全球能源治理的国际政治经济学分析
|
摘要
目前,全球能源治理呈现出治理主体多层次、目标多元化、机制碎片化的网络结构,其中既有经济效率、能源独立、环境保护和能源公平多种价值目标间的竞争,又有国家、国际组织、商业企业、民间社团等多重利益集团的相互博弈。全球能源治理的目标是有效应对全球能源挑战,但在过去的全球能源治理研究中,人们对"治理什么"以及"如何治理"等问题尚鲜有涉猎,对于全球能源挑战的具体含义,学界也还没有达成一致观点。本文认为,全球能源治理的范围至少包含能源供需安全、能源可及性、国际安全、环境的可持续性和能源公平五个主要目标。要实现这些治理目标,需要经由各自所需的不同路径。同时,在全球主要能源治理机制之间,也存在治理目标的差异。在对全球能源治理认识的基础上,本文对中国积极参与全球能源治理,谋求合理发展空间与权益的可行性政策也进行了探讨。
The goal of global energy governance is to address global energy challenges. However,there still lacks a consensus on the definition of global energy challenges. Existing research on global energy governance mainly focuses on who should fix these problems,ignoring what should be controlled and how to control them. Applying cognitive frameworks(market liberalism,neomercantilism,environmentalism,and social greens) from the perspective of international political economy,the author proposes that there are at least five main targets in global governance: security of energy supply and demand,energy access,international security,environmental sustainability,and energy equality. On this basis,this article analyzes different paths to achieve these goals and evaluates the differences between goals of current major global energy governance mechanisms. At present,global energy governance has formed a network of multilevel governing subjects,with various goals and fragmented mechanisms. There is competition between not only various value goals like economic efficiency,energy independence,environmental protection,and energy equality,but also multiple interest groups including countries,international organizations,business enterprises,private associations,and so on. The author puts forward feasible policy options at the end of this article,advising China to actively participate in global energy governance and to seek reasonable development space and rights and interests.
The goal of global energy governance is to address global energy challenges. However,there still lacks a consensus on the definition of global energy challenges. Existing research on global energy governance mainly focuses on who should fix these problems,ignoring what should be controlled and how to control them. Applying cognitive frameworks(market liberalism,neomercantilism,environmentalism,and social greens) from the perspective of international political economy,the author proposes that there are at least five main targets in global governance: security of energy supply and demand,energy access,international security,environmental sustainability,and energy equality. On this basis,this article analyzes different paths to achieve these goals and evaluates the differences between goals of current major global energy governance mechanisms. At present,global energy governance has formed a network of multilevel governing subjects,with various goals and fragmented mechanisms. There is competition between not only various value goals like economic efficiency,energy independence,environmental protection,and energy equality,but also multiple interest groups including countries,international organizations,business enterprises,private associations,and so on. The author puts forward feasible policy options at the end of this article,advising China to actively participate in global energy governance and to seek reasonable development space and rights and interests.
引文
(1)Benjamin K.Sovacool,“What are We Doing Here?Analyzing Fifteen Years of Energy Scholarship and Proposing a Social Science Research Agenda,”Energy Research&Social Science,No.1,2014,pp.25-26.
(2)Paul C.Stern,“Blind Spots in Policy Analysis:What Economics doesn’t Say about Energy Use,”Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,Vol.5,No.2,1986,pp.200-227.
(3)Thijs Van de Graaf,et al.,The Palgrave Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy,Palgrave Macmillan:Basingstoke,2016,p.3.
(4)IEA,World Energy Outlook 2009,Paris:OECD,2009.
(5)Aleh Cherp,Jessica Jewell,and Andreas Goldthau,“Governing Global Energy:Systems,Transitions,Complexity,”Global Policy,Vol.2,No.1,2011,p.76.
(1)Llewelyn Hughes and Phillip Y.Lipscy,“The Politics of Energy,”Annual Review of Political Science,Vol.16,No.1,2013,pp.449-469.
(1)王海运、许勤华:《能源外交概论》,社会科学文献出版社2012年版,第74页。
(2)Thijs Van de Graaf,et al.,The Palgrave Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy,p.6.
(3)Lynne Chester,“Conceptualising Energy Security and Making Explicit its Polysemic Nature,”Energy policy,Vol.38,No.2,2010,p.889.
(4)Andrew Cooper,John Kirton,and Ted Schrecker,eds.,Governing Global Health:Challenge,Response,Innovation,Aldershot:Ashgate Publishing,2007;and David P.Fidler,“Architecture amidst Anarchy:Global Health’s Quest for Governance,”Global Health,Vol.1,No.1,2007,pp.1-17.
