美国提升与斯里兰卡关系:动因与制约
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摘要
自2015年斯里兰卡政局发生变化,美国加大对斯里兰卡外交力度,两国关系呈现全面快速上升的趋势。美国提升与斯里兰卡关系,主要是出于后者地缘战略位置的重要性、抵消中国日益增长的影响力和推动斯里兰卡民主化等多方面的考虑。美国在斯里兰卡既打"战略牌"和"人权牌",也打"印度牌"和"中国牌",这可能给斯里兰卡政局稳定和孟加拉湾安全秩序带来新的冲击。斯里兰卡自身的选择及印度的顾虑等因素将影响美国对斯里兰卡政策的未来走向。
引文
[1]国内相关研究成果尚不多见,杜敏、李泉2015年撰写的《斯里兰卡新政府的内政外交政策及挑战》有部分涉及。本文参考的美国智库研究报告有:K.Alan Kronstadt,“Sri Lanka:Background and U.S.Relations,”CRS Report,April 9,2003;K.Alan Kronstadt and Bruce Vaughn,“Sri Lanka:Background and U.S.Relations,”CRS Report,June 4,2009;Bruce Vaughn,“Sri Lanka:Background and U.S.Relations,”CRS Report,June 16,2011;Bruce Vaughn,“Sri Lanka:Background and U.S.Relations,”CRS Report,September 4,2013;“Sri Lanka:Background,Reform,Reconciliation and Geopolitical Context,”CRS Report,January 4,2017。其他相关研究成果有:Kent E.Calder,“The Bay of Bengal:Political-Economic Transition and Strategic Implications,”The Sasakawa Peace Foundation(SPF)Report,July 2018;Bhagya Senaratne,“Elements of Sri Lanka’s Geopolitics:Impact on United States’Foreign Policy,”Journal Maritime Affairs:Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India,Vol.13,No.1,2017;Steven Seligman,“Explaining Canadian Foreign Policy toward Sri Lanka under the Harper Government,”International Journal:Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis,Vol.71,No.2,May 2016;Polly Diven,“Superpowers and Small States:U.S.,China,and India Vie for Influence in Sri Lanka,”prepared for the Annual Meeting of the European Consortium on Political Research,held in Prague,September 7-10,2016。
[2]U.S.Department of State,“U.S.Relations with Sri Lanka,”August 15,2018,https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm.(上网时间:2018年9月15日)
[3]Bruce Vaughn,“Sri Lanka:Background and U.S.Relations,”CRS Report,September 4,2013,https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=751726.(上网时间:2018年9月28日)
[1]Lisa Curtis,“Sri Lanka’s Democratic Transition:A New Era for the U.S.-Sri Lanka Relationship,”Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific on June 9,2016,https://www.heritage.org/testimony/sri-lankas-democratic-transition-new-era-the-us-srilanka-relationship.(上网时间:2018年9月6日)
[2]这些官员包括时任美国驻联合国大使萨曼莎·鲍威尔、副国务卿托马斯·香农、海军部长雷·马布斯、太平洋司令部司令哈里·哈里斯、助理国务卿艾莉丝·威尔斯、太平洋舰队司令斯科特·斯威夫特和众议院军事委员会主席马克·索恩伯里等。资料来源:根据美国国务院和美国驻斯里兰卡大使馆网站公告整理。
[3]U.S.Department of State,“Joint Statement from the U.S.Department of State and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka on the Second U.S.-Sri Lanka Partnership Dialogue,”November 6,2017,https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/11/275329.htm.(上网时间:2018年10月3日)
[4]U.S.Department of State,“Congressional Budget Justification,Foreign Operations,”Appendix3,FY 2017,p.341,https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/252734.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月11日)
[1]U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“U.S.Department of Agriculture Launches Market-Oriented Dairy Project Potentially Doubling Dairy Production,”May 18,2018,https://lk.usembassy.gov/u-s-departmentof-agriculture-launches-market-oriented-dairy-project-potentially-doubling-dairy-production/.(上网时间:2018年10月25日)
[2]U.S.Census Bureau,“Trade in Goods with Sri Lanka,”2017,https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5420.html#2017.(上网时间:2018年10月19日)
[3]资料来源:根据美国统计署的数据整理,https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5570.html。(上网时间:2018年10月26日)
[4]资料来源:根据美国太平洋(“印太”)司令部官网、今日海军网站自行整理。最近一次港口访问是2018年12月25日,“斯坦尼斯”号航母访问亭可马里港并接受补给。
