病死猪辅热快速好氧发酵工艺参数优化与装备研制
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摘要
将病死猪、辅料拌合后加入发酵菌种,在50～70℃条件下进行辅热快速好氧发酵处理,可在短时间内将病死猪转化为干颗粒物料。为了优化发酵工艺参数,提高发酵处理质量,该文采用辅热快速好氧发酵试验装置,以猪死胎为原料、麸皮为辅料,选取通风量和温度为试验因素,以产物的总游离氨基酸(free amino acid,FAA)质量分数、含水率、粒度分布和pH值作为试验指标,开展了病死猪辅热快速好氧发酵处理试验。发酵温度选取50、60和70℃3个水平,通风量选取8、9和10 L/(L·min) 3个水平。结果表明,发酵温度60℃、通风量10 L/(L·min)时处理效果最佳。在此基础上,设计并试制了一台处理能力为150kg/批的病死猪辅热快速好氧发酵处理设备,并进行了初步试验。设定通风量为10 L/(L·min),发酵温度为60℃,发酵3d后物料中的FAA质量分数为20.74g/kg,含水率为14%左右,pH值为5.4,88.89%能通过4.75 mm编织筛,未检出大肠杆菌,平均每处理1 kg病死猪的能耗为2.37 kW?h。试验结果表明,试制的装备能在3 d内将冰冻状态的病死猪无害化处理转变为干颗粒物料,处理产物能满足后续有机肥生产的要求。
Carcass of dead pigs can be converted into dry granular materials rapidly by aerobic fermentation at 50 to 70 ℃ after adding fermentation strains into the mixture of pig carcass and auxiliary materials such as wheat bran. In order to optimize the fermentation process parameters and improve the quality of fermentation, a laboratory rapid aerobic fermentation system together with heating device was adopted in this study to process the stillbirth pigs. In the experiments, ventilation rate and fermentation temperature were selected as experimental factors and the mass fraction of total free amino acid(FAA), moisture content, particle size distribution and p H value of the products were selected as experimental indexes. The fermentation temperature was set at 50, 60 and 70 ℃ and the ventilation rate was set at 8, 9 and 10 L/(L·min). One pig stillbirth(1.5-2.2 kg) was selected in each experiment. The frozen pig carcass were divided into blocks of about 5 cm with a chainsaw, and then ground in a meat mincer. The carcass pieces were weighed and mixed with appropriate amount of bran to achieve a weight ratio of the bran to the carcass of 1:1.5(dry-based ratio under bran moisture content of 9% and carcass moisture content of 75%, equivalent to a wet base ratio of about 1:5.5). After mixing, fermentation strains were added to attain strain weight: pig weight of 1:25(dry-based ratio, or 1:100 for wet-based ratio assuming the strain moisture content of 10% and carcass moisture content 75%). The moisture content of mixed materials was about 65%, the pH value was about 6.55, and the mass fraction of FAA was 6.0 g/kg. In the controlled experiments with different fermentation temperatures, the ventilation rate was 8 L/(L·min). In order to keep the moisture content of fermentation materials within the appropriate range to maintain microbial activities during the fermentation process, the moisture content was adjusted to 65% by adding water after every 24 hours of fermentation. The results showed that the moisture content of fermented materials decreased by 8-11, 24-27 and 40-50 percentage at 50, 60 and 70 ℃, respectively. The mass fractions of FAA in fermented materials after 3 days of fermentation were 18.51, 16.62 and 9.42 g/kg, and the passing rates of 4.75 mm braided sieve were 57.40%, 83.95% and 83.44% respectively. In the control experiments with different ventilation rates, the fermentation temperatures were 60 ℃. The results showed that when the ventilation rate was 8, 9 and 10 L/(L·min), the moisture contents of the fermentation materials after fermentation for 3 days were 11%, 8.5% and 5%, the mass fraction of FAA was 13.18, 16.62, and 21.41 g/kg, respectively. The 4.75 mm woven sieve passing rate was more than 70%, which could reach 84.4% when the ventilation rate was 10 L/(L·min). Comprehensive analysis showed that the treatment effect was best when the fermentation temperature was 60 ℃ and the ventilation rate was 10 L/(L·min). Based on the above results of processing technology, a thermophilic aerobic fermentation equipment with a processing capacity of 150 kg per batch for dead pigs was designed and developed. This equipment was tested under a ventilation rate of 10 L/(L·min) and the fermentation temperature of 60 ℃. After 3 days of fermentation, the FAA mass fraction in the products was 20.74 g/kg with the moisture content of about 14% and the pH value of 5.4. Moreover, 88.89% of the products could pass the braided sieve of 4.75 mm diameter and Escherichia coli were not detected in the products. The energy consumption of the equipment was 2.37 kW?h per kg of dead pigs. The experimental results showed that the equipment could transform the dead pigs in the frozen state into dry particle materials in 3 days, and the treated products could meet the requirements of subsequent organic fertilizer production.
