metabolism in perinatal dairy cows.It provided theoretical basis and practical guidance for the study of fat metabolism regulation and preventing the occurrence of energy metabolic diseases in perinatal dairy cows.
Body condition score(BCS) is a key indicator for assessing body fat reserves and estimating herd productivity in dairy cows.BCS prior to parturition and BCS changes(△BCS) have important effects on fat mobilization,production performance and immune performance during the postpartum period in dairy cows.This article summarized the characteristics of fat metabolism in dairy cows during the perinatal period,combined the regulation of fat mobilization-related products,lipase and adipokines,and elaborated the mechanism of prenatal conditions on regulating fat metabolism in perinatal dairy cows.It provided theoretical basis and practical guidance for the study of fat metabolism regulation and preventing the occurrence of energy metabolic diseases in perinatal dairy cows.
引文
[1]GONZLEZ F D,MUIO R,PEREIRA V,et al.Relationship among blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function during early lactation in highyielding dairy cows[J].Journal of Veterinary Science,2011,12(3):251-255.
[2]SEIFI H A,LEBLANC S J,LESLIE K E,et al.Metabolic predictors of post-partum disease and culling risk in dairy cattle[J].The Veterinary Journal,2011,188(2):216-220.
[3]DU X L,ZHU Y W,PENG Z C,et al.High concentrations of fatty acids andβ-hydroxybutyrate impair the growth hormone-mediated hepatic JAK2-STAT5 pathway in clinically ketotic cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(4):3476-3487.
[4]ROCHE J R,KAY J K,FRIGGENS N C,et al.Assessing and managing body condition score for the prevention of metabolic disease in dairy cows[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2013,29(2):323-336.
[5]SMITH R F,OULTRAM J,DOBSON H.Herd monitoring to optimise fertility in the dairy cow:making the most of herd records,metabolic profiling and ultrasonography(research into practice)[J].Animal,2014,8(Suppl.1):185-198.
[6]KIM I H,SUH G H.Effect of the amount of body condition loss from the dry to near calving periods on the subsequent body condition change,o ccurrence of postpartum diseases,metabolic parameters and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows[J].Theriogenology,2003,60(8):1445-1456.
[7]RANDALL L V,GREEN M J,CHAGUNDA M GG,et al.Low body condition predisposes cattle to lameness:An 8-year study of one dairy herd[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(6):3766-3777.
[8]VAILATI-RIBONI M,MEIER S,BURKE C R,et al.Prepartum body condition score and plane of nutrition affect the hepatic transcriptome during the transition period in grazing dairy cows[J].BMC Genomics,2016,17:854.
[9]BELL A W.Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(9):2804-2819.
[10]BELL A W,BAUMAN D E.Adaptations of glucose metabolism during pregnancy and lactation[J].Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia,1997,2(3):265-278.
[11]HUANG W M,TIAN Y J,WANG Y J,et al.Effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on dry matter intake,lactation performance and energy balance in multiparous Holstein cows[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2014,5:30.
[12]黄文明.围产前期日粮能量水平对奶牛能量代谢和瘤胃适应性影响的研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[13]LEROY J L,VANHOLDER T,VAN KNEGSEL AT,et al.Nutrient prioritization in dairy cows early postpartum:mismatch between metabolism and fertility?[J].Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2008,43(Suppl.2):96-103.
[14]苏华维,曹志军,李胜利.围产期奶牛的代谢特点及其营养调控[J].中国畜牧杂志,2011,46(16):44-48.
[15]SORDILLO L M,RAPHAEL W.Significance of metabolic stress,lipid mobilization,and inflammation on transition cow disorders[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2013,29(2):267-278.
[16]孙菲菲,曹阳春,李生祥,等.胆碱对奶牛围产期代谢的调控[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(1):26-33.
[17]DOEPEL L,LOBLEY G E,BERNIER J F,et al.Differences in splanchnic metabolism between late gestation and early lactation dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(7):3233-3243.
[18]CHIBISA G E,GOZHO G N,VAN KESSEL A G,et al.Effects of peripartum propylene glycol supplementation on nitrogen metabolism,body composition,and gene expression for the major protein degradation pathways in skeletal muscle in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(9):3512-3527.