(5)Franck Biermann,Philipp Pattberg,and Fariborz Zelli,Global Climate Governance beyond 2012:Architecture,Agency and Adaptation,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010.
(6)James G.Speth and Peter M.Haas,Global Environmental Governance,Delhi:Island Press,2006.
(1)Joe Barnes and Amy M.Jaffe,“The Persian Gulf and the Geopolitics of Oil,”Survival,Vol.48,No.1,2006,pp.143-162;and Adam N.Stulberg,Well-Oiled Diplomacy:Strategic Manipulation and Russia’s Energy Statecraft in Eurasia,New York:State University of New York Press,2008.
(2)Florini,A.,Sovacool,B.K.“Who Governs Energy?The Challenges Facing Global Energy Governance,”Energy Policy,Vol.37,No.12,2009,pp.5239-5248;Andreas Goldthau and Jan M.Witte,“Back to the Future or Forward to the Past?Strengthening Markets and Rules for Effective Global Energy Governance,”International Affairs,Vol.85,No.2,2009,pp.373-390;and Andreas Goldthau and Jan M.Witte,Global Energy Governance:The New Rules of the Game,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2010.
(3)John Kirton,“The G8 and Global Energy Governance:Past Performance,St Petersburg’s Opportunities,”Paper presented at a conference on“The World Dimension of Russia’s Energy Security,”sponsored by the Moscow State Institute of International Relations(MGIMO),Moscow,2006.
(4)Thijs Van de Graaf and Dries Lesage,“The International Energy Agency after 35 Years:Reform Needs and Institutional Adaptability,”The Review of International Organizations,Vol.4,No.3,2009,pp.293-317.
(5)Aleh Cherp and Jessica Jewell,“The Concept of Energy Security:Beyond the Four As,”Energy Policy,No.75,2014,pp.415-421.
(1)International Energy Agency(IEA),CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion:Highlights.OECD/IEA:Paris,France,2014.
(2)British Petroleum Company,Statistical Review of World Energy,BP Plc.:London,2015,p.5.
(1)Anthony McGrew and David Held,Governing Globalization:Power,Authority and Global Governance,Cambridge:Polity Press,2002;and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi and Michael Zürn,New Modes of Governance in the Global System,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2005.
(2)Roderick A.W.Rhodes,“The New Governance:Governing without Government,”Political Studies,Vol.44,No.4,1996,pp.652-667.
(3)Jan A.Scholte,Globalization:A Critical Introduction,Palgrave Macmillan:Basingstoke,2005,p.56.
(4)Susan Strange,The Retreat of the State:The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996,p.78.
(1)James N.Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel,eds.Governance without Government:Order and Change in World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p.132.
(2)Aleh Cherp and Jessica Jewell,“The Three Perspectives on Energy Security:Intellectual History,Disciplinary Roots and the Potential for Integration,”Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,Vol.3,No.4,2011,pp.202-212.
(3)World Energy Council,World Energy Trilemma,2015,p.13.
(4)The Lisbon Treaty,Article 194,2009,http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/.
(5)Benjamin K.Sovacool and Marilyn A.Brown,“Deconstructing Facts and Frames in Energy Research:Maxims for Evaluating Contentious Problems,”Energy Policy,No.86,2015,p.37.
(1)Jennifer Clapp and Peter Dauvergne,Paths to a Green World:the Political Economy of the Global Environment,Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,2005,pp.1-17.
(1)Sylvia I.Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen Nigel Jollands,and Lawrence Staudt“Global Governance for Sustainable Energy:The Contribution of a Global Public Goods Approach,”Ecological Economics,Vol.83,No.7,2012,pp.11-18.
(2)Arunabha Ghosh and Karthik Ganesan,“Rethink India’s Energy Strategy,”Nature,Vol.521,No.7551,2015,pp.156-157.
(1)Ann Florini and Benjamin K.Sovacool“Who Governs Energy?The Challenges Facing Global Energy Governance,”Energy Policy,Vol.37,No.12,2009,p.5240.
(1)Francis McGowan,“International Regimes for energy:Finding the Right Level for Policy,”in Ivan Scarse and Gordon MacKerron,eds.Energy for the Future:A New Agenda,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan 2009,p.21.
(2)Michael J.Bradshaw,Global Energy Dilemmas:Energy Security,Globalization,and Climate Change,Cambridge:Polity Press,2014,p.67.