Carcass of dead pigs can be converted into dry granular materials rapidly by aerobic fermentation at 50 to 70 ℃ after adding fermentation strains into the mixture of pig carcass and auxiliary materials such as wheat bran. In order to optimize the fermentation process parameters and improve the quality of fermentation, a laboratory rapid aerobic fermentation system together with heating device was adopted in this study to process the stillbirth pigs. In the experiments, ventilation rate and fermentation temperature were selected as experimental factors and the mass fraction of total free amino acid(FAA), moisture content, particle size distribution and p H value of the products were selected as experimental indexes. The fermentation temperature was set at 50, 60 and 70 ℃ and the ventilation rate was set at 8, 9 and 10 L/(L·min). One pig stillbirth(1.5-2.2 kg) was selected in each experiment. The frozen pig carcass were divided into blocks of about 5 cm with a chainsaw, and then ground in a meat mincer. The carcass pieces were weighed and mixed with appropriate amount of bran to achieve a weight ratio of the bran to the carcass of 1:1.5(dry-based ratio under bran moisture content of 9% and carcass moisture content of 75%, equivalent to a wet base ratio of about 1:5.5). After mixing, fermentation strains were added to attain strain weight: pig weight of 1:25(dry-based ratio, or 1:100 for wet-based ratio assuming the strain moisture content of 10% and carcass moisture content 75%). The moisture content of mixed materials was about 65%, the pH value was about 6.55, and the mass fraction of FAA was 6.0 g/kg. In the controlled experiments with different fermentation temperatures, the ventilation rate was 8 L/(L·min). In order to keep the moisture content of fermentation materials within the appropriate range to maintain microbial activities during the fermentation process, the moisture content was adjusted to 65% by adding water after every 24 hours of fermentation. The results showed that the moisture content of fermented materials decreased by 8-11, 24-27 and 40-50 percentage at 50, 60 and 70 ℃, respectively. The mass fractions of FAA in fermented materials after 3 days of fermentation were 18.51, 16.62 and 9.42 g/kg, and the passing rates of 4.75 mm braided sieve were 57.40%, 83.95% and 83.44% respectively. In the control experiments with different ventilation rates, the fermentation temperatures were 60 ℃. The results showed that when the ventilation rate was 8, 9 and 10 L/(L·min), the moisture contents of the fermentation materials after fermentation for 3 days were 11%, 8.5% and 5%, the mass fraction of FAA was 13.18, 16.62, and 21.41 g/kg, respectively. The 4.75 mm woven sieve passing rate was more than 70%, which could reach 84.4% when the ventilation rate was 10 L/(L·min). Comprehensive analysis showed that the treatment effect was best when the fermentation temperature was 60 ℃ and the ventilation rate was 10 L/(L·min). Based on the above results of processing technology, a thermophilic aerobic fermentation equipment with a processing capacity of 150 kg per batch for dead pigs was designed and developed. This equipment was tested under a ventilation rate of 10 L/(L·min) and the fermentation temperature of 60 ℃. After 3 days of fermentation, the FAA mass fraction in the products was 20.74 g/kg with the moisture content of about 14% and the pH value of 5.4. Moreover, 88.89% of the products could pass the braided sieve of 4.75 mm diameter and Escherichia coli were not detected in the products. The energy consumption of the equipment was 2.37 kW?h per kg of dead pigs. The experimental results showed that the equipment could transform the dead pigs in the frozen state into dry particle materials in 3 days, and the treated products could meet the requirements of subsequent organic fertilizer production.
引文
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[2]Wu L,Xu G,Wang X.Identifying critical factors influencing the disposal of dead pigs by farmers in China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(1):661-672.
[3]Wu L,Xu G,Li Q,et al.Investigation of the disposal of dead pigs by pig farmers in mainland China by simulation experiment[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,24(2):1469-1483.
[4]Hu Y,Feng Y,Huang C,et al.Occurrence,source,and human infection potential of cryptosporidium and enterocytozoon bieneusi in drinking source water in Shanghai,China,during a pig carcass disposal incident[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(24):14219-14227.
[5]杜耀,方圆,沈东升,等.填埋场中硫化氢恶臭污染防治技术研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(增刊1):269-275.Du Yao,Fang Yuan,Shen Dongsheng,et al.Review on pollution control technologies of hydrogen sulfide odor in landfill[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(Supp.1):269-275.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]Gwyther C L,Williams A P,Golyshin P N,et al.The environmental and biosecurity characteristics of livestock carcass disposal methods:A review[J].Waste Manag,2011,31(4):767-778.
