体育联合会领导人选举纠纷法律问题探讨
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摘要
国际体育仲裁院(CAS)近年来处理了多起体育联合会领导人选举纠纷案件,内容分别涉及:选举遭受第三方干涉;候选人面临性别歧视;国内体育联合会提名产生争议;参选人因拉票造势甚至贿选而被取消资格或遭到处罚;选举过程中临时修改规则;选举规则之间出现冲突等情况。国际体育联合会能否干预国家体育联合会领导人的选举,取决于国际与国内体育联合会的组织结构关系,干预的方式和程序受制于国际体育联合会的章程的具体规定,国家体育联合会不服干预,可以向CAS寻求最终救济,这是体育社团自治与国家司法干预之间长期博弈的结果,CAS体育仲裁应当有效地保障体育基本人权。国家体育联合会的提名有可能影响国际体育联合会领导人的选举,但国际体育联合会通常不能对提名程序进行干预。CAS在处理体育联合会领导人选举纠纷案件时,应当发挥体育界"宪法法院"的作用,对选举规则是否符合公共政策进行抽象性审查。体育联合会领导人的选举,应当遵循民主平等、透明公开、中立公正、有则必守、团结和睦的原则,选举机制应当从机构设置、主体资格、程序保障等方面进行改革与完善。
The Court of Arbitration for Sport(CAS)has resolved several cases of sports federations' leaders' election disputes in recent years.These cases involved the issues such as the interference by the third parties to the election process,the sex discrimination against the candidate,controversy arising from the nomination by the national federations,the discipline sanctions to the candidates for their misconduct in campaigns for votes,the revision of the election rules during the polling,the conflicts between the election rules,etc.Whether the international sports federation could intervene the election of the national sports federation's leaders depends on the organize structure of the relationship between the international and national federations.The model and procedure of the interference is governed by the specific regulations in the charter of the international federations.The national federation could appeal to CAS seeking for the final remedies if it does not accept the interference by the international federation.This is the result of long history of game between sports autonomy and judicial review,while the sports arbitration mechanism should protect the basic sports human right.The nomination by the national federation may influence the election of the leaders of the international federations,although the international federation can not intervene in the nomination process.CAS may become a"court of constitution"in the arbitrations of disputes of sports federations' leaders' election.CAS should examine whether the election rules is in conflict with the public policy.The election of the leaders of the sports federations shall follow the principles of democracy equality,transparency openness,independence justice,rules of law,and solidarity harmony.The election process shall be reformed and developed in the aspect of the institution installation,the subject qualification,and the procedural guarantee.
The Court of Arbitration for Sport(CAS)has resolved several cases of sports federations' leaders' election disputes in recent years.These cases involved the issues such as the interference by the third parties to the election process,the sex discrimination against the candidate,controversy arising from the nomination by the national federations,the discipline sanctions to the candidates for their misconduct in campaigns for votes,the revision of the election rules during the polling,the conflicts between the election rules,etc.Whether the international sports federation could intervene the election of the national sports federation's leaders depends on the organize structure of the relationship between the international and national federations.The model and procedure of the interference is governed by the specific regulations in the charter of the international federations.The national federation could appeal to CAS seeking for the final remedies if it does not accept the interference by the international federation.This is the result of long history of game between sports autonomy and judicial review,while the sports arbitration mechanism should protect the basic sports human right.The nomination by the national federation may influence the election of the leaders of the international federations,although the international federation can not intervene in the nomination process.CAS may become a"court of constitution"in the arbitrations of disputes of sports federations' leaders' election.CAS should examine whether the election rules is in conflict with the public policy.The election of the leaders of the sports federations shall follow the principles of democracy equality,transparency openness,independence justice,rules of law,and solidarity harmony.The election process shall be reformed and developed in the aspect of the institution installation,the subject qualification,and the procedural guarantee.
引文
[1]郭树理.国际体育仲裁的理论与实践[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2009:9-13.
[2]郭树理.体育纠纷的多元化救济机制探讨——比较法与国际法的视野[M].北京:法律出版社,2004:293-322.
[3]郭树理,李倩.奥运会特别仲裁机制司法化趋势探讨[J].体育科学,2010,30(4):3-10.
[4]郭树理,宋雅馨.论国际奥委会对国家奥委会的处罚——从印度奥委会资格被停事件谈起[J].体育学刊,2014,21(5):63-69.