[1]Jon Grevatt,“US Eases Military Trade Restrictions on Sri Lanka,”Janes Defence Weekly,May 6,2016;Jon Grevatt,“Update:US Eases Military Trade Restrictions on Sri Lanka,”IHS Jane’s360,May 9,2016,http://www.janes.com/article/60058/us-eases-military-trade-restrictions-on-srilanka.(上网时间:2018年10月6日)
[2]该笔资金用于改进斯里兰卡海岸雷达系统,是美国提出的“孟加拉湾倡议”的一部分。该倡议旨在帮助沿岸国家提升海洋信息监测能力,并实现信息共享。U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“Ambassador Alice Wells Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for South and Central Asia Remarks at Indian Ocean Conference in Colombo,”October 11,2018,https://lk.usembassy.gov/ambassador-alice-wells-principal-deputy-assistant-secretary-for-south-and-central-asia-remarks-atindian-ocean-conference-in-colombo-october-11-2018/.(上网时间:2018年10月6日)
[3]Peace Corps,“Peace Corps to Re-establish Program in Sri Lanka,”February 26,2018,https://www.peacecorps.gov/news/library/peace-corps-re-establish-program-sri-lanka/.(上网时间:2018年10月12日)
[1]U.S.Institute of International Education,“Places of Origin,”November 15,2018,https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Students/Places-of-Origin.(上网时间:2019年4月12日)
[2]U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“Remarks at the U.S.-Sri Lanka Partnership Dialogue,”November6,2017,https://lk.usembassy.gov/remarks-u-s-sri-lanka-partnership-dialogue/.(上网时间:2018年10月4日)
[1]Cory N.Gassaway,“A Diamond in the String of Pearls:The Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka for Indian Ocean Regional Stability,”Naval War College Paper,May 4,2011,p.17,https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a546182.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月12日)
[2]“Testimony of Alaina Teplitz Nominee for Ambassador to Sri Lanka and Maldives Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,”June 28,2018,https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/062818_Teplitz_Testimony.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月24日)
[3]U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“Opening Statement of Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Thomas J.Vajda at Pathfinder Panel Discussion,”February 15,2019,https://lk.usembassy.gov/opening-statement-of-acting-principal-deputy-assistant-secretary-of-state-thomas-jvajda-at-pathfinder-panel-discussion/.(上网时间:2019年4月15日)
[1]其余七个国家分别是印度、印尼、马来西亚、蒙古、新西兰、新加坡和越南。“Statement of Admiral Harry B.Harris,U.S.Navy Commander,U.S.Pacific Command before the House Armed Services Committee on U.S.Pacific Command Posture,”April 27,2017,p.28,https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AS/AS00/20170426/105870/HHRG-115-AS00-Wstate-HarrisH-20170426.PDF。(上网时间:2018年11月11日)
[2]U.S.Department of State,“Remarks at Sri Lanka National Day Reception,”February 6,2018,https://www.state.gov/p/us/rm/2018/278135.htm.(上网时间:2018年9月26日)
[3]U.S.Department of State,“U.S.Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Region,”August4,2018,https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/284927.htm.(上网时间:2018年10月11日)
[4]Philip S.Davidson,“Statement of Admiral Philip S.Davidson,U.S.Navy Commander,U.S.Indo-Pacific Command before the Senate Armed Services Committee on U.S.Indo-Pacific Command Posture,”February 12,2019,https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/download/davidson_02-12-19pdf.(上网时间:2019年4月15日)
[1]Kadira Pethiyagoda,“Sri Lanka:A Lesson for U.S.Strategy,”The Diplomat,August 26,2015,https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/sri-lanka-a-lesson-for-u-s-strategy/.(上网时间:2018年10月3日)
