中国三次产业劳动生产率与单位劳动成本的国际比较研究
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摘要
为了研究在逐渐适应经济"新常态"下,中国在国际竞争中存在的传统优势——劳动力比较优势是否依然存在,文章比较了中国以及部分发达国家、"金砖国家"和新兴发展中国家中8个国家的农业、工业和服务业的劳动生产率以及单位劳动成本,得到以下结论:其一, 2005年各国的劳动生产率基数均较低,虽然中国在十年中进步较大,但其三次产业的劳动生产率与所选取的发达国家以及发展中国家相比都有一定差距,有进一步提高的潜力;其二,中国各产业单位劳动成本虽然在近十年来有所增加,但是与大多数发达国家以及发展中国家相比仍然较低,中国传统的较为低廉的劳动力比较优势短时间内仍然存在,如果想继续保持,必须着力提升劳动生产率,降低单位劳动成本;其三,根据结构后发优势理论,通过产业结构调整和升级,中国将更易实现长期的经济增长;其四,与发达国家相比,中国三次产业之间的单位劳动成本有更大的差距,故中国进行产业结构升级有较大的动力。
Under the "new normal" economy,to study if China's traditional advantage in international competition,the labor comparative advan-tage,is still exists,this article compares the labor productivity and unit labor costs of agriculture,industry and service industry in China,some de-veloped countries,"the BRICS" countries and 8 emerging developing countries.The research shows the following results:First,the labor produc-tivity base of all countries was relatively low in 2005.Although China has made great progress in the past decade,there is still a gap between the labor productivity of China's three industries and the selected developed and developing countries.This also means that China has the potential for further improvement.Second,although the unit labor cost of various industries in China has increased in the past decade,it is still lower than that of most developed countries and developing countries.China's traditional comparative advantage of cheap labor force still exists in a short time.However,if China wants to continue to maintain it,China must focus on improving labor productivity and reducing unit labor costs.Third,accord-ing to the theory of structural late-development advantage,China will achieve long-term economic growth through industrial restructuring and upgrading more easily.Fourth,compared with developed countries,there is a larger gap in unit labor costs between China's three industries.So China has a greater impetus to upgrade its industrial structure.
Under the "new normal" economy,to study if China's traditional advantage in international competition,the labor comparative advan-tage,is still exists,this article compares the labor productivity and unit labor costs of agriculture,industry and service industry in China,some de-veloped countries,"the BRICS" countries and 8 emerging developing countries.The research shows the following results:First,the labor produc-tivity base of all countries was relatively low in 2005.Although China has made great progress in the past decade,there is still a gap between the labor productivity of China's three industries and the selected developed and developing countries.This also means that China has the potential for further improvement.Second,although the unit labor cost of various industries in China has increased in the past decade,it is still lower than that of most developed countries and developing countries.China's traditional comparative advantage of cheap labor force still exists in a short time.However,if China wants to continue to maintain it,China must focus on improving labor productivity and reducing unit labor costs.Third,accord-ing to the theory of structural late-development advantage,China will achieve long-term economic growth through industrial restructuring and upgrading more easily.Fourth,compared with developed countries,there is a larger gap in unit labor costs between China's three industries.So China has a greater impetus to upgrade its industrial structure.
引文
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[2]VIVIAN W.CHEN,HARRY X.WU,BART VAN ARK.More costly or more productive?Measuring changes in competitiveness in manufacturing across regions in China[J].Review of Income and Wealth,2010,55(s1):514-537.
[3]JANET CEGLWASKI,STEPHEN GOLUB.Just how low are China's labor costs?[J].The World Economy,2007(4):597-617.
[4]JUDITH BANISTER.Manufacture China today:employment and labor compensation[J].Economics Program Working Paper Series,2007(10):10-20.
[5]ERIN LETT AND JUDITH BANISTER.China's manufacturing employment and compensation costs:2002[J].Monthly Labor Review,2009.
[6]JUDITH BANISTER AND GEORGE COOK.China's employment and compensation costs in manufacturing through 2008[J].Monthly labor Review,2011(3):39-52.
[7]李建强,赵西亮.中国制造还具有劳动力成本优势吗[J].统计研究,2018,35(1):22-31.
[8]马丹,许少强.中国贸易收支、贸易结构与人民币实际有效汇率[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2005(6):23-32,42.
[9]贺聪,尤瑞章,莫万贵.制造业劳动力成本国际比较研究[J].金融研究,2009(7):170-184.
[10]周宇.中国是否仍然拥有低劳动力成本优势?[J].世界经济研究,2014(10):3-8,33,87.
[11]庞志,邢华彬,王舒鸿.工资上涨会降低我国的比较优势吗?[J].西北人口,2014(6):9-13,18.
[12]郭熙保,张平.怎么看我国服务业的发展现状[N].光明日报,2010-05-04(012).
[13]张少杰,林红.“金砖五国”服务业发展速度比较研究[J].现代管理科学,2014(10):24-26.
[14]郭熙保,黄灿.刘易斯模型与我国农村劳动力转移问题[N].光明日报,2009-09-22(009).
[15]张平,郭熙保.中国经济增长中的结构转变效应---基于边际劳动生产率方法的测算[J].山西财经大学学报,2011(4):1-8.