[5]黄世昌.国际体育组织委员资格处罚纠纷仲裁案例述评[J].体育科学,2014,34(5):89-96.
[6]霍丁鹏,张杨.全国性大学生体育社团单项分会换届选举合法性分析——以篮球分会为例[J].体育成人教育学刊,2014,30(3):38-40.
[7]汪习根,罗思婧.国际体育仲裁规则面临的困境与出路——哈曼诉国际足联仲裁案的法律评析[J].武汉体育学院学报,2014,48(8):5-9.
[8]熊瑛子.论国际体育仲裁司法审查中的实体性公共秩序[J].体育科学,2014,34(12):85-93.
[9]张成元.法治观念下的体育行业自治研究[D]吉林:吉林大学,2007:26-51.
[10]DESPINA MAVROMATI.Autonomy and good governance in sports associations in light of the case law rendered by the Court of Arbitration for Sport[J].Int Sports Law Rev,2014,(4):71-78.
[11]THALIA DIATHESOPOULOU.Sports politics before the CAS:early signs of a‘constitutional’role for CAS?[EB/OL].(2014-10-15).http://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/sports-politics-before-the-cas-early-signs-of-a-constitutional-role-for-cas-by-thalia-diathesopoulou.
1本案的编号为:Nigerian Football Federation v.FIFA,CAS2014/A/3744 &CAS 2014/A/3766[EB/OL].裁决书网址为:http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/use的r_upload/Award_3744-3766__FINAL__internet.pdf,2015年9月20日访问。
1 IOC曾有以国家奥委会遭到国家政府势力干涉为由,暂停印度、科威特、加纳等国的国家奥委会资格的实例。参见郭树理,宋雅馨.论国际奥委会对国家奥委会的处罚——从印度奥委会资格被停事件谈起[J].体育学刊,2014,(5):63-65.
2 《奥林匹克宪章》第28条的细则“国家奥委会的承认程序”第1条第2款规定:“申请者的章程得到国际奥委会执行委员会的批准是获得承认的先决条件。该条件同样适用于国家奥委会章程此后的任何变动或修改。上述章程须始终符合《奥林匹克宪章》,并明确提及《奥林匹克宪章》。如果对国家奥委会章程的含义或解释有任何疑问,或该章程与《奥林匹克宪章》有矛盾,均以后者为准。”
3 本案的编号为:A v.Algerian Olympic Committee(COA),TAS 2010/A/2054.案件材料来源:DESPINA MAVROMATI.Autonomy and good governance in sports associations in light of the case law rendered by the Court of Arbitration for Sport[J].Int Sports Law Rev,2014,(4):73-74。
1该案案件编号为:National Chess Federation of France et al.v.FIDE,CAS 2010/O/2166[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://arbitration.kiev.ua/uploads/kucher/2166.pdf,2015年9月10日访问。
1参见相关新闻媒体报道:“Calls for CAS to decide UCI presidency,USA Cycling want issues surrounding the UCI presidency to be decided by the Court of Arbitration for Sport”[EB/OL].http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/09/10/calls-cas-decide-ucipresidency,2015年10月14日访问。
2 参见相关新闻媒体报道:“Pat McQuaid defeated in cycling's presidential election”[EB/OL].http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/sep/27/pat-mcquaid-uci-loses-election,2015年10月14日访问。
3 本案编号为:Mu-yen Chu &Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee v.International Olympic Committee(IOC),CAS 2012/A/2913[EB/OL].裁决书网址:www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award20291320FINAL.pdf,2015年9月25日访问。
1本案编号为:Koji Murofushi &Japanese Olympic Committee v.International Olympic Committee,CAS 2012/A/2912[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award20291220FINAL20redacted.pdf,2015年9月25日访问。
2 对室服广治案中“客观归责原则”的评论,参见黄世昌.国际体育组织委员资格处罚纠纷仲裁案例述评[J].体育科学,2004,(5):96-封三.