[2]“Sri Lanka:Background,Reform,Reconciliation and Geopolitical Context,”CRS Report,January 4,2017,p.13,https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20170104_R44731_da5aeb9e25af4a4e116b6a00e2e6dfa68b6e2227.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月6日)
[3]Jamie Tarabay,“With Sri Lankan Port Acquisition,China Adds Another‘Pearl’to Its‘String’,”CNN,February 4,2018,https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/03/asia/china-sri-lanka-string-ofpearls-intl/index.html.(上网时间:2018年10月6日)
[4]Max Fisher and Audrey Carlsen,“How China is Challenging American Dominance in Asia,”The New York Times,March 9,2018,https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/09/world/asia/china-us-asia-rivalry.html?mtrref=www.google.com&mtrref=www.nytimes.com&gwh=878C237A0AE3BF5B205F90985DEBB975&gwt=pay.(上网时间:2018年10月13日)
[5]“Vice President Mike Pence’s Remarks on the Administration’s Policy towards China,”Hudson Institute,October 4,2018,https://www.hudson.org/events/1610-vice-president-mike-pence-sremarks-on-the-administration-s-policy-towards-china102018;The White House,“Remarks by Vice President Pence at the 2018 APEC CEO Summit,”November 16,2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-2018-apec-ceo-summit-port-moresby-papua-newguinea/.(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
[6]U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“Opening Statement of Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Thomas J.Vajda at Pathfinder Panel Discussion”.
[1]Kate Cronin-Furman,“Halfway isn’t Good Enough on Human Rights,”Foreign Policy,November 2,2018,https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/11/05/halfway-isnt-good-enough-on-human-rights/.(上网时间:2018年11月20日)
[1]Michael Safi,“Sri Lanka Accuses Facebook over Hate Speech after Deadly Riots,”The Guardian,March 14,2018,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/facebook-accused-bysri-lanka-of-failing-to-control-hate-speech.(上网时间:2018年11月12日)
[2]S.P.Ranasinghe,“Geopolitics in the Indian Ocean:Importance of Sri Lanka to Maintain a Non-Aligned Foreign Policy towards India,China and USA,”Research Symposium-2017(ISSRS2017),p.35;Asanga Abeyagoonasekera,Sri Lanka at Crossroads:Geopolitical Challenges and National Interests,World Scientific,2018.
[1]Taylor Dibbert,“US Must not Ignore Sri Lanka’s Human Rights Violations,”The Hill,April 17,2017,https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/international/329112-us-must-not-ignore-srilankas-human-rights-violations.(上网时间:2019年4月12日)
[2][澳]大卫·布鲁斯特:《印度之洋》,社会科学文献出版社,2016年,第249页。
[2]U.S.Department of State,“U.S.Relations with Sri Lanka,”August 15,2018,https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm.(上网时间:2018年9月15日)
[3]Bruce Vaughn,“Sri Lanka:Background and U.S.Relations,”CRS Report,September 4,2013,https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=751726.(上网时间:2018年9月28日)
[1]Lisa Curtis,“Sri Lanka’s Democratic Transition:A New Era for the U.S.-Sri Lanka Relationship,”Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific on June 9,2016,https://www.heritage.org/testimony/sri-lankas-democratic-transition-new-era-the-us-srilanka-relationship.(上网时间:2018年9月6日)
[2]这些官员包括时任美国驻联合国大使萨曼莎·鲍威尔、副国务卿托马斯·香农、海军部长雷·马布斯、太平洋司令部司令哈里·哈里斯、助理国务卿艾莉丝·威尔斯、太平洋舰队司令斯科特·斯威夫特和众议院军事委员会主席马克·索恩伯里等。资料来源:根据美国国务院和美国驻斯里兰卡大使馆网站公告整理。
[3]U.S.Department of State,“Joint Statement from the U.S.Department of State and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka on the Second U.S.-Sri Lanka Partnership Dialogue,”November 6,2017,https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/11/275329.htm.(上网时间:2018年10月3日)
