降雨和坡度对路基边坡产流产沙的影响
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摘要
【目的】分析降雨和坡度对铁路路基边坡产流产沙的影响,为胶东半岛区域铁路建设过程中路基区水土流失监测及防治提供技术支撑。【方法】采用人工模拟降雨试验,在3种雨强(20、40、60 mm/h)、2个坡度(30°、35°)模拟条件下,研究降雨、坡度对胶东铁路路基边坡产流产沙的影响。【结果】模拟降雨条件下,当降雨强度由20 mm/h增加到60 mm/h,相同坡度下的路基边坡产流起始时间缩短56～73 s;当坡度由30°增大到35°,相同雨强下的路基边坡产流起始时间提前2～23s。径流量、产沙率在降雨初期剧增到峰值,之后径流量逐渐趋于稳定,而产沙率波动减小后逐渐趋于稳定。相同坡度条件下,雨强由20 mm/h增加到40 mm/h,径流量和产沙率分别增加37.8%～115.2%和67.0%～86.9%;雨强由40 mm/h增加到60 mm/h,径流量和产沙率分别增加54.7%～125.0%和144.5%～177.9%。相同雨强条件下,坡度30°～35°处于对径流侵蚀影响的临界坡度范围内,坡度对径流量、产沙率的影响较复杂,小雨强(20、40 mm/h)时,坡度是主要影响因素,35°边坡径流量、产沙率小于30°边坡;大雨强(60 mm/h)时,降雨成为主要影响因素,35°边坡径流量大于30°边坡,而产沙率小于30°边坡。【结论】降雨、坡度对胶东铁路路基边坡产流起始时间、径流量、产沙率等有一定的影响,模拟降雨条件下,雨强和坡度的增加将缩短产流开始时间,尤以雨强的影响更加明显。
【Objective】Understanding the effects of rainfall and slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield of railway subgrade slope could provide technical support for soil and water loss monitoring during the construction of railway subgrade in the Jiaodong Peninsula region.【Method】By using rainfall simulation combined with three rainfall intensities(20 mm/h, 40 mm/h, and 60 mm/h) and two slope gradients(30° and 35°), the effects of rainfall and slope on runoff and sediment yield of railway subgrade slope were evaluated in the Jiaodong Peninsula region.【Result】Under the rainfall simulation, runoff starting time decreased by 56-73 s, with rainfall intensity increasing from 20 mm/h to 60 mm/h within the same slope gradient. Meanwhile, the starting time of runoff decreased by 2-23 s as the slope changed from 30° to 35° under the same rainfall intensity. Runoff and sediment yield increased sharply, reaching a peak during the early period of rainfall, and runoff gradually stabilized and the sediment yield decreased and gradually stabilized with time. Under the same slope gradient, runoff and sediment yield increased by 37.8%-115.2% and 67.0%-86.9%, respectively, when rainfall intensity increased from 20 mm/h to 40 mm/h. Furthermore, runoff and sediment yield increased by 54.7%-125.0% and 144.5%-177.9%, respectively, when rainfall intensity increased from 40 mm/h to 60 mm/h. Under the same rainfall intensity, the critical slope of runoff and sediment yield was located within the slope gradient between 30° and 35°. With low rainfall intensity(20 mm/h and 40 mm/h), the slope was the main factor for runoff and sediment yield, and runoff and sediment yield of 35° were less than that of 30°. However, when the rainfall intensity was 60 mm/h, rainfall was the main factor and the runoff at 35° was greater than 30°, though sediment yield was less than 30°.【Conclusion】Rainfall and slope gradient have an effect on the starting time of runoff, and results from this study provide reference data for soil erosion monitoring of railway subgrade in the Jiaodong Peninsula region.
【Objective】Understanding the effects of rainfall and slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield of railway subgrade slope could provide technical support for soil and water loss monitoring during the construction of railway subgrade in the Jiaodong Peninsula region.【Method】By using rainfall simulation combined with three rainfall intensities(20 mm/h, 40 mm/h, and 60 mm/h) and two slope gradients(30° and 35°), the effects of rainfall and slope on runoff and sediment yield of railway subgrade slope were evaluated in the Jiaodong Peninsula region.【Result】Under the rainfall simulation, runoff starting time decreased by 56-73 s, with rainfall intensity increasing from 20 mm/h to 60 mm/h within the same slope gradient. Meanwhile, the starting time of runoff decreased by 2-23 s as the slope changed from 30° to 35° under the same rainfall intensity. Runoff and sediment yield increased sharply, reaching a peak during the early period of rainfall, and runoff gradually stabilized and the sediment yield decreased and gradually stabilized with time. Under the same slope gradient, runoff and sediment yield increased by 37.8%-115.2% and 67.0%-86.9%, respectively, when rainfall intensity increased from 20 mm/h to 40 mm/h. Furthermore, runoff and sediment yield increased by 54.7%-125.0% and 144.5%-177.9%, respectively, when rainfall intensity increased from 40 mm/h to 60 mm/h. Under the same rainfall intensity, the critical slope of runoff and sediment yield was located within the slope gradient between 30° and 35°. With low rainfall intensity(20 mm/h and 40 mm/h), the slope was the main factor for runoff and sediment yield, and runoff and sediment yield of 35° were less than that of 30°. However, when the rainfall intensity was 60 mm/h, rainfall was the main factor and the runoff at 35° was greater than 30°, though sediment yield was less than 30°.【Conclusion】Rainfall and slope gradient have an effect on the starting time of runoff, and results from this study provide reference data for soil erosion monitoring of railway subgrade in the Jiaodong Peninsula region.