[19]WILLIAMS C C,CALMES K J,FERNANDEZ J M,et al.Glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in gulf coast native and suffolk ewes during late gestation and early lactation[J].Small Ruminant Research,2004,54(3):167-171.
[20]ESPOSITO G,IRONS P C,WEBB E C,e t al.Interactions between negative energy balance,metabolic diseases,uterine health and immune response in transition dairy cows[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2014,144(3/4):60-71.
[21]HAMMON H M,STRMER G,SCHNEIDER F,et al.Performance and metabolic and endocrine changes with emphasis on glucose metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows with high and low fat content in liver after calving[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(4):1554-1566.
[22]OSPINA P A,NYDAM D V,STOKOL T,et al.Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids andβ-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States:critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(2):546-554.
[23]ROBERTS T,CHAPINAL N,LEBLANC S J,et al.Metabolic parameters in transition cows as indicators for early-lactation culling risk[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(6):3057-3063.
[24]FISCHER A,LUGINBHL T,DELATTRE L,et al.Rear shape in 3 dimensions summarized by principal component analysis is a good predictor of body condition score in Holstein dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(7):4465-4476.
[25]HALACHMI I,KLOPCˇICˇI M,POLAK P,e t al.Automatic assessment of dairy cattle body condition score using thermal imaging[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2013,99:35-40.
[26]SPOLIANSKY R,EDAN Y,PARMET Y,et al.Development of automatic body condition scoring using a low-cost 3-dimensional Kinect camera[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(9):7714-7725.
[27]ROCHE J R,MEIER S,HEISER A,et al.Effects of precalving body condition score and prepartum feeding level on production,reproduction,and health parameters in pasture-based transition dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(10):7164-7182.
[28]ROCHE J R,FRIGGENS N C,KAY J K,et al.Invited review:body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity,health,and welfare[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(12):5769-5801.
[29]CHAGAS L M,BASS J J,BLACHE D,et al.Invited review:new perspectives on the roles of nutrition and metabolic priorities in the subfertility of high-producing dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2007,90(9):4022-4032.
[30]LOKER S,MIGLIOR F,KOECK A,et al.Relationship between body condition score and health traits in first-lactation Canadian Holsteins[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(11):6770-6780.
[31]WATHES D C,CHENG Z,BOURNE N,et al.Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits,milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,2007,33(2):203-225.
[32]DJOKOVIC R,CINCOVIC M,KURCUBIC V,et al.Endocrine and metabolic status of dairy cows during transition period[J].Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2014:59-66.
[33]MOUFFOK C E,MADANI T,SEMARA L,et al.Correlation between body condition score,blood biochemical metabolites,milk yield and quality in algerian montbliarde cattle[J].Pakistan Veterinary Journal,2013,33(2):191-194.
[34]PIRES J A A,DELAVAUD C,FAULCONNIER Y,et al.Effects of body condition score at calving on indicators of fat and protein mobilization of periparturient Holstein-Friesian cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(10):6423-6439.
[35]STEFAN'SKA B,NOWAK W,PRUSZY N'SKAOSZMAEK E,et al.The effect of body condition score on the biochemical blood indices and reproductive performance of dairy cows[J].Annals of Animal Science,2016,16(1):129-143.
[36]LANGE J,MCCARTHY A,KAY J,et al.Prepartum feeding level and body condition score affect immunological performance in grazing dairy cows during the transition period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(3):2329-2338.
[37]ALHARTHI A,ZHOU Z,LOPREIATO V,et al.Body condition score prior to parturition is associated with plasma and adipose tissue biomarkers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in Holstein cows[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2018,9:12.
[38]FOLNOZˇIC'I,TURK R,DURICˇIC'D,et al.Influence of body condition on serum metabolic indicators of lipid mobilization and oxidative stress in dairy cows during the transition period[J].Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2015,50(6):910-917.
[39]RICO J E,BANDARU V V R,DORSKIND J M,et al.Plasma ceramides are elevated in overweight Holstein dairy cows experiencing greater lipolysis and insulin resistance during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(11):7757-7770.
[40]MANN S,NYDAM D V,ABUELO A,et al.Insulin signaling,inflammation,and lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of transition dairy cows either overfed energy during the prepartum period or fed a controlledenergy diet[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(8):6737-6752.