(3)管清友、何帆:《中国的能源安全与国际能源合作》,《世界经济与政治》2007年第11期,第50-51页。
(1)参见IEA官网上的宗旨:https://www.iea.org/about/ourmission/。
(1)李昕:《G7/G8参与全球能源治理:功能演变和制度缺陷》,《国际展望》2011年第1期,第60页。
(2)Asian Development Bank,Energy 2000:Review of the Energy Policy,ADB:Manila,Philippines,2003.
(1)Dennis Tirpak and Helen Adams,“Bilateral and Multilateral Financial Assistance for the Energy Sector of Developing Countries,”Climate Policy,Vol.8,No.2,2008,pp.135-151.
(2)Fran Biermann and Philipp Pattberg Global Environmental Governance Reconsidered,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2012,p.73.
(3)Ann Florini and Saleena Saleem“Information Disclosure in Global Energy Governance,”Global Policy,Vol.2,No.1,2011,pp.144-154.
(1)Aleh Cherp,Jessica Jewell,and Andreas Goldthau,“Governing Global Energy:Systems,Transitions,Complexity,”p.79.
(1)Zhang Jianxin,“Oil Security Reshapes China’s Foreign Policy,”Working Paper,No.9,The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,2005-2006,p.5.
(2)David E.Sanger,“China’s Rising Need for Oil Is High on U.S.Agenda,”New York Times,April 19,2006.
(1)查道炯:《中国的能源安全:国际政治经济学的视角》,《教学与研究》2004年第8期,第66页。
(2)Paul C.Stern,“Blind Spots in Policy Analysis:What Economics doesn’t Say about Energy Use,”Journal of Policy Analysis and Management,Vol.5,No.2,1986,pp.200-227.
(3)Thijs Van de Graaf,et al.,The Palgrave Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy,Palgrave Macmillan:Basingstoke,2016,p.3.
(4)IEA,World Energy Outlook 2009,Paris:OECD,2009.
(5)Aleh Cherp,Jessica Jewell,and Andreas Goldthau,“Governing Global Energy:Systems,Transitions,Complexity,”Global Policy,Vol.2,No.1,2011,p.76.
(1)Llewelyn Hughes and Phillip Y.Lipscy,“The Politics of Energy,”Annual Review of Political Science,Vol.16,No.1,2013,pp.449-469.
(1)王海运、许勤华:《能源外交概论》,社会科学文献出版社2012年版,第74页。
(2)Thijs Van de Graaf,et al.,The Palgrave Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy,p.6.
(3)Lynne Chester,“Conceptualising Energy Security and Making Explicit its Polysemic Nature,”Energy policy,Vol.38,No.2,2010,p.889.
(4)Andrew Cooper,John Kirton,and Ted Schrecker,eds.,Governing Global Health:Challenge,Response,Innovation,Aldershot:Ashgate Publishing,2007;and David P.Fidler,“Architecture amidst Anarchy:Global Health’s Quest for Governance,”Global Health,Vol.1,No.1,2007,pp.1-17.
(5)Franck Biermann,Philipp Pattberg,and Fariborz Zelli,Global Climate Governance beyond 2012:Architecture,Agency and Adaptation,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010.
(6)James G.Speth and Peter M.Haas,Global Environmental Governance,Delhi:Island Press,2006.
(1)Joe Barnes and Amy M.Jaffe,“The Persian Gulf and the Geopolitics of Oil,”Survival,Vol.48,No.1,2006,pp.143-162;and Adam N.Stulberg,Well-Oiled Diplomacy:Strategic Manipulation and Russia’s Energy Statecraft in Eurasia,New York:State University of New York Press,2008.
(2)Florini,A.,Sovacool,B.K.“Who Governs Energy?The Challenges Facing Global Energy Governance,”Energy Policy,Vol.37,No.12,2009,pp.5239-5248;Andreas Goldthau and Jan M.Witte,“Back to the Future or Forward to the Past?Strengthening Markets and Rules for Effective Global Energy Governance,”International Affairs,Vol.85,No.2,2009,pp.373-390;and Andreas Goldthau and Jan M.Witte,Global Energy Governance:The New Rules of the Game,Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution Press,2010.
(3)John Kirton,“The G8 and Global Energy Governance:Past Performance,St Petersburg’s Opportunities,”Paper presented at a conference on“The World Dimension of Russia’s Energy Security,”sponsored by the Moscow State Institute of International Relations(MGIMO),Moscow,2006.
