基于生态适应性理论的川东民居传统聚落景观分析
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摘要
以川东地区传统聚落为研究对象,基于现代生态适应性理论,探索了川东传统聚落空间格局的构建方法和驱动因素,以期为传统聚落的生态适应性和空间结构演变提供理论依据。研究表明:传统聚落实质体现了其对自然地理要素及生态系统完整性的适应。在聚落选址方面具体化为山、河、路、池等环境要素,形成理想聚居模式以适应环境。传统聚落营建风水林以弥补原自然环境的不足,这不仅起到了维持生物多样性的作用,且使人和其它生物及环境要素一起构成一个完整的生态系统。在房屋形式的选择上,传统聚落建筑极富地域特色,反映了对自然的尊崇和适应。传统聚落是一种以人类行为为主导,自然环境为依托,资源流动为命脉,社会、文化为经络的人工复合生态系统。经济、文化和制度三者相辅相成构成社会系统的原动力。
Dwellings in eastern Sichuan have been well preserved as one of the few settlement landscapes in China. The preservation and research on dwellings in this area play an important role in China' s cultural ecology and in studying the conservation of its biodiversity. Focusing on the traditional settlements in eastern Sichuan,this paper aims to provide the theoretical basis for the reasonable ecological adaptability and spatial evolvement of the traditional settlement. We explore the construction of traditional settlements' spatial pattern and the factors driving this special pattern from the perspective of modern ecological adaptability. As this study shows,traditional settlements actually reflect natural geographical elements in ecological adaptation as well as the integrity of the ecosystem. The site of the traditional settlement consists of such environmental elements as mountains,rivers,roads,and pools,which constitutes the ideal settlement model. In fact,the cultural landscape in traditional settlements is a sort of initial adaptation to the physical and geographical environment and compensates for the inadequacy of the original natural environment via the construction of "feng shui lin." From the perspective of modern ecology,the surrounding forests do not only provide defense from windstorms and conserve the soil,but they also maintain biodiversity and form a complete ecosystem,combining human and other biological and environmental elements. The house type of traditional settlement buildings embodies its unique local characteristics,and reflects the transition from worshipping nature to fitting into nature. The traditional settlement is an artificial ecosystem,in which human actions play a key role in influencing the natural environment,while the flow of resources acts as the lifeblood,and society and culture function as the main and collateral channels. Economy,culture and regime supplement each other to form the underlying power of the social system. Cultural factors mainly come from the pursuit of human spiritual needs; institutionalfactors reflect people's relationship inside and outside of the settlement; economic factors mostly stem from human survival needs.
Dwellings in eastern Sichuan have been well preserved as one of the few settlement landscapes in China. The preservation and research on dwellings in this area play an important role in China' s cultural ecology and in studying the conservation of its biodiversity. Focusing on the traditional settlements in eastern Sichuan,this paper aims to provide the theoretical basis for the reasonable ecological adaptability and spatial evolvement of the traditional settlement. We explore the construction of traditional settlements' spatial pattern and the factors driving this special pattern from the perspective of modern ecological adaptability. As this study shows,traditional settlements actually reflect natural geographical elements in ecological adaptation as well as the integrity of the ecosystem. The site of the traditional settlement consists of such environmental elements as mountains,rivers,roads,and pools,which constitutes the ideal settlement model. In fact,the cultural landscape in traditional settlements is a sort of initial adaptation to the physical and geographical environment and compensates for the inadequacy of the original natural environment via the construction of "feng shui lin." From the perspective of modern ecology,the surrounding forests do not only provide defense from windstorms and conserve the soil,but they also maintain biodiversity and form a complete ecosystem,combining human and other biological and environmental elements. The house type of traditional settlement buildings embodies its unique local characteristics,and reflects the transition from worshipping nature to fitting into nature. The traditional settlement is an artificial ecosystem,in which human actions play a key role in influencing the natural environment,while the flow of resources acts as the lifeblood,and society and culture function as the main and collateral channels. Economy,culture and regime supplement each other to form the underlying power of the social system. Cultural factors mainly come from the pursuit of human spiritual needs; institutionalfactors reflect people's relationship inside and outside of the settlement; economic factors mostly stem from human survival needs.
引文
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[11]Chandran K M,Balaji N C,Mani M.Understanding transitions in a rural Indian building typology in the context of well-being.Current Science,2015,109(9):1610-1621.
[12]史利莎,严力蛟,黄璐,许智钇.基于景观格局理论和理想风水模式的藏族乡土聚落景观空间解析——以甘肃省迭部县扎尕那村落为例.生态学报,2011,31(21):6305-6316.
[13]唐承丽,贺艳华,周国华,曾山山,肖路遥.基于生活质量导向的乡村聚落空间优化研究.地理学报,2014,69(10):1459-1472.
[14]何郑莹,徐建刚.基于文化生态的客住核心区聚落时空演进规律分析.地域研究与开发,2014,33(4):168-172.
[15]马晓冬,李全林,沈一.江苏省乡村聚落的形态分异及地域类型.地理学报,2012,67(4):516-525.
[16]Crowley M,Lichter D T,Turner R N.Diverging fortunes?Economic well-being of Latinos and African Americans in new rural destinations.Social Science Research,2015,51:77-92.
[17]王青,石敏球,郭亚琳,张宇.岷江上游山区聚落生态位垂直分异研究.地理学报,2013,68(11):1559-1567.