[4]U.S.Department of State,“Congressional Budget Justification,Foreign Operations,”Appendix3,FY 2017,p.341,https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/252734.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月11日)
[1]U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“U.S.Department of Agriculture Launches Market-Oriented Dairy Project Potentially Doubling Dairy Production,”May 18,2018,https://lk.usembassy.gov/u-s-departmentof-agriculture-launches-market-oriented-dairy-project-potentially-doubling-dairy-production/.(上网时间:2018年10月25日)
[2]U.S.Census Bureau,“Trade in Goods with Sri Lanka,”2017,https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5420.html#2017.(上网时间:2018年10月19日)
[3]资料来源:根据美国统计署的数据整理,https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5570.html。(上网时间:2018年10月26日)
[4]资料来源:根据美国太平洋(“印太”)司令部官网、今日海军网站自行整理。最近一次港口访问是2018年12月25日,“斯坦尼斯”号航母访问亭可马里港并接受补给。
[1]Jon Grevatt,“US Eases Military Trade Restrictions on Sri Lanka,”Janes Defence Weekly,May 6,2016;Jon Grevatt,“Update:US Eases Military Trade Restrictions on Sri Lanka,”IHS Jane’s360,May 9,2016,http://www.janes.com/article/60058/us-eases-military-trade-restrictions-on-srilanka.(上网时间:2018年10月6日)
[2]该笔资金用于改进斯里兰卡海岸雷达系统,是美国提出的“孟加拉湾倡议”的一部分。该倡议旨在帮助沿岸国家提升海洋信息监测能力,并实现信息共享。U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“Ambassador Alice Wells Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for South and Central Asia Remarks at Indian Ocean Conference in Colombo,”October 11,2018,https://lk.usembassy.gov/ambassador-alice-wells-principal-deputy-assistant-secretary-for-south-and-central-asia-remarks-atindian-ocean-conference-in-colombo-october-11-2018/.(上网时间:2018年10月6日)
[3]Peace Corps,“Peace Corps to Re-establish Program in Sri Lanka,”February 26,2018,https://www.peacecorps.gov/news/library/peace-corps-re-establish-program-sri-lanka/.(上网时间:2018年10月12日)
[1]U.S.Institute of International Education,“Places of Origin,”November 15,2018,https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Students/Places-of-Origin.(上网时间:2019年4月12日)
[2]U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“Remarks at the U.S.-Sri Lanka Partnership Dialogue,”November6,2017,https://lk.usembassy.gov/remarks-u-s-sri-lanka-partnership-dialogue/.(上网时间:2018年10月4日)
[1]Cory N.Gassaway,“A Diamond in the String of Pearls:The Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka for Indian Ocean Regional Stability,”Naval War College Paper,May 4,2011,p.17,https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a546182.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月12日)
[2]“Testimony of Alaina Teplitz Nominee for Ambassador to Sri Lanka and Maldives Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,”June 28,2018,https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/062818_Teplitz_Testimony.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月24日)
[3]U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“Opening Statement of Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Thomas J.Vajda at Pathfinder Panel Discussion,”February 15,2019,https://lk.usembassy.gov/opening-statement-of-acting-principal-deputy-assistant-secretary-of-state-thomas-jvajda-at-pathfinder-panel-discussion/.(上网时间:2019年4月15日)
[1]其余七个国家分别是印度、印尼、马来西亚、蒙古、新西兰、新加坡和越南。“Statement of Admiral Harry B.Harris,U.S.Navy Commander,U.S.Pacific Command before the House Armed Services Committee on U.S.Pacific Command Posture,”April 27,2017,p.28,https://docs.house.gov/meetings/AS/AS00/20170426/105870/HHRG-115-AS00-Wstate-HarrisH-20170426.PDF。(上网时间:2018年11月11日)
