论海洋法公约冰封区域条款在西北航道的适用
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摘要
《联合国海洋法公约》第234条(冰封区域条款)赋予加拿大"在专属经济区范围内冰封区域"行使环境立法权和执法权,有权制定不受一般国际规则和标准限制的环境法律和规章。加拿大出于维护本国利益考量,在对西北航道的环境立法与执法中适用冰封区域条款时偏离正常轨道,在一定程度上限制乃至剥夺了其他国家的航行自由权。美国等国对此表示反对,学界亦展开了激烈探讨,主要涉及西北航道法律地位对冰封区域条款适用的影响,冰封区域条款在西北航道专属经济区适用的限度,冰封区域条款适用于西北航道专属经济区的冲突,相关国家如何参与西北航道治理,冰封区域条款的理解与适用等问题。其宗旨在于平衡加拿大与其他国家利益的可行性主张,切实维护西北航道的海洋秩序。
Article 234 of the UNCLOS( the Ice-covered Areas Article) authorizes Canada to exercise legislative power and enforcement power on marine environment in "ice-covered areas within the limits of the exclusive economic zone", so Canada has the power toenact environment laws and rules which are not be restricted by general international rules and standards. In order to protect itsown national interests, Canada applies the Ice-covered Areas Article to the Northwest Passage in a way deviated from the normal orbit,which limits or even deprives other countries' rights of freedom navigation to some extent. This practice is opposed by the United States and other countries and the academic world also carries out fiery discussion mainly on the impact of the legal status of the Northwest Passage on the application of the Ice-covered Areas Article, the limits of the application of the Ice-covered Areas Article to EEZ in the Northwest Passage,the conflict problem caused by the application of the Ice-covered Areas Article to the EEZ in Northwest Passage, how relevant countries take part in the Northwest Passage governance, the understandingand application of the Ice-covered Areas Articleand so on, with the aim to find out feasible measures to balance the interests of Canada and other countries and maintain the maritime order in the Northwest Passage.
Article 234 of the UNCLOS( the Ice-covered Areas Article) authorizes Canada to exercise legislative power and enforcement power on marine environment in "ice-covered areas within the limits of the exclusive economic zone", so Canada has the power toenact environment laws and rules which are not be restricted by general international rules and standards. In order to protect itsown national interests, Canada applies the Ice-covered Areas Article to the Northwest Passage in a way deviated from the normal orbit,which limits or even deprives other countries' rights of freedom navigation to some extent. This practice is opposed by the United States and other countries and the academic world also carries out fiery discussion mainly on the impact of the legal status of the Northwest Passage on the application of the Ice-covered Areas Article, the limits of the application of the Ice-covered Areas Article to EEZ in the Northwest Passage,the conflict problem caused by the application of the Ice-covered Areas Article to the EEZ in Northwest Passage, how relevant countries take part in the Northwest Passage governance, the understandingand application of the Ice-covered Areas Articleand so on, with the aim to find out feasible measures to balance the interests of Canada and other countries and maintain the maritime order in the Northwest Passage.
引文
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(4)联合国第一次海洋法会议通过了《毗连区公约》《公海公约》《大陆架公约》《公海捕鱼与养护生物资源公约》四个公约。
(5)政府间海事协商组织为国际海事组织(IMO)的前身,于1959年1月6日至19日在伦敦召开的第一届公约国全体会议上正式成立,是联合国的一个专门海事机构。
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(15)Western Sahara,Advisory Opinion,1975 I.C.J.2,8-9(Oct.16).
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(17)郭培清:《北极航道的国际问题研究》,海洋出版社2009年版,第150页。
(18)白佳玉:《北极航道利用的国际法问题研究探究》,《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》2012年第6期。
(19)The Corfu Channel Case(U.K.and N.Ir.v.Alb.),1949 I.C.J.4(Apr.9).
(20)James C Kraska.The Law of the Sea Conventional and the Northwest Passage.Defense Requirements for Cana-da’s Arctic,Vim Paper 2007.
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(22)Michael Sternheim.Regulating the N orthwest Passage.Loy.Mar.L.J.,Vol.1 0,N o.1,2 0 1 1.
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(24)刘惠荣、李浩梅:《北极航行管制的法理探讨》,《国际问题研究》2016年第6期。
(25)Donat Pharand.The Arctic Waters and the Northwest Passage:A Final Revisit.Ocean Development and Interna-tional Law,Vol.38,No.1-2,2007.
(26)邵津:《国际法》(第五版),北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社2014年版,第134页。
(27)Mol y Watson.An Arctic Treaty:A Solution to the International Dispute Over the Polar Region.Ocean&Coastal L.J.,Vol.14,2008.
(28)John Roach.Arctic Melt Open Northwest Passage.Nat’l Geographic News,2007-9-17(3).
(29)See The Corfu Channel Case(U.K.and N.Ir.v.Alb.),1949 I.C.J.4(Apr.9).
(30)Michael Byers.Who owns the Arctic?understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North.Vancouver:Douglas and McI ntyre(2013)Ltd.,2009.pp.48~51.
(31)Susan Joy Hassol.Impacts of a Warming Arctic:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.England:Cambridge University Press,2004.pp.8~12.
(32)参见陈敬根:《北极航道“特殊条约规制型海峡模式”的治理与构建》,《政法论丛》2017年第4期。
(33)同前注(18),白佳玉文。
(34)参见张卫华:《专属经济区中的“适当顾及”义务》,《国际法研究》2015年第5期。
(35)See L.C.J.Reports 1974,pp.3,22.