[18]郭媛媛,莫多闻,毛龙江,王守功,李水城.山东北部地区聚落遗址时空分布与环境演变的关系.地理学报,2013,68(4):559-570.
[19]杨立国,林琳,刘沛林,胡景强.少数民族传统聚落景观基因的居民感知与认同特征——以通道芋头侗寨为例.人文地理,2014,(6):60-66.
[20]李君,陈长瑶.生态位理论视角在乡村聚落发展中的应用.生态经济,2010,(5):29-33.
[21]业祖润.中国传统聚落环境空间结构研究.北京建筑工程学院学报,2001,(1):70-75.
[22]申秀英,刘沛林,邓运员,王良健.中国南方传统聚落景观区划及其利用价值.地理研究,2006,25(3):485-494.
[23]Parviainen J.Cultural heritage and biodiversity in the present forest management of the boreal zone in Scandinavia.Journal of Forest Research,2015,20(5):445-452.
[24]王如松,欧阳志云.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统与可持续发展.中国科学院院刊,2012,27(3):337-345.
[25]Xi J C,Zhao M F,Ge Q S,Kong Q Q.Changes in land use of a village driven by over 25 years of tourism:the case of Gougezhuang village,China.Land Use Policy,2014,40:119-130.
[26]韦法华.徽州传统聚落选址中的生态适应性分析.山西建筑,2012,38(20):6-8.
[2]王如松.生态整合与文明发展.生态学报,2013,33(1):1-11.
[3]刘春腊,申秀英,唐承财,王鹏.基于CVM的传统聚落景观低碳价值评估研究——以湖南上甘棠村为例.资源开发与市场,2014,30(04):413-416,461-461.
[4]Nan H,Han X R.Landscape studying of traditional settlement based on local culture//Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Education,Management and Computing Technology.Tianjin:Atlantis Press,2015:1151-1155.
[5]童志勇,李晓丹.传统边地聚落生态适应性研究及启示——解读云南和顺乡.新建筑,2005,(4):22-25.
[6]房志勇.传统民居聚落的自然生态适应研究及启示.北京建筑工程学院学报,2000,16(1):50-59.
[7]邓晓红,李晓峰.从生态适应性看徽州传统聚落.建筑学报,1999,(11):9-11.
[8]范俊芳,熊兴耀,文友华.侗族聚落空间形态演变的生态因素及其影响.湖南农业大学学报:社会科学版,2011,12(1):57-61,77-77.
[9]姜雪婷,严力蛟,后德仟.广东永汉传统农村的聚落生态观.生态学报,2011,31(19):5654-5662.
[10]雷凌华,杨英书,黄小波,梁娟.湖南怀化传统侗族聚落生态景观模式研究.福建林业科技,2014,(2):143-148.
[11]Chandran K M,Balaji N C,Mani M.Understanding transitions in a rural Indian building typology in the context of well-being.Current Science,2015,109(9):1610-1621.
[12]史利莎,严力蛟,黄璐,许智钇.基于景观格局理论和理想风水模式的藏族乡土聚落景观空间解析——以甘肃省迭部县扎尕那村落为例.生态学报,2011,31(21):6305-6316.
[13]唐承丽,贺艳华,周国华,曾山山,肖路遥.基于生活质量导向的乡村聚落空间优化研究.地理学报,2014,69(10):1459-1472.
[14]何郑莹,徐建刚.基于文化生态的客住核心区聚落时空演进规律分析.地域研究与开发,2014,33(4):168-172.
[15]马晓冬,李全林,沈一.江苏省乡村聚落的形态分异及地域类型.地理学报,2012,67(4):516-525.
[16]Crowley M,Lichter D T,Turner R N.Diverging fortunes?Economic well-being of Latinos and African Americans in new rural destinations.Social Science Research,2015,51:77-92.
[17]王青,石敏球,郭亚琳,张宇.岷江上游山区聚落生态位垂直分异研究.地理学报,2013,68(11):1559-1567.
[18]郭媛媛,莫多闻,毛龙江,王守功,李水城.山东北部地区聚落遗址时空分布与环境演变的关系.地理学报,2013,68(4):559-570.
[19]杨立国,林琳,刘沛林,胡景强.少数民族传统聚落景观基因的居民感知与认同特征——以通道芋头侗寨为例.人文地理,2014,(6):60-66.
[20]李君,陈长瑶.生态位理论视角在乡村聚落发展中的应用.生态经济,2010,(5):29-33.
[21]业祖润.中国传统聚落环境空间结构研究.北京建筑工程学院学报,2001,(1):70-75.
[22]申秀英,刘沛林,邓运员,王良健.中国南方传统聚落景观区划及其利用价值.地理研究,2006,25(3):485-494.
[23]Parviainen J.Cultural heritage and biodiversity in the present forest management of the boreal zone in Scandinavia.Journal of Forest Research,2015,20(5):445-452.
[24]王如松,欧阳志云.社会-经济-自然复合生态系统与可持续发展.中国科学院院刊,2012,27(3):337-345.
[25]Xi J C,Zhao M F,Ge Q S,Kong Q Q.Changes in land use of a village driven by over 25 years of tourism:the case of Gougezhuang village,China.Land Use Policy,2014,40:119-130.
[26]韦法华.徽州传统聚落选址中的生态适应性分析.山西建筑,2012,38(20):6-8.