1该案编号为:Mohamed Bin Hammam v.FIFA,CAS 2011/A/2625[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award20262520_FINAL_internet.pdf,2015年9月25日访问。
1该案编号为:Virach Chanpanich v.The Football Association of Thailand,CAS 2013/A/3389[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award_Final_3389_internet.pdf,2015年8月15日访问。
1本案编号为:English Chess Federation &Georgian Chess Federation v.Fédération Internationale des Echecs(FIDE),CAS 2011/A/2360 &CAS 2011/A/2392[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://www.fide.com/images/stories/chessdom/CAS_2011_A_2360__2392_ARBITRAL_AWARD_3july2012.pdf,2015年11月1日访问。
2 本案编号为:Miguel Sanchiz v Camilo Amado and Panama NOC,CAS 2013/A/3052.案件资料来源:DESPINA MAVROMATI.Autonomy and good governance in sports associations in light of the case law rendered by the Court of Arbitration for Sport[J].Int Sports Law Rev,2014,(4):75.
1 CAS能否对体育联合会内部决定,实施“违宪审查”的研究,参见THALIA DIATHESOPOULOU.Sports Politics before the CAS:Early signs of a‘constitutional’role for CAS[EB/OL].http://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/sports-politics-before-the-casearly-signs-of-a-constitutional-role-for-cas-by-thalia-diathesopoulou,2015年11月2日访问。
1关于本案的裁决,参见CAS新闻报道“FIFA Presidential Election,The Court of Arbitration for Sport(CAS)Dismisses the Appeal of David Nakhid”[EB/OL].http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4279_14.12.15.pdf,2015年12月16日访问。
2 关于本案的裁决,参见CAS新闻报道“FIFA Presidential Election,the Court of Arbitration for Sport Has Dismissed the Appeal of Musa Hassan Billity”[EB/OL].http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4311_311215.pdf,2016年1月4日访问。
3 阿里王子案的CAS新闻报道:“FIFA Presidential Election,CAS Rejects HRH Prince Ali Al Hussein’s Request for Urgent Provisional Measures”[EB/OL].http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4459_decision.pdf,2016年2月25日访问;尚帕涅案的CAS新闻报道:“FIFA Presidential Election,CAS Reject Jerome Champagne's Request for Urgent Provisional Measures”[EB/OL].http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4466.pdf,2016年2月25日访问。
[2]郭树理.体育纠纷的多元化救济机制探讨——比较法与国际法的视野[M].北京:法律出版社,2004:293-322.
[3]郭树理,李倩.奥运会特别仲裁机制司法化趋势探讨[J].体育科学,2010,30(4):3-10.
[4]郭树理,宋雅馨.论国际奥委会对国家奥委会的处罚——从印度奥委会资格被停事件谈起[J].体育学刊,2014,21(5):63-69.
[5]黄世昌.国际体育组织委员资格处罚纠纷仲裁案例述评[J].体育科学,2014,34(5):89-96.
[6]霍丁鹏,张杨.全国性大学生体育社团单项分会换届选举合法性分析——以篮球分会为例[J].体育成人教育学刊,2014,30(3):38-40.
[7]汪习根,罗思婧.国际体育仲裁规则面临的困境与出路——哈曼诉国际足联仲裁案的法律评析[J].武汉体育学院学报,2014,48(8):5-9.
[8]熊瑛子.论国际体育仲裁司法审查中的实体性公共秩序[J].体育科学,2014,34(12):85-93.
[9]张成元.法治观念下的体育行业自治研究[D]吉林:吉林大学,2007:26-51.
[10]DESPINA MAVROMATI.Autonomy and good governance in sports associations in light of the case law rendered by the Court of Arbitration for Sport[J].Int Sports Law Rev,2014,(4):71-78.
[11]THALIA DIATHESOPOULOU.Sports politics before the CAS:early signs of a‘constitutional’role for CAS?[EB/OL].(2014-10-15).http://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/sports-politics-before-the-cas-early-signs-of-a-constitutional-role-for-cas-by-thalia-diathesopoulou.
1本案的编号为:Nigerian Football Federation v.FIFA,CAS2014/A/3744 &CAS 2014/A/3766[EB/OL].裁决书网址为:http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/use的r_upload/Award_3744-3766__FINAL__internet.pdf,2015年9月20日访问。