(4)Thijs Van de Graaf and Dries Lesage,“The International Energy Agency after 35 Years:Reform Needs and Institutional Adaptability,”The Review of International Organizations,Vol.4,No.3,2009,pp.293-317.
(5)Aleh Cherp and Jessica Jewell,“The Concept of Energy Security:Beyond the Four As,”Energy Policy,No.75,2014,pp.415-421.
(1)International Energy Agency(IEA),CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion:Highlights.OECD/IEA:Paris,France,2014.
(2)British Petroleum Company,Statistical Review of World Energy,BP Plc.:London,2015,p.5.
(1)Anthony McGrew and David Held,Governing Globalization:Power,Authority and Global Governance,Cambridge:Polity Press,2002;and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi and Michael Zürn,New Modes of Governance in the Global System,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2005.
(2)Roderick A.W.Rhodes,“The New Governance:Governing without Government,”Political Studies,Vol.44,No.4,1996,pp.652-667.
(3)Jan A.Scholte,Globalization:A Critical Introduction,Palgrave Macmillan:Basingstoke,2005,p.56.
(4)Susan Strange,The Retreat of the State:The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996,p.78.
(1)James N.Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel,eds.Governance without Government:Order and Change in World Politics,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p.132.
(2)Aleh Cherp and Jessica Jewell,“The Three Perspectives on Energy Security:Intellectual History,Disciplinary Roots and the Potential for Integration,”Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,Vol.3,No.4,2011,pp.202-212.
(3)World Energy Council,World Energy Trilemma,2015,p.13.
(4)The Lisbon Treaty,Article 194,2009,http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/.
(5)Benjamin K.Sovacool and Marilyn A.Brown,“Deconstructing Facts and Frames in Energy Research:Maxims for Evaluating Contentious Problems,”Energy Policy,No.86,2015,p.37.
(1)Jennifer Clapp and Peter Dauvergne,Paths to a Green World:the Political Economy of the Global Environment,Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,2005,pp.1-17.
(1)Sylvia I.Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen Nigel Jollands,and Lawrence Staudt“Global Governance for Sustainable Energy:The Contribution of a Global Public Goods Approach,”Ecological Economics,Vol.83,No.7,2012,pp.11-18.
(2)Arunabha Ghosh and Karthik Ganesan,“Rethink India’s Energy Strategy,”Nature,Vol.521,No.7551,2015,pp.156-157.
(1)Ann Florini and Benjamin K.Sovacool“Who Governs Energy?The Challenges Facing Global Energy Governance,”Energy Policy,Vol.37,No.12,2009,p.5240.
(1)Francis McGowan,“International Regimes for energy:Finding the Right Level for Policy,”in Ivan Scarse and Gordon MacKerron,eds.Energy for the Future:A New Agenda,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan 2009,p.21.
(2)Michael J.Bradshaw,Global Energy Dilemmas:Energy Security,Globalization,and Climate Change,Cambridge:Polity Press,2014,p.67.
(3)管清友、何帆:《中国的能源安全与国际能源合作》,《世界经济与政治》2007年第11期,第50-51页。
(1)参见IEA官网上的宗旨:https://www.iea.org/about/ourmission/。
(1)李昕:《G7/G8参与全球能源治理:功能演变和制度缺陷》,《国际展望》2011年第1期,第60页。
(2)Asian Development Bank,Energy 2000:Review of the Energy Policy,ADB:Manila,Philippines,2003.
(1)Dennis Tirpak and Helen Adams,“Bilateral and Multilateral Financial Assistance for the Energy Sector of Developing Countries,”Climate Policy,Vol.8,No.2,2008,pp.135-151.
(2)Fran Biermann and Philipp Pattberg Global Environmental Governance Reconsidered,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2012,p.73.
(3)Ann Florini and Saleena Saleem“Information Disclosure in Global Energy Governance,”Global Policy,Vol.2,No.1,2011,pp.144-154.
(1)Aleh Cherp,Jessica Jewell,and Andreas Goldthau,“Governing Global Energy:Systems,Transitions,Complexity,”p.79.
(1)Zhang Jianxin,“Oil Security Reshapes China’s Foreign Policy,”Working Paper,No.9,The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,2005-2006,p.5.
(2)David E.Sanger,“China’s Rising Need for Oil Is High on U.S.Agenda,”New York Times,April 19,2006.
(1)查道炯:《中国的能源安全:国际政治经济学的视角》,《教学与研究》2004年第8期,第66页。