[41]JAAKSON H,KARIS P,LING K,et al.Adipose tissue insulin receptor and glucose transporter 4 expression,and blood glucose and insulin responses during glucose tolerance tests in transition Holstein cows with different body condition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(1):752-766.
[42]AKBAR H,GRALA T M,RIBONI M V,et al.Body condition score at calving affects systemic and hepatic transcriptome indicators of inflammation and nutrient metabolism in grazing dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(2):1019-1032.
[43]STRIEDER-BARBOZA C,DE SOUZA J,RAPHAELW,et al.Fetuin-a:a negative acute-phase protein linked to adipose tissue function in periparturient dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(3):2602-2616.
[44]VAILATI-RIBONI M,KANWAL M,BULGARI O,et al.Body condition score and plane of nutrition prepartum affect adipose tissue transcriptome regulators of metabolism and inflammation in grazing dairy cows during the transition period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(1):758-770.
[45]STERN J H,RUTKOWSKI J M,SCHERER P E.Adiponectin,leptin,and fatty acids in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis through adipose tissue crosstalk[J].Cell Metabolism,2016,23(5):770-784.
[46]HO M,FOXALL S,HIGGINBOTTOM M,et al.Leptinmediated inhibition of the insulin-stimulated increase in fatty acid uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes[J].Metabolism,2006,55(1):8-12.
[47]PALOU A,PICC.Leptin intake during lactation prevents obesity and affects food intake and food preferences in later life[J].Appetite,2009,52(1):249-252.
[48]DE KOSTER J,URH C,HOSTENS M,e t al.Relationship between serum adiponectin concentration,body condition score,and peripheral tissue insulin response of dairy cows during the dry period[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,2017,59:100-104.
[49]LANGE J,MCCARTHY A,KAY J,et al.Prepartum feeding level and body condition score affect immunological performance in grazing dairy cows during the transition period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(3):2329-2338.
[50]DE KOSTER J,VAN DEN BROECK W,HULPIOL,e t al.Influence of adipocyte size and adipose depot on the in vitro lipolytic activity and insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue in dairy cows at the end of the dry period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(3):2319-2328.
[51]DEPREESTER E,DE KOSTER J,VAN POUCKEM,et al.Influence of adipocyte size and adipose depot on the number of adipose tissue macrophages and the expression of adipokines in dairy cows at the end of pregnancy[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(7):6542-6555.
[52]SINGH S P,HUSSLER S,HEINZ J F L,et al.Lactation driven dynamics of adiponectin supply from different fat depots to circulation in cows[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,2014,47:35-46.
[2]SEIFI H A,LEBLANC S J,LESLIE K E,et al.Metabolic predictors of post-partum disease and culling risk in dairy cattle[J].The Veterinary Journal,2011,188(2):216-220.
[3]DU X L,ZHU Y W,PENG Z C,et al.High concentrations of fatty acids andβ-hydroxybutyrate impair the growth hormone-mediated hepatic JAK2-STAT5 pathway in clinically ketotic cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(4):3476-3487.
[4]ROCHE J R,KAY J K,FRIGGENS N C,et al.Assessing and managing body condition score for the prevention of metabolic disease in dairy cows[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2013,29(2):323-336.
[5]SMITH R F,OULTRAM J,DOBSON H.Herd monitoring to optimise fertility in the dairy cow:making the most of herd records,metabolic profiling and ultrasonography(research into practice)[J].Animal,2014,8(Suppl.1):185-198.
[6]KIM I H,SUH G H.Effect of the amount of body condition loss from the dry to near calving periods on the subsequent body condition change,o ccurrence of postpartum diseases,metabolic parameters and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows[J].Theriogenology,2003,60(8):1445-1456.
[7]RANDALL L V,GREEN M J,CHAGUNDA M GG,et al.Low body condition predisposes cattle to lameness:An 8-year study of one dairy herd[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(6):3766-3777.
[8]VAILATI-RIBONI M,MEIER S,BURKE C R,et al.Prepartum body condition score and plane of nutrition affect the hepatic transcriptome during the transition period in grazing dairy cows[J].BMC Genomics,2016,17:854.
[9]BELL A W.Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(9):2804-2819.