引文
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[12] 徐宪立,张科利,罗利芳,等.青藏公路路堤边坡产流产沙与降雨特征关系[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(1):22-24.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2005.01.006.XU X L,ZHANG K L,LUO L F,et al.Relations between rain characters and sediment yielding and runoff on embankment slope of Qinghai-Tibet Road[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(1):22-24.
[13] CERDà A.Soil water erosion on road embankments in eastern Spain[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2007,378(1/2):151-155.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.041.
[14] 史彦林.高速公路路基边坡水土流失防治效果试验研究[J].中国水土保持,2013(3):58-59.DOI:10.14123/j.cnki.swcc.2013.06.013.SHI Y L.Experimental study on prevention and control of soil erosion on expressway subgrade slope[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(3):58-59.
[15] 山东省水利厅.山东省水利厅关于发布省级水土流失重点预防区和重点治理区的通告(鲁水保字[2016]1号)[Z].济南:山东省水利厅,2016-01-25.Water Resources Department of Shangdong Province.Water Resources Department of Shandong Province released notice on provincial key soil and water loss prevention districts and key management areas(Lu Shuibao Zi[2016] No.1)[Z].Ji'nan:Water Resources Department of Shandong Province,2016-01-25.
[16] 王礼先.水土保持学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995.WANG L X.Soil and water conservation [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1995.
[17] 刘震.水土保持监测技术[M].北京:中国大地出版社,2004.LIU Z.Technology of water and soil conservation monitoring [M].Beijing:China Land Press,2004.
[18] 张光辉,梁一民.黄土丘陵区人工草地径流起始时间研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(3):78-83.DOI:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.1995.03.013.ZHANG G H,LIANG Y M.Study on runoff beginning time of artificial grassland in Loess Hilly Region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,9(3):78-83.
[19] 耿晓东,郑粉莉,张会茹.红壤坡面降雨入渗及产流产沙特征试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):36-43.DOI:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2009.04.017.GENG X D,ZHENG F L,ZHANG H R.Effect of rainfall intensities and slope gradients on characteristics of rainfall infiltration,runoff and sediment on red soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(4):36-43.
[20] 胡辉,张金池,朱丽珺,等.不同降雨条件对江苏高沙土地区水土流失的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,36(3):149-152.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2012.03.030.HU H,ZHANG J C,ZHU L J,et al.Erosion rule of disturbed sandy soil by artificial simulated rainfall[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2012,36(3):149-152.
[21] 丁文斌,史东梅,何文健,等.放水冲刷条件下工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀水动力学特性[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(18):153-161.DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.021.DING W B,SHI D M,HE W J,et al.Hydrodynamic characteristics of engineering accumulation erosion under side slope runoff erosion process in field scouring experiment[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(18):153-161.
[22] 吴冰,朱元骏,邵明安.含砾石土壤坡面流速及产流产沙过程研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):99-103.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3007.2011.01.016.WU B,ZHU Y J,SHAO M A.Flow velocity and processes of runoff and sediment generation on soils containing gravels[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(1):99-103.
[2] 史东梅.高速公路建设中侵蚀环境及水土流失特征的研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(2):5-9.DOI:10.3321/j.issn.1009-2242.2006.02.002.SHI D M.Study on eroded environment and its soil and water loss characteristics during expressway construction [J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(2):5-9.
[3] 王泽元.高铁项目水土流失特点及其防治措施体系研究[D].郑州:华北水利水电大学,2017.WANG Z Y.Research of characteristics of soil and water loss in high-speed railway project and its control measures[D].Zhengzhou:North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power,2017.
[4] 匡星.铁路工程边坡水力侵蚀规律与评价方法研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2009.KUANG X.Research on the rules and evaluations of water erosion on railroad slopes[D].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2009.
[5] 雷军,匡星,白明洲,等.典型铁路工程边坡降雨侵蚀过程规律调查[J].北京交通大学学报,2010,34(1):40-44.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-0291.2010.01.009.LEI J,KUANG X,BAI M Z,et al.Research on water erosion process rules of typical railroad slopes[J].Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University,2010,34(1):40-44.