1 IOC曾有以国家奥委会遭到国家政府势力干涉为由,暂停印度、科威特、加纳等国的国家奥委会资格的实例。参见郭树理,宋雅馨.论国际奥委会对国家奥委会的处罚——从印度奥委会资格被停事件谈起[J].体育学刊,2014,(5):63-65.
2 《奥林匹克宪章》第28条的细则“国家奥委会的承认程序”第1条第2款规定:“申请者的章程得到国际奥委会执行委员会的批准是获得承认的先决条件。该条件同样适用于国家奥委会章程此后的任何变动或修改。上述章程须始终符合《奥林匹克宪章》,并明确提及《奥林匹克宪章》。如果对国家奥委会章程的含义或解释有任何疑问,或该章程与《奥林匹克宪章》有矛盾,均以后者为准。”
3 本案的编号为:A v.Algerian Olympic Committee(COA),TAS 2010/A/2054.案件材料来源:DESPINA MAVROMATI.Autonomy and good governance in sports associations in light of the case law rendered by the Court of Arbitration for Sport[J].Int Sports Law Rev,2014,(4):73-74。
1该案案件编号为:National Chess Federation of France et al.v.FIDE,CAS 2010/O/2166[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://arbitration.kiev.ua/uploads/kucher/2166.pdf,2015年9月10日访问。
1参见相关新闻媒体报道:“Calls for CAS to decide UCI presidency,USA Cycling want issues surrounding the UCI presidency to be decided by the Court of Arbitration for Sport”[EB/OL].http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2013/09/10/calls-cas-decide-ucipresidency,2015年10月14日访问。
2 参见相关新闻媒体报道:“Pat McQuaid defeated in cycling's presidential election”[EB/OL].http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/sep/27/pat-mcquaid-uci-loses-election,2015年10月14日访问。
3 本案编号为:Mu-yen Chu &Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee v.International Olympic Committee(IOC),CAS 2012/A/2913[EB/OL].裁决书网址:www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award20291320FINAL.pdf,2015年9月25日访问。
1本案编号为:Koji Murofushi &Japanese Olympic Committee v.International Olympic Committee,CAS 2012/A/2912[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award20291220FINAL20redacted.pdf,2015年9月25日访问。
2 对室服广治案中“客观归责原则”的评论,参见黄世昌.国际体育组织委员资格处罚纠纷仲裁案例述评[J].体育科学,2004,(5):96-封三.
1该案编号为:Mohamed Bin Hammam v.FIFA,CAS 2011/A/2625[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award20262520_FINAL_internet.pdf,2015年9月25日访问。
1该案编号为:Virach Chanpanich v.The Football Association of Thailand,CAS 2013/A/3389[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Award_Final_3389_internet.pdf,2015年8月15日访问。
1本案编号为:English Chess Federation &Georgian Chess Federation v.Fédération Internationale des Echecs(FIDE),CAS 2011/A/2360 &CAS 2011/A/2392[EB/OL].裁决书网址:http://www.fide.com/images/stories/chessdom/CAS_2011_A_2360__2392_ARBITRAL_AWARD_3july2012.pdf,2015年11月1日访问。
2 本案编号为:Miguel Sanchiz v Camilo Amado and Panama NOC,CAS 2013/A/3052.案件资料来源:DESPINA MAVROMATI.Autonomy and good governance in sports associations in light of the case law rendered by the Court of Arbitration for Sport[J].Int Sports Law Rev,2014,(4):75.
1 CAS能否对体育联合会内部决定,实施“违宪审查”的研究,参见THALIA DIATHESOPOULOU.Sports Politics before the CAS:Early signs of a‘constitutional’role for CAS[EB/OL].http://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/sports-politics-before-the-casearly-signs-of-a-constitutional-role-for-cas-by-thalia-diathesopoulou,2015年11月2日访问。
1关于本案的裁决,参见CAS新闻报道“FIFA Presidential Election,The Court of Arbitration for Sport(CAS)Dismisses the Appeal of David Nakhid”[EB/OL].http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4279_14.12.15.pdf,2015年12月16日访问。
2 关于本案的裁决,参见CAS新闻报道“FIFA Presidential Election,the Court of Arbitration for Sport Has Dismissed the Appeal of Musa Hassan Billity”[EB/OL].http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4311_311215.pdf,2016年1月4日访问。
3 阿里王子案的CAS新闻报道:“FIFA Presidential Election,CAS Rejects HRH Prince Ali Al Hussein’s Request for Urgent Provisional Measures”[EB/OL].http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4459_decision.pdf,2016年2月25日访问;尚帕涅案的CAS新闻报道:“FIFA Presidential Election,CAS Reject Jerome Champagne's Request for Urgent Provisional Measures”[EB/OL].http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_4466.pdf,2016年2月25日访问。