[10]BELL A W,BAUMAN D E.Adaptations of glucose metabolism during pregnancy and lactation[J].Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia,1997,2(3):265-278.
[11]HUANG W M,TIAN Y J,WANG Y J,et al.Effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on dry matter intake,lactation performance and energy balance in multiparous Holstein cows[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2014,5:30.
[12]黄文明.围产前期日粮能量水平对奶牛能量代谢和瘤胃适应性影响的研究[D].博士学位论文.北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[13]LEROY J L,VANHOLDER T,VAN KNEGSEL AT,et al.Nutrient prioritization in dairy cows early postpartum:mismatch between metabolism and fertility?[J].Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2008,43(Suppl.2):96-103.
[14]苏华维,曹志军,李胜利.围产期奶牛的代谢特点及其营养调控[J].中国畜牧杂志,2011,46(16):44-48.
[15]SORDILLO L M,RAPHAEL W.Significance of metabolic stress,lipid mobilization,and inflammation on transition cow disorders[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2013,29(2):267-278.
[16]孙菲菲,曹阳春,李生祥,等.胆碱对奶牛围产期代谢的调控[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(1):26-33.
[17]DOEPEL L,LOBLEY G E,BERNIER J F,et al.Differences in splanchnic metabolism between late gestation and early lactation dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(7):3233-3243.
[18]CHIBISA G E,GOZHO G N,VAN KESSEL A G,et al.Effects of peripartum propylene glycol supplementation on nitrogen metabolism,body composition,and gene expression for the major protein degradation pathways in skeletal muscle in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2008,91(9):3512-3527.
[19]WILLIAMS C C,CALMES K J,FERNANDEZ J M,et al.Glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in gulf coast native and suffolk ewes during late gestation and early lactation[J].Small Ruminant Research,2004,54(3):167-171.
[20]ESPOSITO G,IRONS P C,WEBB E C,e t al.Interactions between negative energy balance,metabolic diseases,uterine health and immune response in transition dairy cows[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2014,144(3/4):60-71.
[21]HAMMON H M,STRMER G,SCHNEIDER F,et al.Performance and metabolic and endocrine changes with emphasis on glucose metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows with high and low fat content in liver after calving[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(4):1554-1566.
[22]OSPINA P A,NYDAM D V,STOKOL T,et al.Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids andβ-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States:critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(2):546-554.
[23]ROBERTS T,CHAPINAL N,LEBLANC S J,et al.Metabolic parameters in transition cows as indicators for early-lactation culling risk[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(6):3057-3063.
[24]FISCHER A,LUGINBHL T,DELATTRE L,et al.Rear shape in 3 dimensions summarized by principal component analysis is a good predictor of body condition score in Holstein dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(7):4465-4476.
[25]HALACHMI I,KLOPCˇICˇI M,POLAK P,e t al.Automatic assessment of dairy cattle body condition score using thermal imaging[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2013,99:35-40.
[26]SPOLIANSKY R,EDAN Y,PARMET Y,et al.Development of automatic body condition scoring using a low-cost 3-dimensional Kinect camera[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(9):7714-7725.
[27]ROCHE J R,MEIER S,HEISER A,et al.Effects of precalving body condition score and prepartum feeding level on production,reproduction,and health parameters in pasture-based transition dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(10):7164-7182.
[28]ROCHE J R,FRIGGENS N C,KAY J K,et al.Invited review:body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity,health,and welfare[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(12):5769-5801.
[29]CHAGAS L M,BASS J J,BLACHE D,et al.Invited review:new perspectives on the roles of nutrition and metabolic priorities in the subfertility of high-producing dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2007,90(9):4022-4032.
[30]LOKER S,MIGLIOR F,KOECK A,et al.Relationship between body condition score and health traits in first-lactation Canadian Holsteins[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(11):6770-6780.
[31]WATHES D C,CHENG Z,BOURNE N,et al.Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits,milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,2007,33(2):203-225.
[32]DJOKOVIC R,CINCOVIC M,KURCUBIC V,et al.Endocrine and metabolic status of dairy cows during transition period[J].Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine,2014:59-66.
[33]MOUFFOK C E,MADANI T,SEMARA L,et al.Correlation between body condition score,blood biochemical metabolites,milk yield and quality in algerian montbliarde cattle[J].Pakistan Veterinary Journal,2013,33(2):191-194.
