小麦与秋豆秸秆配施对土壤有机碳固持的影响
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摘要
为揭示麦秸与豆科秸秆配合还田对黑垆土有机碳固持的影响,尝试引入了自然δ13C技术并结合双指数模型方法,选取常年种植玉米的C4土壤,设不添加秸秆(CK)、添加小麦秸秆(W)、添加秋豆秸秆(L)、小麦秋豆秸秆组合添加(W+L)4个处理,进行了80d的恒温控湿室内培养试验。结果表明:培养结束后,秸秆添加处理(W+L、L、W)显著提高了CO_2累积释放量和有机碳含量,分别比CK高5.63、2.90、2.60倍和22.3%、10.7%和12.5%;W+L处理显著提高了土壤微生物量碳及微生物熵,分别比CK高39.5%和15.6%;同时W+L、L、W处理也提高了土壤惰性碳库及其占总有机碳的比例,分别比CK高2.82、0.756、1.98倍和2.27、0.569、1.64倍。较W处理,W+L处理的CO_2累积释放量、惰性碳库及其在土壤碳库所占比例和微生物量碳及微生物熵均明显增加,增加幅度分别为84.4%、28.1%、23.9%、25.3%和14.5%;同时,W+L处理明显提高了碳库中来自秸秆的新碳含量(Cstraw)及其所占比例(f),分别比W高86.5%和79.8%,且两种秸秆组合的土壤累积矿化量、有机碳含量和微生物量碳氮都表现出"加和效应"。综上,相比于禾本科作物秸秆单独还田,配施豆科绿肥秸秆会大幅提高土壤有机碳矿化量,同时仍能形成更多来自秸秆的新碳和增加土壤碳库稳定性,有利于土壤有机碳固持,且两种秸秆组合的"加和效应"在土壤固碳过程中发挥重要作用。
In order to investigate the effects of incorporation both wheat and leguminous straws on soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration in dark loessial soils, incubation experiments were conducted in which the δ13 C technique combined with the double exponential model was applied, and the C4 soil which had been used for years of maize cultivation was selected. There were four treatments:addition of no straw(CK), addition of wheat straw(W), addition of huai bean straw(L), addition of both wheat straw and huai bean straw(W+L), and each treatment had 6 replications. The results indicated that the cumulative CO_2 emissions of the soil and the SOC were significantly increased by W+L, L, and W treatments by 5.63, 2.90, 2.60 folds and 22.3%, 10.7%, 12.5%, respectively, relative to the CK. The W+L treatment markedly increased the microbial biomass carbon(MBC)content and microbial entropy(q MB)by 39.5% and 15.6%, respectively, compared to CK. According to the results of the double exponential model, the addition of crop straws increased the recalcitrant organic carbon pool(C2)and its proportion to the total organic carbon(C2/SOC)under W+L, L, and W treatments by 2.82, 0.756, 1.98 folds and 2.27, 0.569, 1.64 folds, respectively, compared to CK. In addition, compared with W, the W+L treatment could significantly increase the cumulative CO_2 emissions of the soil, C2, C2/SOC, MBC content, and q MB, the increments being 84.4%, 28.1%, 23.9%, 25.3% and 14.5%, respectively. At the same time, W+L markedly increased the exogenous newly-formed carbon from crop straws(Cstraw)and its proportion to the total organic carbon(f), and the increases were 86.5 % and 79.8 %, respectively. Additive effects were observed in the soil accumulation mineralization, SOC, and MBN. In conclusion, although the mixed addition of cereal and leguminous straws facilitate the rate and amount of SOC mineralization, larger amounts of Cstraw are produced by this method compared to mineralization, and the stability of the SOC pool is also increased, which therefore promotes SOC sequestration. The "additive effects" of the two straws play an important role in SOC sequestration.
In order to investigate the effects of incorporation both wheat and leguminous straws on soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration in dark loessial soils, incubation experiments were conducted in which the δ13 C technique combined with the double exponential model was applied, and the C4 soil which had been used for years of maize cultivation was selected. There were four treatments:addition of no straw(CK), addition of wheat straw(W), addition of huai bean straw(L), addition of both wheat straw and huai bean straw(W+L), and each treatment had 6 replications. The results indicated that the cumulative CO_2 emissions of the soil and the SOC were significantly increased by W+L, L, and W treatments by 5.63, 2.90, 2.60 folds and 22.3%, 10.7%, 12.5%, respectively, relative to the CK. The W+L treatment markedly increased the microbial biomass carbon(MBC)content and microbial entropy(q MB)by 39.5% and 15.6%, respectively, compared to CK. According to the results of the double exponential model, the addition of crop straws increased the recalcitrant organic carbon pool(C2)and its proportion to the total organic carbon(C2/SOC)under W+L, L, and W treatments by 2.82, 0.756, 1.98 folds and 2.27, 0.569, 1.64 folds, respectively, compared to CK. In addition, compared with W, the W+L treatment could significantly increase the cumulative CO_2 emissions of the soil, C2, C2/SOC, MBC content, and q MB, the increments being 84.4%, 28.1%, 23.9%, 25.3% and 14.5%, respectively. At the same time, W+L markedly increased the exogenous newly-formed carbon from crop straws(Cstraw)and its proportion to the total organic carbon(f), and the increases were 86.5 % and 79.8 %, respectively. Additive effects were observed in the soil accumulation mineralization, SOC, and MBN. In conclusion, although the mixed addition of cereal and leguminous straws facilitate the rate and amount of SOC mineralization, larger amounts of Cstraw are produced by this method compared to mineralization, and the stability of the SOC pool is also increased, which therefore promotes SOC sequestration. The "additive effects" of the two straws play an important role in SOC sequestration.