[2]U.S.Department of State,“Remarks at Sri Lanka National Day Reception,”February 6,2018,https://www.state.gov/p/us/rm/2018/278135.htm.(上网时间:2018年9月26日)
[3]U.S.Department of State,“U.S.Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Region,”August4,2018,https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/284927.htm.(上网时间:2018年10月11日)
[4]Philip S.Davidson,“Statement of Admiral Philip S.Davidson,U.S.Navy Commander,U.S.Indo-Pacific Command before the Senate Armed Services Committee on U.S.Indo-Pacific Command Posture,”February 12,2019,https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/download/davidson_02-12-19pdf.(上网时间:2019年4月15日)
[1]Kadira Pethiyagoda,“Sri Lanka:A Lesson for U.S.Strategy,”The Diplomat,August 26,2015,https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/sri-lanka-a-lesson-for-u-s-strategy/.(上网时间:2018年10月3日)
[2]“Sri Lanka:Background,Reform,Reconciliation and Geopolitical Context,”CRS Report,January 4,2017,p.13,https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20170104_R44731_da5aeb9e25af4a4e116b6a00e2e6dfa68b6e2227.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月6日)
[3]Jamie Tarabay,“With Sri Lankan Port Acquisition,China Adds Another‘Pearl’to Its‘String’,”CNN,February 4,2018,https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/03/asia/china-sri-lanka-string-ofpearls-intl/index.html.(上网时间:2018年10月6日)
[4]Max Fisher and Audrey Carlsen,“How China is Challenging American Dominance in Asia,”The New York Times,March 9,2018,https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/09/world/asia/china-us-asia-rivalry.html?mtrref=www.google.com&mtrref=www.nytimes.com&gwh=878C237A0AE3BF5B205F90985DEBB975&gwt=pay.(上网时间:2018年10月13日)
[5]“Vice President Mike Pence’s Remarks on the Administration’s Policy towards China,”Hudson Institute,October 4,2018,https://www.hudson.org/events/1610-vice-president-mike-pence-sremarks-on-the-administration-s-policy-towards-china102018;The White House,“Remarks by Vice President Pence at the 2018 APEC CEO Summit,”November 16,2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-2018-apec-ceo-summit-port-moresby-papua-newguinea/.(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
[6]U.S.Embassy in Sri Lanka,“Opening Statement of Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Thomas J.Vajda at Pathfinder Panel Discussion”.
[1]Kate Cronin-Furman,“Halfway isn’t Good Enough on Human Rights,”Foreign Policy,November 2,2018,https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/11/05/halfway-isnt-good-enough-on-human-rights/.(上网时间:2018年11月20日)
[1]Michael Safi,“Sri Lanka Accuses Facebook over Hate Speech after Deadly Riots,”The Guardian,March 14,2018,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/facebook-accused-bysri-lanka-of-failing-to-control-hate-speech.(上网时间:2018年11月12日)
[2]S.P.Ranasinghe,“Geopolitics in the Indian Ocean:Importance of Sri Lanka to Maintain a Non-Aligned Foreign Policy towards India,China and USA,”Research Symposium-2017(ISSRS2017),p.35;Asanga Abeyagoonasekera,Sri Lanka at Crossroads:Geopolitical Challenges and National Interests,World Scientific,2018.
[1]Taylor Dibbert,“US Must not Ignore Sri Lanka’s Human Rights Violations,”The Hill,April 17,2017,https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/international/329112-us-must-not-ignore-srilankas-human-rights-violations.(上网时间:2019年4月12日)
[2][澳]大卫·布鲁斯特:《印度之洋》,社会科学文献出版社,2016年,第249页。