[34]PIRES J A A,DELAVAUD C,FAULCONNIER Y,et al.Effects of body condition score at calving on indicators of fat and protein mobilization of periparturient Holstein-Friesian cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(10):6423-6439.
[35]STEFAN'SKA B,NOWAK W,PRUSZY N'SKAOSZMAEK E,et al.The effect of body condition score on the biochemical blood indices and reproductive performance of dairy cows[J].Annals of Animal Science,2016,16(1):129-143.
[36]LANGE J,MCCARTHY A,KAY J,et al.Prepartum feeding level and body condition score affect immunological performance in grazing dairy cows during the transition period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(3):2329-2338.
[37]ALHARTHI A,ZHOU Z,LOPREIATO V,et al.Body condition score prior to parturition is associated with plasma and adipose tissue biomarkers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in Holstein cows[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2018,9:12.
[38]FOLNOZˇIC'I,TURK R,DURICˇIC'D,et al.Influence of body condition on serum metabolic indicators of lipid mobilization and oxidative stress in dairy cows during the transition period[J].Reproduction in Domestic Animals,2015,50(6):910-917.
[39]RICO J E,BANDARU V V R,DORSKIND J M,et al.Plasma ceramides are elevated in overweight Holstein dairy cows experiencing greater lipolysis and insulin resistance during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(11):7757-7770.
[40]MANN S,NYDAM D V,ABUELO A,et al.Insulin signaling,inflammation,and lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of transition dairy cows either overfed energy during the prepartum period or fed a controlledenergy diet[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(8):6737-6752.
[41]JAAKSON H,KARIS P,LING K,et al.Adipose tissue insulin receptor and glucose transporter 4 expression,and blood glucose and insulin responses during glucose tolerance tests in transition Holstein cows with different body condition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(1):752-766.
[42]AKBAR H,GRALA T M,RIBONI M V,et al.Body condition score at calving affects systemic and hepatic transcriptome indicators of inflammation and nutrient metabolism in grazing dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(2):1019-1032.
[43]STRIEDER-BARBOZA C,DE SOUZA J,RAPHAELW,et al.Fetuin-a:a negative acute-phase protein linked to adipose tissue function in periparturient dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(3):2602-2616.
[44]VAILATI-RIBONI M,KANWAL M,BULGARI O,et al.Body condition score and plane of nutrition prepartum affect adipose tissue transcriptome regulators of metabolism and inflammation in grazing dairy cows during the transition period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(1):758-770.
[45]STERN J H,RUTKOWSKI J M,SCHERER P E.Adiponectin,leptin,and fatty acids in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis through adipose tissue crosstalk[J].Cell Metabolism,2016,23(5):770-784.
[46]HO M,FOXALL S,HIGGINBOTTOM M,et al.Leptinmediated inhibition of the insulin-stimulated increase in fatty acid uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes[J].Metabolism,2006,55(1):8-12.
[47]PALOU A,PICC.Leptin intake during lactation prevents obesity and affects food intake and food preferences in later life[J].Appetite,2009,52(1):249-252.
[48]DE KOSTER J,URH C,HOSTENS M,e t al.Relationship between serum adiponectin concentration,body condition score,and peripheral tissue insulin response of dairy cows during the dry period[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,2017,59:100-104.
[49]LANGE J,MCCARTHY A,KAY J,et al.Prepartum feeding level and body condition score affect immunological performance in grazing dairy cows during the transition period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(3):2329-2338.
[50]DE KOSTER J,VAN DEN BROECK W,HULPIOL,e t al.Influence of adipocyte size and adipose depot on the in vitro lipolytic activity and insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue in dairy cows at the end of the dry period[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2016,99(3):2319-2328.
[51]DEPREESTER E,DE KOSTER J,VAN POUCKEM,et al.Influence of adipocyte size and adipose depot on the number of adipose tissue macrophages and the expression of adipokines in dairy cows at the end of pregnancy[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2018,101(7):6542-6555.
[52]SINGH S P,HUSSLER S,HEINZ J F L,et al.Lactation driven dynamics of adiponectin supply from different fat depots to circulation in cows[J].Domestic Animal Endocrinology,2014,47:35-46.