引文
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[2]Silveira M L,Liu K,Sollenberger L E,et al.Short-term effects of grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization on soil organic carbon pools under perennial grass pastures in the southeastern USA[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,58(2):42-49.
[3]裴鹏刚,张均华,朱练峰,等.秸秆还田的土壤酶学及微生物学效应研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(18):1-7.PEI Peng-gang,ZHANG Jun-hua,ZHU Lian-feng,et al.Research progress of soil enzymology and microbiology effects affected by straw incorporation[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(18):1-7.
[4]Santo A V D,Marco A D,Fierro A,et al.Factors regulating litter mass loss and lignin degradation in late decomposition stages[J].Plant and Soil,2009,318(1/2):217-228.
[5]曾锋,邱治军,许秀玉.森林凋落物分解研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(1):239-243.ZENG Feng,QIU Zhi-jun,XU Xiu-yu.Review on forest litter decomposition[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(1):239-243.
[6]徐娜,党廷辉,刘文兆.黄土高塬沟壑区农田土壤养分与作物产量变化的长期监测[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1240-1248.XU Na,DANG Ting-hui,LIU Wen-zhao.Soil nutrient balance and crop yields after 10-years′fertilization in the gully area of the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(5):1240-1248.
[7]赵如浪,冯佰利,蒋树怀,等.黄土高原旱地保护性耕作农田土壤团聚体特性变化研究[J].中国农业大学学报,2011,16(4):74-79.ZHAO Ru-lang,FENG Bai-li,JIANG Shu-huai,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregates in dry land of loess plateau[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2011,16(4):74-79.
[8]李新华,郭洪海,朱振林,等.不同秸秆还田模式对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(9):130-135.LI Xin-hua,GUO Hong-hai,ZHU Zhen-lin,et al.Effects of different straw return modes on contents of soil organic carbon and fractions of soil active carbon[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(9):130-135.
[9]孙汉印,姬强,王勇,等.不同秸秆还田模式下水稳性团聚体有机碳的分布及其氧化稳定性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(2):369-376.SUN Han-yin,JI Qiang,WANG Yong,et al.The distribution of waterstable aggregate-associated organic carbon and its oxidation stability under different straw returning modes[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(2):369-376.
[10]Li S,Li Y B,Li X S,et al.Effect of straw management on carbon sequestration and grain production in a maize-wheat cropping system in anthrosol of the Guanzhong Plain[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2016,157(303):43-51.
[11]官会林,郭云周,张云峰,等.绿肥轮作对植烟土壤酶活性与微生物量碳和有机碳的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(10):2366-2371.GUAN Hui-lin,GUO Yun-zhou,ZHANG Yun-feng,et al.Effect of green manure rotation soil enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass carbon and soil organic carbon in tobacco field[J].Ecology and Environment,2010,19(10):2366-2371.
[12]兰延,黄国勤,杨滨娟,等.稻田绿肥轮作提高土壤养分增加有机碳库[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(13):146-152.LAN Yan,HUANG Guo-qin,YANG Bin-juan,et al.Effect of green manure rotation on soil fertility and organic carbon pool[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(13):146-152.
[13]Cong W F,Hoffland E,Li L,et al.Intercropping enhances soil carbon and nitrogen[J].Global Change Biology,2015,21(4):1715-1726.
[14]Cong W F,Ruijven J,Mommer L,et al.Plant species richness promotes soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in grasslands without legumes[J].Journal of Ecology,2015,102(5):1163-1170.
[15]Handa I T,Aerts R,Berendse F,et al.Consequences of biodiversity loss for litter decomposition across biomes[J].Nature,2014,509(7499):218-221.
[16]Wu D D,Li T T,Wan S Q.Time and litter species composition affect litter-mixing effects on decomposition rates[J].Plant and Soil,2013,371(1/2):355-366.
[17]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:30-34.BAO Shi-dan.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].3rd Edition.Beijing:Chinese Agriculture Press,2001:30-34.
[18]Vance E D,Brookes P C,Jenkinson D S.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(6):703-707.
[19]张帆,黄凤球,肖小平,等.冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的短期影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(2):734-739.ZHANG Fan,HUANG Feng-qiu,XIAO Xiao-ping,et al.Short-term influences of winter crops on microbial biomass carbon,microbial biomass nitrogen and Cmic-to-Corg in a paddy soil[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(2):734-739.
[20]Zimmerman A R,Gao B,Ahn M Y.Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43(6):1169-1179.
[21]窦森,张晋京,Lichtfouse E,等.用δ13C方法研究玉米秸秆分解期间土壤有机质数量动态变化[J].土壤学报,2003,40(3):328-334.DOU Sen,ZHANG Jin-jing,Lichtfouse E,et al.Study on dynamic change of soil organic matter during corn stalk decomposition byδ13C method[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2003,40(3):328-334.
[22]林开敏,章志琴,曹光球,等.杉木与楠木叶凋落物混合分解及其养分动态[J].生态学报,2006,26(8):2732-2738.LIN Kai-min,ZHANG Zhi-qin,CAO Guang-qiu,et al.Decomposition characteristics and its nutrient dynamics of leaf litter mixtures of both Chinese fir and Phoebe bournei[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(8):2732-2738.
[23]Bonanomi G,Capodilupo M,Incerti G,et al.Nitrogen transfer in litter mixture enhances decomposition rate,temperature sensitivity,and C quality changes[J].Plant and Soil,2014,381(1/2):307-321.
[24]Hobbie S E,Eddy W C,Buyarski C R,et al.Response of decomposing litter and its microbial community to multiple forms of nitrogen enrichment[J].Ecological Monographs,2012,82(3):389-405.
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