建筑物的高分辨率SAR图像仿真方法
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摘要
提出一种基于建筑物几何特征的高分辨率(VHR) SAR图像仿真方法。该方法首先构建成像场景模型,以改进的光学着色模型近似散射模型;然后在场景间进行射线追踪,得到目标的散射强度信息和位置信息;为使仿真图像更加真实,引入后处理过程;最后经二维成像,得到逼真的建筑物SAR仿真图像。分析和仿真结果表明,该方法准确高效地仿真建筑物在SAR图像中的几何特征和辐射特征,可为理解和解译SAR建筑物图像提供有效的数据支撑。
In this study a very high resolution SAR( VHR SAR) simulation method is proposed based on the geometrical signatures of buildings.Firstly,the imaging scene model is constructed,and an improved Phong Shading model is used as approximate scattering model.Then,the scattering and coordinate information is obtained by tracing rays in the scene.To make the simulation images more realistic,a post process is completed.Finally,a real VHR SAR building image is obtained by two-dimensional imaging.Analysis and simulation results validate that the proposed method describes the geometrical and radiant signatures correctly and efficiently in SAR image.The simulated images provide effective database for understanding SAR images.
In this study a very high resolution SAR( VHR SAR) simulation method is proposed based on the geometrical signatures of buildings.Firstly,the imaging scene model is constructed,and an improved Phong Shading model is used as approximate scattering model.Then,the scattering and coordinate information is obtained by tracing rays in the scene.To make the simulation images more realistic,a post process is completed.Finally,a real VHR SAR building image is obtained by two-dimensional imaging.Analysis and simulation results validate that the proposed method describes the geometrical and radiant signatures correctly and efficiently in SAR image.The simulated images provide effective database for understanding SAR images.
引文
[1] Auer S, Hinz S, Bamler R. Ray-tracing simulation techniques for understanding high resolution SAR images[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2010,48(3):1 445-1 456.
[2] Balz T,Hammer H,Auer S. Potential and limitations of SAR image simulators:a comparative study of three simulation approaches[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2015,101:102-109.
[3]董纯柱,胡利平,朱国庆,等.地面车辆目标高质量SAR图像快速仿真方法[J].雷达学报,2015,4(3):351-360.
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[5] Franceschetti G,Iodice A,Riccio D. A canonical problem in electromagnetic backscattering from buildings[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2002,40(8):1 787-1 801.
[6] Franceschetti G,Guida R,Lodice A,et al. Simulation tools for interpretation of high resolution SAR images of urban areas[C]∥IEEE Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event,Paris,France,2007,18:1-5.
[7] Chen H Z,Zhang Y T,Wang H Q,et al. SAR imaging simulation for urban structure based on analytical models[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2012,9(6):1 127-1 131.
[8] Kulpa K S, Samczynski P, Malanowski M, et al. An advanced SAR simulator of three-dimensional structures combing geometrical optics and full-wave electromagnetic method[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2014,52(1):776-784.
[9] Xu F,Jin Y Q. Imaging simulation of polarimetric SAR for a comprehensive terrain scene using the mapping and projection algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(11):3 219-3 234.
[10] Delliere J, Maitre H, Maruani A. SAR measurement simulation on urban structures using a FDTD technique[C]∥IEEE Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event,Shanghai,China,2007:1-8.
[11] Stefan A. 3D synthetic aperture radar simulation for interpreting complex urban reflection scenarios[D]. Munich:Technical University of Munich,2011.
[12] Balz T,Stilla U. Hybrid GPU-Based Single-and DoubleBounce SAR Simulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2009,47(10):3 519-3 529.
[13] Bolter R. Reconstruction of man-made objects from high resolution SAR images[C]∥IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings,Big Sky,USA,2000,3:287-292.
[14] Hammer H,Karsten S. Coherent simulation of SAR images[J]. Proc. SPIE 7477,Image Signal Processing for Remote Sensing. 2009,7477:74771G-9.
[15] Auer S,Gernhardt S,Bamler R. Ghost persistent scatters related to multiple signal reflections[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2011,8(5):919-923.
[16]王国军.建筑物目标高分辨率SAR图像理解研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2014.
[17] Raffaella G, Antonio I, Daniele R. Model-Based Interpretation of High-Resolution SAR Images of Buildings[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2008,1(2):107-119.
[18]熊文昌.人造目标SAR图像仿真及其在解译中的应用[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2014.
[2] Balz T,Hammer H,Auer S. Potential and limitations of SAR image simulators:a comparative study of three simulation approaches[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2015,101:102-109.
[3]董纯柱,胡利平,朱国庆,等.地面车辆目标高质量SAR图像快速仿真方法[J].雷达学报,2015,4(3):351-360.
[4] Franceschetti G,Iodice A,Riccio D,et al. SAR raw signal simulation for urban structures[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2003,41(9):1 986-1 995.
[5] Franceschetti G,Iodice A,Riccio D. A canonical problem in electromagnetic backscattering from buildings[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2002,40(8):1 787-1 801.
[6] Franceschetti G,Guida R,Lodice A,et al. Simulation tools for interpretation of high resolution SAR images of urban areas[C]∥IEEE Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event,Paris,France,2007,18:1-5.
[7] Chen H Z,Zhang Y T,Wang H Q,et al. SAR imaging simulation for urban structure based on analytical models[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2012,9(6):1 127-1 131.
[8] Kulpa K S, Samczynski P, Malanowski M, et al. An advanced SAR simulator of three-dimensional structures combing geometrical optics and full-wave electromagnetic method[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2014,52(1):776-784.
[9] Xu F,Jin Y Q. Imaging simulation of polarimetric SAR for a comprehensive terrain scene using the mapping and projection algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(11):3 219-3 234.
[10] Delliere J, Maitre H, Maruani A. SAR measurement simulation on urban structures using a FDTD technique[C]∥IEEE Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event,Shanghai,China,2007:1-8.
[11] Stefan A. 3D synthetic aperture radar simulation for interpreting complex urban reflection scenarios[D]. Munich:Technical University of Munich,2011.
[12] Balz T,Stilla U. Hybrid GPU-Based Single-and DoubleBounce SAR Simulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2009,47(10):3 519-3 529.
[13] Bolter R. Reconstruction of man-made objects from high resolution SAR images[C]∥IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings,Big Sky,USA,2000,3:287-292.
[14] Hammer H,Karsten S. Coherent simulation of SAR images[J]. Proc. SPIE 7477,Image Signal Processing for Remote Sensing. 2009,7477:74771G-9.
[15] Auer S,Gernhardt S,Bamler R. Ghost persistent scatters related to multiple signal reflections[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2011,8(5):919-923.
[16]王国军.建筑物目标高分辨率SAR图像理解研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2014.
[17] Raffaella G, Antonio I, Daniele R. Model-Based Interpretation of High-Resolution SAR Images of Buildings[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2008,1(2):107-119.
[18]熊文昌.人造目标SAR图像仿真及其在解译中的应用[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2014.