[6] 沈宇鹏,匡星,王连俊,等.铁路工程边坡次降雨侵蚀产流模拟及影响规律[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(S1):498-502.CHEN Y P,KUANG X,WANG L J,et al.Flow simulation and influence rules of rainfall erosion on railroad slopes[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(S1):491-495.
[7] 王美芝,许兆义,杨成永.铁路工程建设弃渣流失试验研究[J].中国水土保持,2004(1):24-26.DOI:10.14123/j.cnki.swcc.2004.01.014.WANG M Z,XU Z Y,YANG C Y.Experimental study on loss of waste slag in railway engineering construction[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2004(1):24-26.
[8] 董建志,张科利,王颖,等.黄土高原公路弃土场侵蚀规律及其模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(2):67-71.DOI:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2011.02.033.DONG J Z,ZHANG K L,WANG Y,et al.Characteristics of highway waste dump erosion and modeling on Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(2):67-71.
[9] DONG J Z,ZHANG K L,GUO Z L.Runoff and soil erosion from highway construction spoil deposits:a rainfall simulation study[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2012,17(1):8-14.DOI:10.1016/j.trd.2011.09.007.
[10] 张乐涛,高照良,田红卫.工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力学过程[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):94-102.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.24.013.ZHANG L T,GAO Z L,TIAN H W.Hydrodynamic process of soil erosion in steep slope of engineering accumulation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(24):94-102.
[11] 奚成刚,杨成永,许兆义.铁路工程施工期路堑边坡面产流产沙规律研究[J].中国环境科学,2002,22(2):174-178.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-6923.2002.02.019.XI C G,YANG C Y,XU Z Y.Studies on rules of runoff and sediment yield on the road cutting slope during construction of the railway[J].China Environmental Science,2002,22(2):174-178.
[12] 徐宪立,张科利,罗利芳,等.青藏公路路堤边坡产流产沙与降雨特征关系[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(1):22-24.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2005.01.006.XU X L,ZHANG K L,LUO L F,et al.Relations between rain characters and sediment yielding and runoff on embankment slope of Qinghai-Tibet Road[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(1):22-24.
[13] CERDà A.Soil water erosion on road embankments in eastern Spain[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2007,378(1/2):151-155.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.041.
[14] 史彦林.高速公路路基边坡水土流失防治效果试验研究[J].中国水土保持,2013(3):58-59.DOI:10.14123/j.cnki.swcc.2013.06.013.SHI Y L.Experimental study on prevention and control of soil erosion on expressway subgrade slope[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(3):58-59.
[15] 山东省水利厅.山东省水利厅关于发布省级水土流失重点预防区和重点治理区的通告(鲁水保字[2016]1号)[Z].济南:山东省水利厅,2016-01-25.Water Resources Department of Shangdong Province.Water Resources Department of Shandong Province released notice on provincial key soil and water loss prevention districts and key management areas(Lu Shuibao Zi[2016] No.1)[Z].Ji'nan:Water Resources Department of Shandong Province,2016-01-25.
[16] 王礼先.水土保持学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995.WANG L X.Soil and water conservation [M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,1995.
[17] 刘震.水土保持监测技术[M].北京:中国大地出版社,2004.LIU Z.Technology of water and soil conservation monitoring [M].Beijing:China Land Press,2004.
[18] 张光辉,梁一民.黄土丘陵区人工草地径流起始时间研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(3):78-83.DOI:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.1995.03.013.ZHANG G H,LIANG Y M.Study on runoff beginning time of artificial grassland in Loess Hilly Region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,9(3):78-83.
[19] 耿晓东,郑粉莉,张会茹.红壤坡面降雨入渗及产流产沙特征试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):36-43.DOI:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2009.04.017.GENG X D,ZHENG F L,ZHANG H R.Effect of rainfall intensities and slope gradients on characteristics of rainfall infiltration,runoff and sediment on red soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(4):36-43.
[20] 胡辉,张金池,朱丽珺,等.不同降雨条件对江苏高沙土地区水土流失的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,36(3):149-152.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2012.03.030.HU H,ZHANG J C,ZHU L J,et al.Erosion rule of disturbed sandy soil by artificial simulated rainfall[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2012,36(3):149-152.
[21] 丁文斌,史东梅,何文健,等.放水冲刷条件下工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀水动力学特性[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(18):153-161.DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.18.021.DING W B,SHI D M,HE W J,et al.Hydrodynamic characteristics of engineering accumulation erosion under side slope runoff erosion process in field scouring experiment[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(18):153-161.
[22] 吴冰,朱元骏,邵明安.含砾石土壤坡面流速及产流产沙过程研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):99-103.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3007.2011.01.016.WU B,ZHU Y J,SHAO M A.Flow velocity and processes of runoff and sediment generation on soils containing gravels[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,9(1):99-103.