术道兼修,追求卓越:一位中国精英运动员备战奥运会的心理训练个案分析
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摘要
分析了参加里约奥运会的1位帆板运动员(QO)历时1年多的心理训练个案。以作者所提出的运动员心理建设系统为依据,为QO的心理训练制订了三重目标:控制赛前的焦虑反应;在12 d的比赛中使情绪保持在积极且平稳的状态;培养积极的思维习惯和行为方式,为长期的自我发展奠定良好的心理基础。采用9种方式进行心理干预,包括制订心理对策库、进行心理讲座、参观博物馆、个人比赛经历分析、书法练习、个别咨询、赛前准备会和赛中小结会、自我监控及反馈、心理测试及反馈。通过2种方式评价心理训练效果,包括个人自评和教练评价。评价结果部分符合预期,部分在意料之外。对术道兼修的思路和做法进行了反思,认为这既是该奥运冠军心理训练的特点,也是今后心理训练发展的方向。
This paper is a case report on one year's mental training of a windsurfing athlete for Rio Olympic Games. Based on Zhang & Zhang's(2011) psychological construction system, we made a triple goal for QO's mental training program: controlling anxiety before competition, keeping positive and stable emotion during long time competition of 12 days and cultivating positive habits in thinking and behavior for long term self-development. Nine forms of intervention were adopted in this program including detailed coping plan,psychological lectures, museum visit, analysis of competition experiences, calligraphy practice, preparation meeting and summary meeting before and during Rio OG, daily self monitoring and monthly mental tests. The effect of this mental training program were evaluated by athlete self-evaluation, coach comment and institution assessment. Some of those evaluations were in accordance of our prediction while others were totally beyond our expectation. In the last part of this paper, it was pointed out that the combination of skill orientation and spirit orientation in mental training is the feature of Chinese athletes' mental training.
This paper is a case report on one year's mental training of a windsurfing athlete for Rio Olympic Games. Based on Zhang & Zhang's(2011) psychological construction system, we made a triple goal for QO's mental training program: controlling anxiety before competition, keeping positive and stable emotion during long time competition of 12 days and cultivating positive habits in thinking and behavior for long term self-development. Nine forms of intervention were adopted in this program including detailed coping plan,psychological lectures, museum visit, analysis of competition experiences, calligraphy practice, preparation meeting and summary meeting before and during Rio OG, daily self monitoring and monthly mental tests. The effect of this mental training program were evaluated by athlete self-evaluation, coach comment and institution assessment. Some of those evaluations were in accordance of our prediction while others were totally beyond our expectation. In the last part of this paper, it was pointed out that the combination of skill orientation and spirit orientation in mental training is the feature of Chinese athletes' mental training.
引文
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[5]刘涛,刘晓蕾,郭伊纳,等.正念心理训练干预武术套路效果评价研究:以香港武术队为例[J].成都体育学院学报,2016,42(5):88.
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[8]宋晓君,刘淑慧,李四化.射手积极思维的文化解读[J].体育文化导刊,2015(1):89.
[9]张力为,毕晓婷.中国艺术体操队北京奥运会备战、参赛的心理训练[J].天津体育学院学报,2009,24(1):6.
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[11]张力为,王晋,张凯.自由式滑雪空中技巧队备战温哥华冬奥会的心理训练[J].体育科研,2013,34(1):58.
[12]张忠秋.正念训练对我国优秀运动员竞技心理潜能拓展的价值与应用方法[J].中国体育教练员,2017(1):12.
[13]李美玲,张力为,章潮晖.术道兼修的书法习练:运动员心理训练新路径[J].体育文化导刊,2017(10):85.
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[15]张力为,张凯.自我控制的辩证法:帮助运动员处理8对关系的基本思想[J].天津体育学院学报,2011,26(3):185.
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[17]段锦云,徐悦,郁林瀚.中国儒家传统中的自我修为思想:对交换范式的审视与补充[J].心理科学进展,2018,26(10):1890.
[18]霍涌泉,陈永涌,郭祖仪.中国传统文化中儒道互补的乐观心理思想探微[J].心理学报,2013(11):1305.
[19]ASIAN-SOUTH PACIFIC ASSOCIATIONOF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY.Secrets of asian sport psychology[M].Australia:Asian-South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology,2014:147-167.
[20]Si GY,HUANGYL,CHENB.Routledge international handbook of sport psychology.abingdon[M].UK:Routledge,2016:36-46.
[21] ZHANG L W.Is a peaceful mind a winning mind comment on hardy et al.(2017)[J].Progress in Brain Research,2017(232):187.
[2]冯国艳,姒刚彦.花样游泳运动员正念训练干预效果[J].中国运动医学杂志,2015,34(12):1159.
[3]李京诚,刘淑慧,李四化.中国奥运射击冠军比赛心理定向的质性研究[J].天津体育学院学报,2017,32(4):320.
[4]李四化,张力为.中国文学的运动心理学价值探讨:以射击项目为例[J].体育文化导刊,2011(12):65.
[5]刘涛,刘晓蕾,郭伊纳,等.正念心理训练干预武术套路效果评价研究:以香港武术队为例[J].成都体育学院学报,2016,42(5):88.
[6]中国心理学会.当代中国心理学[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2001:446-453.
[7]姒刚彦,蒋小波.望闻问切:中国运动员心理训练的社会-文化脉络初探[J].天津体育学院学报,2011,26(3):191.
[8]宋晓君,刘淑慧,李四化.射手积极思维的文化解读[J].体育文化导刊,2015(1):89.
[9]张力为,毕晓婷.中国艺术体操队北京奥运会备战、参赛的心理训练[J].天津体育学院学报,2009,24(1):6.
[10]张力为,胡亮.运动心理学:追求卓越与保持健康[J].中国科学院院刊,2012(增刊):141-155.
[11]张力为,王晋,张凯.自由式滑雪空中技巧队备战温哥华冬奥会的心理训练[J].体育科研,2013,34(1):58.
[12]张忠秋.正念训练对我国优秀运动员竞技心理潜能拓展的价值与应用方法[J].中国体育教练员,2017(1):12.
[13]李美玲,张力为,章潮晖.术道兼修的书法习练:运动员心理训练新路径[J].体育文化导刊,2017(10):85.
[14] MARTENS R.Coaches guide to sport psychology:a publication for the american coaching effectiveness program:level 2 sport science curriculum[M].US:Human Kinetics Books,1987:195.
[15]张力为,张凯.自我控制的辩证法:帮助运动员处理8对关系的基本思想[J].天津体育学院学报,2011,26(3):185.
[16]TENENBAUMG,EKLUND R C.Handbook of sport psychology[M].US:John Wiley&Sons,2007:1.
[17]段锦云,徐悦,郁林瀚.中国儒家传统中的自我修为思想:对交换范式的审视与补充[J].心理科学进展,2018,26(10):1890.
[18]霍涌泉,陈永涌,郭祖仪.中国传统文化中儒道互补的乐观心理思想探微[J].心理学报,2013(11):1305.
[19]ASIAN-SOUTH PACIFIC ASSOCIATIONOF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY.Secrets of asian sport psychology[M].Australia:Asian-South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology,2014:147-167.
[20]Si GY,HUANGYL,CHENB.Routledge international handbook of sport psychology.abingdon[M].UK:Routledge,2016:36-46.
[21] ZHANG L W.Is a peaceful mind a winning mind comment on hardy et al.(2017)[J].Progress in Brain Research,2017(232):187.