(36)参见前注(24),刘惠荣、李浩梅文。
(37)参见贺赞:《专属经济区内的有限军事活动自由》,《政法论坛》2015年第4期。
(38)同前注(34),张卫华文。
(39)Raul Pedrozo.A Response to Cariner’s and Gold’s Commentary on“Is It Time for the United States to Join the Law of the Sea Convention?”.J.Mar.L.&Com.Vol.42,No.4,2011.
(40)Natalie Klein.Legal Implications of Australia’s Maritime Identification System.INT’L&COMP.L.Q.,Vol.55,No.2,2006.
(2)Michael Byers.Who owns the Arctic?understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North.Vancouver:Douglas and McI ntyre(2013)Ltd.,2009.pp.44~45.
(3)Michael Byers.Who owns the Arctic?understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North.Vancouver:Douglas and McI ntyre(2013)Ltd.,2009.pp.46.
(4)联合国第一次海洋法会议通过了《毗连区公约》《公海公约》《大陆架公约》《公海捕鱼与养护生物资源公约》四个公约。
(5)政府间海事协商组织为国际海事组织(IMO)的前身,于1959年1月6日至19日在伦敦召开的第一届公约国全体会议上正式成立,是联合国的一个专门海事机构。
(6)Wil iam Y.Kim.Global Warming Heats up the American-Canadian Relationship:Resolving the Status of the No-rthwest Passage under International Law.Can.-U.S.L.J.,Vol.38,No.1~2,2013.
(7)王译林:《北极航道法律地位研究》,上海交通大学出版社2014年版,第21页。
(8)李志文、高俊涛:《北极通航的航行法律问题探析》,《法学杂志》2010年第11期。
(9)Michael Byers.Who owns the Arctic?understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North.Vancouver:Douglas and McI ntyre(2013)Ltd.,2009.pp.47.
(10)See,Michael Byers.Who owns the Arctic?understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North.Vancouver:Douglas and McI ntyre(2013)Ltd.,2009.pp.47.
(11)See Michael Byers.Who owns the Arctic?understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North.Vancouver:Douglas and McI ntyre(2013)Ltd.,2009.pp.48.
(12)See I.C.J.Reports 1951,pp.130.
(13)高志宏:《“历史性权利”考》,《江苏社会科学》2015年第3期。
(14)Wil iam Y.Kim.Global Warming Heats up the American-Canadian Relationship:Resolving the Status of the Nort-hwest Passage under International Law.Can.-U.S.L.J.,Vol.38,2013.
(15)Western Sahara,Advisory Opinion,1975 I.C.J.2,8-9(Oct.16).
(16)孔令杰:《领土争端成案研究》,社会科学文献出版社2016年版,第126页。
(17)郭培清:《北极航道的国际问题研究》,海洋出版社2009年版,第150页。
(18)白佳玉:《北极航道利用的国际法问题研究探究》,《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》2012年第6期。
(19)The Corfu Channel Case(U.K.and N.Ir.v.Alb.),1949 I.C.J.4(Apr.9).
(20)James C Kraska.The Law of the Sea Conventional and the Northwest Passage.Defense Requirements for Cana-da’s Arctic,Vim Paper 2007.
(21)Sean Fahey.Access Control:Freedom of the Seas in the Arctic and theRussian Northern Sea RouteRegime.Harv.Nat’l Sec.J.,Vol.9,No.2,2018.
(22)Michael Sternheim.Regulating the N orthwest Passage.Loy.Mar.L.J.,Vol.1 0,N o.1,2 0 1 1.
(23)Sean Fahey.Access Control:Freedom of the Seas in the Arctic and theRussian Northern Sea RouteRegime.Harv.Nat’l Sec.J.,Vol.9,No.2,2018.
(24)刘惠荣、李浩梅:《北极航行管制的法理探讨》,《国际问题研究》2016年第6期。
(25)Donat Pharand.The Arctic Waters and the Northwest Passage:A Final Revisit.Ocean Development and Interna-tional Law,Vol.38,No.1-2,2007.
(26)邵津:《国际法》(第五版),北京大学出版社、高等教育出版社2014年版,第134页。
(27)Mol y Watson.An Arctic Treaty:A Solution to the International Dispute Over the Polar Region.Ocean&Coastal L.J.,Vol.14,2008.
(28)John Roach.Arctic Melt Open Northwest Passage.Nat’l Geographic News,2007-9-17(3).
(29)See The Corfu Channel Case(U.K.and N.Ir.v.Alb.),1949 I.C.J.4(Apr.9).
(30)Michael Byers.Who owns the Arctic?understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North.Vancouver:Douglas and McI ntyre(2013)Ltd.,2009.pp.48~51.
(31)Susan Joy Hassol.Impacts of a Warming Arctic:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.England:Cambridge University Press,2004.pp.8~12.
(32)参见陈敬根:《北极航道“特殊条约规制型海峡模式”的治理与构建》,《政法论丛》2017年第4期。
(33)同前注(18),白佳玉文。
(34)参见张卫华:《专属经济区中的“适当顾及”义务》,《国际法研究》2015年第5期。
(35)See L.C.J.Reports 1974,pp.3,22.
(36)参见前注(24),刘惠荣、李浩梅文。
(37)参见贺赞:《专属经济区内的有限军事活动自由》,《政法论坛》2015年第4期。
(38)同前注(34),张卫华文。
(39)Raul Pedrozo.A Response to Cariner’s and Gold’s Commentary on“Is It Time for the United States to Join the Law of the Sea Convention?”.J.Mar.L.&Com.Vol.42,No.4,2011.
(40)Natalie Klein.Legal Implications of Australia’s Maritime Identification System.INT’L&COMP.L.Q.,Vol.55,No.2,2006.