[7]Pollard S J T,Hickman G A W,Irving P,et al.Exposure assessment of carcass disposal options in the event of a notifiable exotic animal disease:Application to avian influenza virus[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(9):3145-3154.
[8]Rier S E.Environmental immune disruption:A comorbidity factor for reproduction?[J].Fertility&Sterility,2008,89(2):e103-e108.
[9]郭东坡,陶秀萍,尚斌,等.死猪堆肥处理的通风率选择探讨[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(5):187-193.Guo Dongpo,Tao Xiuping,Shang Bin,et al.Selection of ventilation rates on dead pig composting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(5):187-193.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]吴银宝,汪植三,廖新俤,等.猪粪堆肥臭气产生与调控的研究[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(5):82-87.Wu Yinbao,Wang Zhisan,Liao Xindi,et al.Study on the odor production and control of swine manure composting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2001,17(5):82-87.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Weiping X,Tim R,Douglas I G,et al.A biosecure composting system for disposal of cattle carcasses and manure following infectious disease outbreak[J].Journal of Environment Quality,2009,38(2):437-450.
[12]Reuter T,Xu W,Alexander T W,et al.Biocontained carcass composting for control of infectious disease outbreak in livestock[J].Journal of Visualized Experiments,2010(39):1-3.
[13]Williams A P,Edwards-Jones G,Jones D L.In-vessel bioreduction provides an effective storage and pre-treatment method for livestock carcasses prior to final disposal[J].Bioresour Technol,2009,99(17):4032-4040.
[14]Gwyther C L,Jones D L,Golyshin P N,et al.Bioreduction of sheep carcasses effectively contains and reduces pathogen levels under operational and simulated breakdown conditions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(10):5267-5275.
[15]Jones D L,Healey J R,Willett V B,et al.Dissolved organic nitrogen uptake by plants:An important N uptake pathway?[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2005,37(3):413-423.
[16]Treseder K K,Czimczik C I,Trumbore S E,et al.Uptake of an amino acid by ectomycorrhizal fungi in a boreal forest[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40(7):1964-1966.
[17]Kielland K.Amino acid absorption by arctic plants:Implications for plant nutrition and nitrogen cycling[J].Ecology,1994,75(8):2373-2383.
[18]N?Sholm T,Kielland K,Ganeteg U.Uptake of organic nitrogen by plants[J].New Phytologist,2009,182(1):31-48.
[19]穆军,呼世斌,王永科.猪蹄甲制备氨基酸螯合微肥及其对小白菜生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):185-187.Mu Jun,Hu Shibin,Wang Yongke.Preparing fertilizers of amino acid chelate micro element from pig hoof nail and its effect on growth of pakchoi[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(7):185-187.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]吕娜娜,沈宗专,王东升,等.施用氨基酸有机肥对黄瓜产量及土壤生物学性状的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2018,41(3):456-464.LüNana,Shen Zongzhuan,Wang Dongsheng,et al.Effects of amino acid organic fertilizer on cucumber yield and soil biological characters[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2018,41(3):456-464.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]张树生,杨兴明,黄启为,等.施用氨基酸肥料对连作条件下黄瓜的生物效应及土壤生物性状的影响[J].土壤学报,2007,44(4):689-694.Zhang Shusheng,Yang Xingming,Huang Qiwei,et al.Effect of application of amino acid fertilizer on biological properties of cucumber plants and soil microorganisms under continuous mono-cropping[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(4):689-694.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]陈杰.鱼蛋白降解氨基酸肥对土壤理化性质、酶活性以及微生物群落的影响[D].上海:上海师范大学,2015.Chen Jie.The Effects of Amino Acids Hydrolyzed from Fish Wastes on Soil Physicochemical Properties,Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community[J].Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]McKinley V L,Vestal J R.Physical and chemical correlates of microbial activity and biomass in composting municipal sewage sludge[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1985,50(6):1395-403.
[24]Beffa T,Blanc M,Marilley L,et al.Taxonomic and metabolic microbial diversity during composting[M].The Science of Composting.Netherlands:Springer,1996.
[25]Brigante M,Zanini G,Avena M.On the dissolution kinetics of humic acid particles:Effects of pH,temperature and Ca2+concentration[J].Colloids and Surfaces A(Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects),2007,294(1/2/3):64-70.
[26]杜少甫,韦光辉,柳东阳,等.不同温度对病死猪生物降解效果的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2015,43(35):170-171,173.Du Shaofu,Wei Guanghui,Liu Dongyang,et al.The biodegradation effects of dead pigs at different temperatures[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(35):170-171,173.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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